Njengakwiinkcubeko ezininzi zaseMesoamerican, uluntu lweMixtec lubonise amandla alo okulungelelanisa nokuqhubela phambili kwiinkalo ezininzi, ukusinda kunye nexesha elidlulayo. Funda konke malunga ne Uqoqosho lweMixtecs!
Uqoqosho lweMixtecs
IiMixtecos okanye njengoko zizibiza ngokuba zii-Ñuu Savi, Abantu bemvula, liqela lesithathu elikhulu labantu bomthonyama baseMexico. Umhlaba wabo wemvelaphi yiMixteca, ingingqi yaseMexico ehlala kwisiqingatha esentshona selizwe lase-Oaxaca kunye neenxalenye ezincinci zeGuerrero kunye nePuebla, ithi umda we-Oaxaca ngasentshona nangasentla, ngokulandelanayo.
Indawo ebizwa ngokuba yiMixteca Oaxaqueña likhaya labantu abamalunga nesibini kwisithathu sabo bonke abemi bomthonyama beMixtec abakumazwe aseMexico.
Imbali isixelela ukuba abantu beMixtec baye bahlala behamba, befudukela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeRiphabhliki yaseMexico, ngakumbi ngenxa yezizathu zoqoqosho. Ngoku ugxile kumanani amakhulu kwisiXeko saseMexico nakwilizwe laseSinaloa naseBaja California.
Ummandla weMixteca uthatha malunga namawaka angamashumi amane eekhilomitha zeekhilomitha zeendawo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu zejografi kunye nemozulu, kuba iphakathi kwesiphambuka seSierra Madre del Sur kunye neentaba zeSierra Madre de Oaxaca, ingummandla apho iintaba, iinduli, iincopho ziphambili, e. Ukongeza kwiintlambo ezimxinwa, amathafa aselunxwemeni kunye nemilambo emininzi kunye nemifula.
Ummandla weMixteca ngokwesiko wahlulwe ngokwemimandla emithathu, ngokubanzi enxulunyaniswa nemimandla emithathu yemozulu kunye nejografi, ekwaqhuba imisebenzi yezoqoqosho efana kakhulu, kunye nokwahluka ngokwemiqathango yeemveliso:
- I-Mixteca Alta okanye iÑuu Savi Sukun: Njengoko igama layo lingabonisa, le ndawo ineentaba eziphakamileyo ezinokuphakama okuphakathi kwe-1700 kunye ne-2500 yeemitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, uninzi olugqunywe ngamahlathi kunye neentlambo ezichumileyo.
- I-Mixteca Baja okanye iÑuu I'ni: lo mmandla uphakathi kwe-1200 kunye ne-1700 yeemitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, yindawo eyomileyo, eneenduli ezininzi ezingashukumiyo.
- I-Mixteca de la Costa okanye iÑuu Andivi: ngummandla oshushu, oselunxwemeni onyuka uyokuma malunga newaka elinamakhulu amabini eemitha, uhlala kwindawo ekwithambeka lePasifiki, apho iSierra Madre del Sur kunye ne-Oaxaca idibana khona.
Eminye yemisebenzi kwezoqoqosho
Uqoqosho lweMixtecs lwalugxile ikakhulu kwimisebenzi yezolimo, nangona kunjalo lo yayingeyiyo yodwa into abayiphuhlisayo. Ngezantsi sinikezela ngeminye yemisebenzi kwicandelo lezoqoqosho loluntu lweMixtec:
ZoLimo
Uninzi lwabemi beMixtec basebenza umhlaba, abalimi ababevuna ukutshintshiselana ngorhwebo kunye nokutya, iimveliso ezinje ngeembotyi, umngqusho, iimbotyi ezibanzi, umngqusho, itshilisi, iziqhamo zalapha ekhaya kunye neminye imifuno, nangona kunjalo, njengazo zonke iinkcubeko zemveli zalapha. indawo, umbona wawuyeyona mveliso iphambili.
Kuxhomekeka kuloo mmandla, ezolimo zaphuhliswa ngokwahlukileyo, kwezinye iindlela zokusika nokutshisa zazisetyenziswa ngokubanzi, nto leyo eyabangela iingxaki ezinzulu zokugawulwa kwamahlathi okwasonakalisa umhlaba; kwezinye iindawo amasimi alinywa ngezilwanyana, ngokuqhelekileyo iinkomo.
