Ijaguar, imvula, umbona okanye inamba yinxalenye yezibalo ezimele olmec oothixo. Ngoncedo lwesi sithuba uya kufumanisa ukuba yintoni amandla abo, indima abayidlalayo kuluntu kunye nendlela abahlala bekhusela ngayo abo babathandayo. Fumana nganye ingezantsi.
Yayingoobani iiOlmec?
Ziyinkcubeko yabemi baseMesoamerica. Isizukulwana sangaphambili samaMesoamerican sanika uluntu oluhlala kulo namhlanje ngeempawu ezintle. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ii-Olmec zihlonishwa ngabamelwane babo njengabaqapheli abakhulu be-cosmogony, amandla amakhulu kunye nemibono. Le nkcubeko yingcambu yamaMayans kunye nama-Aztec ukwandisa ulwazi lwabo kamva.
Inokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo njengabaphambukeli bokuqala baseMelika, ukuqonda inqanaba lokulandelelana kweziganeko 1.200 BC-400 BC Imbali Universal imisela ukuba bangabahlali bokuqala bexesha langaphambi kweColumbian. Ukuqonda ukubunjwa kwayo ngobunzulu, kuyimfuneko ukukhankanya ezinye zeempawu zayo:
- Badale umdlalo webhola. Ngaphandle kokuba yinto enomdla, lisiko lenkolo yezithixo. Endaweni yokuba kuthiwe libala lemidlalo, liziko lemibhiyozo.
- Umsebenzi osisiseko wezoqoqosho wezolimo, kuba ubandakanya oothixo abahlukeneyo be-Olmec ekukhuleni kwezityalo.
- Njengomthetho jikelele, iinkokeli zamaqela zithathwa njengama-shamans okanye abalawuli.
- Izilwanyana zinendima ebalulekileyo kwinkcubeko yazo, zilunxibelelwano phakathi kwabantu noothixo.
- Iintloko ezinkulu zifihla imfihlo enika umdla: zintloko zeeshamans ezisuka kulo mmandla.
Iimpawu zenkolo yakho
Akukho nkcazelo ingako yokuchaza imvelaphi yolu nqulo. Kuze kube kutshanje, ubomi bentlalo ye-Olmec bumele uphawu lombuzo, kuba abaphandi baqokelela ubungqina obutsha malunga nezithethe zabo okanye indlela yokuphila phantsi kokhuseleko lwenkolo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ubungqina bobukho bayo abunakuphikiswa.
Ukuhlalutya ezi mpawu, ii-facades ze-architectural facades zathathelwa ingqalelo kunye nokufundwa kwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo. Kule meko, kwakukho ukudideka kwemvelaphi yezi zinto, kuba abanye abaphandi bathi bangumthombo wangaphandle kunye nabanye, ukuba babe ngabemi baseMesoamerica. Ezi zezinye zeempawu zayo:
- Iimpawu zePolytheism phakathi kwabemi bayo. Ayenomthombo ongatshiyo wokukholelwa koothixo ababebagqala njengabanamandla. Ubukho kwizithixo ze-Olmec zahluka kangangokuba izifundo azijonganga ngokwaneleyo. Abemi bayo babekholelwa kumaqumrhu ahlukahlukeneyo anamandla amakhulu awayemela umqondiso wabo okhuselayo.
- Uthixo ngamnye ungumkhuseli wenkalo ethile kwinkcubeko yaseMesoamerican. Ngokomzekelo, omnye uthixo umiselwe ukunyanyekelwa kwezilwanyana, abanye ngezityalo, yaye ekugqibeleni umiselwe abantu.
- Isilwanyana esithandwayo sempucuko ye-Olmec yijaguar, ngenxa yomfanekiso wayo obalaseleyo.
- Kuphela ngooKumkani abaye banesiqingatha somntu nesiqingatha sesilwanyana.
- Amandla angaphezu kwawemvelo yooKumkani yinyaniso. Banandipha unqulo njengentsika esisiseko kwindlela abaziphatha ngayo.
- Iishaman zinemisebenzi yokulawula idolophu. Emva kweeKumkani, igcina ulawulo oluthile, ubumi bayo kufuneka buhlonitshwe.
- Ukutyelela iintaba ngumbandela womoya. Sisithuba esahlula izulu nomhlaba.
- Kwi-Olmecs, yonke into ebangqongileyo ibandakanya into ephilayo: imithi, izityalo, okanye imilambo inobomi babo.
Ezizi Olmec oothixo?
Unqulo yenye yezinto eziyinxalenye yabantu. Bakhululekile ukuba bathande naziphi na izithixo abazibona zinamandla. Yinyaniso esisiseko ukunxulumana noThixo okwaziyo ukuphilisa amanxeba ethu okanye onikela iminikelo eyimfuneko ngenjongo yonqulo. Ngokulandelayo, kukho Oothixo baseToltec ngoxabiso oluhle ngabantu njengabantu abaphakamileyo, abakwazi ukulawula ikamva.
Jaguar uThixo
Kubalulekile ukuqala ngalo thixo ngenxa yokubaluleka komfanekiso wejaguar kwinkcubeko. Eyaziwa ngokuba ngu-Ek Balam, inkwenkwezi emnyama okanye ilanga elimnyama. Inxulumene nayo yonke imisebenzi yasebusuku, phantsi kokubonakala kwelanga kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba ebusuku ukuvula i-vault edibanisa ne-underworld.
Bonke ooKumkani kunye neeshaman zamaxesha amandulo babebophelelekile ukuba bahlawule le nkomo yobukho obukhulu. Phakathi kwabo bonke oothixo baka-Olmec, ulikhonkco lesona silwanyana sinobundlongondlongo eMelika esidityaniswe nendalo ngokwayo. I-totemic connotation, oko kukuthi, idibanisa zonke izinto zendalo kunye nokubonakala kwendoda ye-jaguar enesibindi esikhulu.
Unxulunyaniswa nenyoka yasemanzini njengeyokuqala ukumela amanzi ngexesha lokudalwa komhlaba. Ukususela apha ukuya phambili, inyoka yejaguar igxininiswa njengesithethantonye nokuzala nokuzalwa. Ubuhle bale jaguar buyancomeka, ngobuhle obukhulu, sisizathu sembeko kubo bonke abo baphethe ukuhlawula irhafu. Kwi-physiognomy yakhe, oku kulandelayo kufuneka kugxininiswe:
- Amehlo amdaka.
- intloko enkulu
- Amazinyo aphumayo.
- Umlebe ongasentla ungqindilili kancinci kunolo usezantsi.
Intsomi nganye yezithixo ze-Olmec ibonisa umkhwa wembali yendalo yonke kunye nommandla waseMexico ngokwawo. Kuyabonakala ukuba uthixo weJaguar wazalwa kubudlelwane benyama phakathi komfazi nejaguar. Ukususela kweli nqanaba kwazalwa amadoda angama-jaguar. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, imvelaphi ye-Olmecs iphawulwe ngumzekelo wokuba negazi le-jaguar eligijima emithanjeni yabo.
Thixo Dragon
Inobudala obufanayo nejaguar kwaye kukho into emeleyo efana ncam nesilhouette yayo. Eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Monster of the Earth", inika ii-replicas ezininzi ngendlela yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyinxalenye yobungqina bembali yokubonakala kwayo. Isenzo sokukrola inamba yazalelwa injongo yonqulo, de yatshintshelwa kumacwecwe okanye imifanekiso eqingqiweyo emincinane egcinwe njengentsalela engaqhelekanga.
Yintelekelelo eqingqiweyo yenamba. ngenxa yokudibanisa okumangalisayo phakathi kwenyoka, iintaka kunye nejaguar. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka ukuba amanye amagcisa e-Olmec abonise uthixo kunye nobuntu obuthile ukuseka ukungafani phakathi kwesidalwa / umntu.
I-physiognomy yakhe ibalaselisa umbala kunye nokumila kwamashiya akhe, kuba ibonisa ubukho bomlilo. Igama lala mashiya phantsi kwenkcubeko "flamigera" kunye nomzobo womnqamlezo we-Olmec emehlweni esidalwa. Ubukhulu bempumlo yayo buvelele, kunye nolwimi olucandekileyo kwiindawo ezimbini. Enye into engaqhelekanga yindlela inamba esabela ngayo, kuba kwimiboniso ethile ikhupha amagama, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ikhupha amafu emlonyeni wayo.
Ukusukela kwiminyaka yayo yakudala, kuyenzeka ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba ubukho bayo bunxibelelene nokuzalwa kweMesoamerica njengommandla, kunye nabahlali bokuqala baseOlmec. Ngokuqinisekileyo, iingxoxo ezininzi ziye zafumanisa ukuba inamba ayikho kuluhlu lwezithixo ze-Olmec, kunye nelinye icandelo elichasene nesi sizathu.
Inyoka Eneentsiba
Ngolwimi lwe-Olmec luvezwa njengeKukulkan. Ikwamele amabhodlo athile apho abanye oothixo baseOlmec benza ubomi. Ngoku iGulf of Mexico, kumntla weTabasco nakumazantsi eVeracruz kukho esi sidalwa sinamandla siphuma kwiquetzal. Amasiko akuMbindi Merika agxile kwinyoka njengoyena mxhasi uphakamileyo phakathi kwezulu nomhlaba, njengomntu ophilayo onamandla amakhulu, xa kuthelekiswa namandla ejaguar.
Inyoka ngumjelo onxibelelana nehlabathi lasemhlabeni kunye nezulu, ngaphezu kokuvuma ukuzalwa kwezinto ezintsha okanye ukukhuthaza ukuchuma. Wayesoloko esebenzisa iintaka njengabathunywa ukunika ulwazi olubalulekileyo kumadoda aseMesoamerica. Ngeso sizathu, uluntu lwale ndawo yayibuhlonela ubukho bale nyoka emhlabeni.
Bonke oothixo base-Olmec babenembangi enye kwingxabano yamandla. Kwinyoka, iTezcatlipoca yayithetha ukungqubana kwemidla. Kunokuba azuze okulungileyo kubomi nokuchuma kwabo, wanyula ukuxhasa ubumnyama nobumnyama. U-Huitzilopochtli naye ungomnye ophikisanayo nombulelo kumandla akhe angaphakathi ukuqhubela phambili iimfazwe kunye nokutshabalalisa.
uthixo wombona
Kwizithixo ze-Olmec ezichaphazelekayo, eli gunya lalinobubele kubantu abalungileyo. Ukuvuza umsebenzi wabantu baseMesoamerican, wasikelela lonke uluntu ngemveliso yombona ukuze bazondle. Ayinaso isini esisekiweyo, ke ngoko, ukuyibiza ngokuba yindoda okanye ibhinqa iyasebenza xa kujongwa ukungaqiniseki kokuphanda ngesini sayo.
Umbona owomileyo yimbonakaliso yalo thixo. Kukutya awavuza ngako izenzo ezilungileyo zeOlmecs. Wayesoloko eqinisekisa ukutya kuluntu lwakhe lonke, ukuya kuthi ga ekuxhaseni abalimi kulawulo lwabo lokuhlwayela / lokuvuna. Wunyamekele umhlaba kubo bonke ububi okanye oothixo abayingozi abazama ukuphazamisa ukusebenza kokulungileyo.
Iintsomi zama-Aztec zithi ukuzalwa kwalo thixo kwakhawuleza. Yathi yakufika nje ehlabathini, yazimela phantsi komhlaba yada yaguquka yazizo zonke izinto ezingaphantsi komhlaba ezinjengokutya okanye umhlaba. Emva kokufa kwakhe, bonke abanye basasazwa phantsi komhlaba, ukuthanda ukulinywa kombona kulo lonke ummandla waseMesoamerican.
Umqhaphu wazalwa ngeenwele zakhe, kanye njengoko ephalaza imbewu eninzi ngemida yobuso bakhe. Yonke inxalenye yobomi bakhe yaguqulwa yaba yinto eluncedo eluntwini okanye ukutya okungcwele ukwanelisa ukulamba kwakhe. Ngokuqinisekileyo, abemi baseOlmec, abanombulelo ngaphezu kwako konke, badla ngokuhlonipha ngeengoma kunye nezithethe zokubiza ubuninzi, ulonwabo lwesizwe kunye nokuqiniswa kwezityalo.
Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokubonisa umbulelo ngeenceba ezifunyenwe kulo thixo kukudluliselwa kwezikhwebu zombona kwiTempile yaseChicomecóatl. Ngokwenza oku, intliziyo yakho yombona iya kusasaza imbewu eninzi kumhlaba owomileyo ukwenzela ukuveliswa koku kutya.
Thixo wemvula
Ngexesha elithile uya kuva igama leTlaloc kwimbali yaseMexico nakuMbindi Merika ngokwayo. Unguthixo onamandla nonamandla apheleleyo okulawula amanzi xa ethanda. Kunokuthiwa nayo yeyalo oothixo bama-aztec ngokuba ubekho kwelo bandla, enembeko kuye.
Ingxelo ekukhuselweni kwezityalo zombona. Ukuba kukho izivunguvungu ezinobungozi emasimini, iTlaloc yasebenzisa amandla akhe ukugxotha amanzi amabi awayeza kutshabalalisa umsebenzi omncinci ohloniphekileyo wabantu. Oko kwathiwa, ubukho bezithixo ze-Olmec bubetha ubulungisa kunye nentlalontle yolu luntu lwemveli.
Amandla ayo anokuthelekiswa nawendudumo okanye umbane. Ukuba ucatshukisiwe, akayi kuthandabuza ukusebenzisa ezi zixhobo ukuze akhuphe umsindo wakhe. Kwenye imeko, uchazwa njengothixo onesisa nomthengisi wolwelo olubalulekileyo, kunye nesivuno esihle emhlabeni.
Lawula yonke into enxulumene neziganeko zendalo ngobuchule obukhulu. Ukuba umhlaba womile ngokwaneleyo, ihambisa imvula ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye ukunkcenkceshela izityalo ezidinga ulwelo ukuze ziphile. UTlaloc ufanelwe yimibingelelo yezilwanyana kunye nabantu ukucima umsindo wakhe. Kungenjalo, izithethe zokuzithandela zibonwa kakuhle nguthixo, othi ngokutshintshisa anike ukutya.
Umzimba wakhe utsalela ingqalelo kumehlo amabini abonakala kakuhle namazinyo amile okwejaguar. Umzimba wayo uhonjiswe ngeenkcukacha ezininzi zomfuziselo zamanzi, ngamathoni amnyama, aluhlaza kunye natyheli. Amasiko amandulo agxininisa ukuba iTlaloc ifuna ubuzalwana phakathi kwabo bonke abantu ukuba baneliseke kwinqwelo yakhe.
uthixo wesihange
Kweyona mimandla ikude kakhulu nakwiMesoamerica yakudala, uthixo ongumhange uhlonelwa njengendibano yembonakalo yamandla angaphezu kwendalo, ngokwembali yangaphambi kweSpanishi. Abaphilisi babemthemba ukuba basombulule iingxaki zempilo phakathi kwabemi bawo, bexela ukuba ngamanye amaxesha wayebonwa njengesiqingatha somntu kunye nesiqingatha somoya, ngaphakathi kwesiqhelo kwizithixo ze-Olmec.
Ubizwa ngokuba nguthixo ongumhange ngokuqulatha ibhendi ebekwe kwenye yee-engile apho azoba ubuso bakhe. Enye yeebhendi ikhona kwelinye lamehlo akhe. Imbombo yemilebe yakhe etywiniweyo iyinto engaqhelekanga. Ngokubhekiselele kumzimba, ukwanalo uhlobo lwebhanti ye-asymmetric kwintloko ethe tyaba ngokupheleleyo.
Ukongezelela kubungqina obuqokelelwe njengothixo onobubele nabantu bakhe, kukho elinye icandelo lababhali-mbali abaqinisekisa uthixo ongumhange onegunya elimnyama elisetyenziselwa ukubangela ububi eluntwini.
ukuvuna umntu
Nangona egqalwa njengendoda kumagama akhe okuqala, unguthixo oqhubela phambili wenzala, izityalo ezilungileyo nomanyano lwentsapho. Ngokutsho kweentsomi zaseMesoamerican, wayengumntu wendalo owancama ubomi bakhe ukuze ondle abantu bakhe. Ngenxa yokufa kwakhe, ezo zityalo zaziza kulahleka zakhula kangangokuba ukuvuna kwavelisa ukutya okunesondlo.
Ngaphakathi kweentsomi zeVeracruz kukho indoda egama linguHomshuk, eyafa ngendlela efanayo ukuqinisekisa ukutya kuluntu lwakhe. AmaNgqina aqinisekisa ukuba ukutya okuninzi kwaphuma emadolweni akhe ukwanelisa indlala yaseVeracruz. Ngaba uyayazi imvelaphi ye oothixo baseceltic namandla akhe angenakuthelekiswa nanto? Fumana yonke into enxulumene nabo.
Phakathi kwezinye i-anecdotes, xa usondela kwingcwaba lendoda yesivuno, kwiiyure ezimbalwa ezizayo ubuninzi baya kuza ekhaya, kwisityalo ngasinye esisenzileyo ixesha elithile. Inkcubeko yamaQuiché inxulumanisa ukubethelelwa kukaYesu Kristu kunye nendoda yesivuno kuba, ngoxa unyana kaThixo wanikela amazwi akhe okugqibela enkuthazo, umbona wantshula emhlabeni.