IiMixtec zaziwa yi-Coo yuu okanye into esiyaziyo njenge-lama-bordo okanye i-terraces, ngenxa yokunqongophala komhlaba othe tyaba wokulima.
Oku ngokusisiseko kubandakanya ukwakhiwa komhlaba otyebileyo kwiziseko okanye amathambeka eentaba ezinkulu, kusetyenziswa ulwakhiwo lweedikhi, ngokubanzi ngamatye aqokelelweyo, okukwavumela ukhukuliseko ukuba kulawulwe. Kwezi terras abakwaMixtec balungiselela umhlaba wokulinywa nokwakha amakhaya abo.
Izityalo zorhwebo zazibandakanya ubukhulu becala umbona, ikofu, ingqolowa, iinkozo ezahlukeneyo, icuba, umoba kunye neziqhamo, kunye nezinye ezingahambelani nokutya, okufana nomqhaphu okhuliswe kwiMixteca esezantsi. Kwiindawo eziyimiqwebedu ipitaya yayidla ngokufumaneka.
Ukuzalela lwezilwanyana
Phantse yonke indawo ye-Mixtec, ukufuywa kwezilwanyana kwakuxhaphakile: iibhokhwe, iigusha kunye neentaka ezinjengeenkukhu kunye ne-turkeys, kodwa ngamanani amancinci, babhenela ngokuphindaphindiweyo ekuzingeleni nasekulobeni, ngaphandle kokulibala ukuqokelela.
Uqoqosho lweMixtecs nalo lwagqama ngomsebenzi okhethekileyo, ukunyuswa kwesifunxi-gazi kwisityalo esibizwa ngokuba yi-nopal, esi silwanyana sincinci saziwa ngokuba yi-cochineal, sisetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino lwamalaphu, kuba ibala elibomvu elibizwa ngokuba yi-carmine lifunyanwa kuso. okanye i-grana cochineal.
Okwangoku iphakanyiswe kwindawo ye-Mixteca Alta kunye nezinye iindawo ezisemantla naphakathi kwelizwe lase-Oaxaca, ngenxa yombala obomvu obomvu abawukhuphayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-cochineal pigment kwakuthandwa kakhulu de kwayinkulungwane ye-XNUMX kangangokuba ukukhuliswa kwayo kwakuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwaye isisiseko kule nkcubeko.
Imisebenzi yezandla
Imisebenzi yezandla ngamaqhekeza awayethengiswe kumaxesha amandulo nanamhlanje. IiMixtecs zenza iziqwenga zabo ngokuzinikela okukhulu, befumana iziphumo ezintle kakhulu.
Bavelisa amalaphu kwizinto ezahlukeneyo, phakathi kwazo uboya kunye nekotoni zivelele, nazo zinobuchule kwizinto zobumba, ibhasikithi kunye nokucaciswa kwamanye amanqaku entendeni njengeminqwazi.
Benza ii-huipiles, iimpahla zesintu eziquka iiblawuzi zamabhinqa neelokhwe ezihonjiswe ngokweenkcukacha nezimibalabala, ezidume kakhulu kula mazwe.
Commerce
IMixtec yayiyinxalenye yothungelwano lwemisebenzi yorhwebo eyasasazeka kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica, ithengisa ikakhulu iimveliso zezolimo, iicochineals, iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo kunye namanqaku enziwe ngazo, kunye nezinye izimbiwa ezifana nemagnetite kunye neziqwenga zeceramic.
Kwimeko yokugqibela, ezinye iziqwenga ze-Red on Bay ceramics zafunyanwa, zivela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, ezazithengiswa kunye noluntu lwase-Olmec lwe-Mexican Gulf, kwi-Middle Preclassic,
Umsebenzi worhwebo phakathi kommandla weMixtec uqhutywa ngokubanzi kwiimarike, apho imisebenzi yezandla evela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, iimveliso zomhlaba, ezinye izilwanyana, izimbiwa kunye neentsimbi zazixatyiswa.
Urhwebo olwaqhutywa kunye neendawo ezikude kakhulu, oko kukuthi, umgama omde phakathi koNxweme lwe-Mixteca kunye neminye imimandla, ijikeleza kwiimveliso ezifana netyuwa, i-ceramics, isinyithi, njl.
Iimveliso ezinje ngomqhaphu, ikoko, itshilisi, intlanzi, iikhokhonathi, ityuwa, njl.njl. zahanjiswa zisuka elunxwemeni zasiwa kwiindawo ezisezintabeni, eziye zatshintshwa ngokubanzi ngezinye iimveliso ekunzima ukuzifumana kwiindawo eziselunxwemeni, ezinje ngepulque, ezinye. iintlobo zamathanga, imifuno efana ne-oregano kunye neentlobo ezininzi zeziqhamo ezivela kwimozulu epholileyo.
Qoqosho yangoku iMixtec
Uluntu lweMixteco kunye namaqela osapho ngokwesiko baqhelisela ezolimo, ngokubanzi kwiziza ezincinci ukuya kuthi ga kwiihektare ezimbini, kwaye iimveliso zabo zigcinelwe ukuhlala kwiqela, kuba iimeko zemozulu ezingathandekiyo kunye nemihlaba engachumiyo nengavelisi mveliso yenza kube nzima ukuba mkhulu- ukulima ngezikali.
Okwangoku, uqoqosho lweMixtecos lusagxile kwimisebenzi yezolimo, ukuvelisa ingqolowa, iimbotyi, ingqolowa, igalikhi, utamatisi, i-anyanisi, i-avocados, iiperesi, ii-apula, iipereyi kunye nezinye iziqhamo. Ezinye izilwanyana nazo ziyafuywa, ngakumbi iigusha neebhokhwe.
Kuxhaphake kakhulu phakathi kweMixtecs ukugcina imisebenzi yemveli, kukho abaluki abanobuchule, ababumbi, njl. Nangona kunjalo, okwangoku ezinye iintlobo zorhwebo kunye nemisebenzi ziye zaphuhliswa: ukwenza amakhandlela, abakhi, abavelisi beswekile kunye notywala, ababhaki, njl.
Kulo mmandla, izixhobo zomlilo, izixhobo zezolimo, ifenitshala, izikhumba kunye namanqaku oboya nazo zenziwe, ngaphezu kweemathi kunye neminqwazi eqhelekileyo yendawo.
Benza imisebenzi yezandla yesintu, kodwa ingeniso yeentengiso zabo ayenzi mahluko mkhulu kwiimeko zokuhlala kolu luntu, njengoko ikhonkco labalamleli phakathi kwamagcisa kunye nabathengi linengeniso eninzi, nto leyo eyenza umsebenzi wezandla ube lishishini elingancediyo.
Ukufuduka kweMixtecs ukuya kumaziko asezidolophini kufunwa imisebenzi kuyanda. Basebenza njengabavuzi kwiindidi ezininzi zemisebenzi kunye namacandelo, kunye nabantu abaninzi ngakumbi abafundayo kwaye bagxininise kwiingcali kunye noosomashishini.
Nangona kunjalo, uthando ngomhlaba wezinyanya zabo luhlala lubuyisa abantwana abahambileyo kwaye abanye basala, umzekelo abanye oosomashishini kunye noosomashishini abasabheja kulo mmandla. Injalo ke imeko yelinge elivelisa imisebenzi ethile kwaye kukuveliswa kwetshokholethi.
Oosomashishini abathe bagqiba ekubeni basebenzise ithuba lokuthengisa itshokolethi ye-Mixtec, ebandakanya abantu abavela kule ndawo kwinkqubo: amagcisa awenza izitya zemveliso entendeni, amafama ecocoa afunda iimfihlo zokulinywa kweembotyi zekoko ukuze kwandiswe imveliso. okufanayo kumhlaba weMixtec kunye nabapheki, izandla eziphethe ukuguqula i-cocoa ibe sisilingo esimnandi esibizwa ngokuba yitshokolethi.
Inyaniso kukuba nangona ubunzima, uqoqosho lweMixtecos lubonise ukuba luyakwazi ukulungelelanisa, ukulungelelanisa kwaye lusebenzise izibonelelo ezinikezelwa yindalo.
Siyakumema ukuba undwendwele amanye amakhonkco kwibhlog yethu, enokuba nomdla kuwe: