Kukholo lomthonyama lwaseJapan, kukholelwa ukuba kukho uKami okanye uthixo wayo yonke into enxulunyaniswa nokulunga, izithethe, ubugcisa, iziganeko zemozulu, kwanemithi neentaba. Ngoko ke, sifuna ukukumema ngale mpapasho ukuba udibane nabanye oothixo baseJapan kunye nentwana yembali yasentsomini yomntu ngamnye.
Yintoni oothixo baseJapan?
Xa sibhekisela koothixo baseJapan, simele siqonde ukuba inkoliso yeentsomi nezithixo ziphuma kwisithethe sesithethe sobuShinto, esiyenye yeenkonzo eziphambili zaseJapan. Kwaye okubangel 'umdla ngokwaneleyo, njengobuHindu, ubuShinto okanye i-kami-no-michi ("indlela yoothixo") yindlela yenkolo yonqulo oluninzi ephuma kwinkcubeko yaseJapan enezininzi kwimbali yonke.
Ngokwenyani iShinto, ngaphandle komseki obhengeziweyo okanye imigaqo emiselweyo, inokubonwa njengenguquko yeenkolelo zezilwanyana zasekhaya zenkcubeko yaseYayoi (300 BC - 300 AD) eyaphenjelelwa ngakumbi yiBuddhism kunye nobuHindu ukutyhubela iinkulungwane. Ngenxa yobume bezi ntsomi zasekuhlaleni (zixutywe neentsomi zamaqumrhu ahlonelwayo asuka kubuBhuda kunye nobuHindu), oothixo baseJapan zizithixo ezisekelwe ngokuyintloko kwi-kami, imimoya yasentsomini kunye nezidalwa zasemhlabeni ezinamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo.
Ngokwembali, ezokuqala kwezi ntsomi zabhalwa ngendlela ebhaliweyo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX, ngaloo ndlela zisebenza njengethempleyithi esemgangathweni (okanye ubuncinane eyenziwe ngokubanzi) yonqulo lwamaShinto kuninzi lwaseJapan. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uninzi lweengxelo zasentsomini zoothixo baseJapan zithathwe kwiincwadi ezihlanganisiweyo:
- Kojiki (malunga 708-714 AD)
- UNihon Shoki (malunga nowama-720 AD)
- UKogoshui wenkulungwane ye-XNUMX (owaqulunqa intsomi yomlomo engekhoyo kumaxwebhu amabini angaphambili ahlanganisiweyo).
Emva koko, abanye oothixo baseJapan banikwa inxalenye yebali eliyintsomi elibangqongileyo, kwaye ke iimpawu zomnye ngamnye zichaziwe, ezi zilandelayo:
Izanami kunye ne-Izanagi - oothixo baseJapan bokuqala bendalo
Njengazo zonke iintsomi zendalo, intsomi yaseJapan yeShinto ikwaquka oothixo bamandulo ababizwa ngokuba ngu-Izanagi (Izanagi noMikoto okanye 'lowo umemayo') kunye no-Izanami (Izanami noMikoto okanye 'lowo umemayo'), i-duo yomzalwana nodade. ababonwa njengezidalwa zobuthixo ezazisa umyalelo kulwandle lwesiphithiphithi phantsi kwesibhakabhaka, ukudala umhlaba wokuqala ngendlela yeSiqithi sase-Onogoro.
Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, iingxelo ezininzi ziyavuma ukuba zayalelwa ukuba zenjenjalo sisizukulwana sangaphambili se<em>kami (izidalwa ezinjengothixo) ezazihlala kwithafa lesibhakabhaka. Okona kubangel’ umdla nangakumbi yindlela aba babini bawudala ngayo umhlaba, ngokuma kwibhulorho okanye kwizinyuko eziya ezulwini (Ama-no-hashidate) baze bavuthulule ulwandle olunesiphithiphithi olungezantsi ngomkhonto wabo ohonjiswe ngamatye anqabileyo, bevelisa iSiqithi saseOnogoro.
Noko ke, phezu kwako nje ukubonakala kobukrelekrele babo ngokukhawuleza izinto zawa phantsi, yaye umanyano lwabo lokuqala lwavelisa inzala emile kakuhle: uthixo uHiruko (okanye uEbisu, ekuthethwe ngaye kamva kweli nqaku). U-Izanagi no-Izanami baqhubeka bedala umhlaba omninzi baza bazala ezinye izinto zikaThixo, ngaloo ndlela bevelisa iziqithi ezisibhozo zaseJapan kunye ne-kami engaphezu kwama-800.
Ngelishwa, kwinkqubo enzima yokudala, u-Izanami wafa ngenxa yentlungu evuthayo yokuzala uKagutsuchi, unkulunkulu womlilo waseJapan; kwaye ngenxa yoko ithunyelwa kwelabafileyo (Yomi). Ebuhlungu u-Izanagi walandela udadewabo u-Izanami ukuya kwelabafileyo waze wakwazi ukukholisa isizukulwana sangaphambili soothixo ukuba simvumele ukuba abuyele kwindawo yabaphilayo.
Kodwa lo mzalwana, ephelelwa ngumonde wokulinda ixesha elide, ujonga kwangaphambi kwexesha udade wakhe ukuba “akafanga,” nto leyo eyayifana nesidumbu esibolileyo. Umkhosi we-kami onomsindo wendudumo eqhotyoshelwe kulo mzimba wamgxotha u-Izanagi ngaphandle kwe-underworld, kwaye waphantse wasinda eYomi ngokuvala umnyango ngelitye elikhulu.
Kamva oku kwalandelwa sisithethe sokuhlanjululwa, awathi uIzanagi engaqondanga wadala oothixo noothixokazi abangakumbi baseJapan ( Mihashira-no-uzunomiko ), abanjengoAmaterasu uthixokazi welanga owazalwa ngokuhlanjwa kweso lasekhohlo; UTsuki-yomi uthixo wenyanga owazalwa ngokuhlanjwa kweliso lakhe lasekunene, kunye noSusanoo uthixo wesaqhwithi owazalwa empumlweni. Ukuze kufezwe oko, kubuShinto isithethe sokuhlanjululwa (iharai) yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yesithethe ngaphambi kokungena kwiindawo ezingcwele.
Yebisu - Uthixo waseJapan wethamsanqa kunye nabalobi
Njengoko sichazile kwisithuba sangaphambili u-Hiruko, umntwana wokuqala we-primordial duo u-Izanagi no-Izanami, wazalelwa kwimeko ephosakeleyo, leyo ngokwengxelo yentsomi yayingenxa yokunxaxha kwisithethe sabo somtshato. Noko ke, kwezinye iingxelo kamva uHiruko wachazwa njengothixo wamaJapan uYebisu (mhlawumbi kumaxesha aphakathi), isithixo sabalobi nethamsanqa. Ngaloo ndlela, intsomi kaYebisu yalungiswa ukuze ihambelane nomnombo wakhe wobuthixo (kunye nemveli) phakathi kwe-kami yaseJapan.
Enyanisweni, uYebisu (okanye uHiruko), owazalwa engenamathambo, kuthiwa wakhukuliseka elwandle xa wayeneminyaka emithathu ubudala. Ngaphandle kwesi sigwebo sokuziphatha okubi, inkwenkwe ngethamsanqa yakwazi ukwehla kunye ne-Ebisu Saburo ethile. Inkwenkwe ke yakhula ngobunzima obahlukeneyo ukuzibiza ngokuba ngu-Ebisu okanye uYebisu, ngaloo ndlela waba nguthixo ongumxhasi wabalobi, abantwana, kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ubutyebi kunye nethamsanqa.
Ngokubhekiselele kolu phawu lokugqibela, uYebisu uhlala ethathwa njengomnye wezithixo eziphambili zoThixo abasixhenxe beThamsanqa (uShichifukujin), ibali labo liphenjelelwa yintsomi yasekhaya ngokuchasene nempembelelo yangaphandle.
Ngokuphathelele kwimidlalo, ngaphandle kobunzima bakhe obuninzi uYebisu ugcina uburharha bakhe (ohlala bubizwa ngokuba "nguthixo wokuhleka") kwaye unxibe umnqwazi omde, otsolo osongelwe embindini obizwa ngokuba yi-kazaori eboshi. Kwinqaku elinomdla, uYebisu ukwanguthixo we-jellyfish, enikwe imo yakhe yokuqala engenamathambo.
Kagutsuchi: uthixo waseJapan womlilo otshabalalisayo
Uthixo womlilo waseJapan uKagutsuchi (okanye uHomusubi - "lowo ukhanyisa umlilo"), wayengomnye inzala ka-Izanagi kunye no-Izanami. Kwi-twist ebuhlungu yekamva, i-essence yakhe evuthayo yatshisa umama wakhe u-Izanami, ekhokelela ekufeni kwakhe kunye nokuhamba kwakhe emhlabeni. Ngomsindo kunye nokuziphindezela, uyise u-Izanagi wanqumla intloko kaKagutsuchi, kwaye igazi elichithekileyo lakhokelela ekudalweni kwe-kami eninzi kuquka oothixo beendudumo zemfazwe, oothixo beentaba, kunye nonkulunkulu wenyoka.
Ngamafutshane, uKagutsuchi wayegqalwa njengokhokho wezithixo ezahlukeneyo ezikude, ezinamandla, nezinamandla ade enze intsimbi kunye nezixhobo eJapan (mhlawumbi ebonisa impembelelo yangaphandle kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo zaseJapan).
Ngokuphathelele kwimbali kunye necala lenkcubeko lemiba, uKagutsuchi njengothixo womlilo wabonwa njengearhente yokutshatyalaliswa kwezakhiwo zaseJapan kunye nezakhiwo ezenziwe ngamaplanga kunye nezinye izinto ezinokutsha. Kwanele ukuthi kunqulo lwamaShinto, iba sisazulu sezithethe ezahlukahlukeneyo zokuthomalalisa, ngomsitho weHo-shizume-no-matsuri, isiko lasebukhosini elaliyilelwe ukuthintela imiphumo eyonakalisayo yeKagutsuchi kangangezihlandlo ezithandathu. iinyanga.
Amaterasu - Uthixokazi waseJapan wokuphuma kwelanga
UAmaterasu okanye uAmaterasu Omikami ('i-kami yasezulwini ekhanya esibhakabhakeni'), nokwaziwa ngembeko yakhe ethi Ōhirume-no-muchi-no-kami ('ilanga elikhulu le-kami'), unqulwa njengothixokazi ilanga kunye nomlawuli wommandla we-kami: iThafa laseZulwini eliPhezulu okanye iTakama noHara. Ngeendlela ezininzi, njengokumkanikazi we-kami uphakamisa ubukhulu, ukucwangciswa, kunye nokucoceka kwelanga eliphumayo, ngelixa ekwangukhokho oyintsomi wentsapho yasebukhosini yaseJapan (ngaloo ndlela ebhekiselele kumnombo wakhe wentsomi kwinkcubeko yaseJapan).
I-epithet yakhe ibonisa indima yakhe njengenkokeli yezithixo, kunye nolawulo olunikwe ngokuthe ngqo nguyise u-Izanagi umdali wezithixo ezininzi zaseJapan kunye noothixokazi. Ngaloo ndlela, enye yeentsomi ezibalulekileyo zamaShinto isixelela ngendlela uAmaterasu ngokwakhe njengomnye weMihashira-no-uzunomiko, awazalwa ngayo ngenxa yokucocwa kweliso lasekhohlo likaIzanagi (njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla).
Enye intsomi edumileyo iphathelele indlela uAmaterasu azivalele ngayo emqolombeni emva kokuba nengxabano enogonyamelo nomntakwabo, uSusanoo uthixo wesaqhwithi. Ngelishwa kwihlabathi, i-aura yakhe eqaqambileyo (eyenza umntu ilanga elikhanyayo) yayifihliwe, ngaloo ndlela igubungela amazwe kubumnyama obupheleleyo. Kwaye kwaba kuphela emva kothotho lweziphazamiso zobuhlobo kunye nemidlalo eyenziwa ngabanye oothixo baseJapan awathi weyiseka ukuba awushiye umqolomba, waphinda waphumela ekufikeni kokukhanya kwelanga.
Uluhlu olulumkileyo ngokwenkcubeko, umgca wasebukhosini waseJapan uthathwa njengentsomi kumzukulwana ka-Amaterasu uNinigi-no-Mikoto, owanikwa ulawulo loMhlaba ngumakhulu wakhe. Kwicala lembali, uAmaterasu (okanye isithixo esilingana naye) wayesoloko ebalulekile kumazwe aseJapan, eneentsapho ezininzi ezibekekileyo ezibanga umnombo wesithixo selanga. Kodwa ukubalasela kwayo kwanda kakhulu emva koBuyiselo beMeiji, ngokuvisisana nemigaqo yonqulo lwelizwe lobuShinto.
Tsukiyomi - uthixo waseJapan wenyanga
Ngokwahlukileyo kwiintsomi ezininzi zaseNtshona, isithixo seNyanga kwiShintoism yaseJapan yindoda, enikwe i-epithet Tsukiyomi no Mikoto okanye ngokulula Tsukiyomi (tsuku mhlawumbi uthetha "inyanga yenyanga" kwaye yomi ibhekisa "ekufundeni"). Ungomnye weMihashira-no-uzunomiko ozalwe ngokuhlanjwa kweso lasekunene lika-Izanagi, elimenza umzalwana ka-Amaterasu unkulunkulukazi welanga. Kwezinye iintsomi, izalwa kwisibuko sobhedu esimhlophe esibanjwe kwisandla sokunene sika-Izanagi.
Ngokuphathelele ibali lasentsomini, uTsukiyomi uthixo wenyanga watshata nodade wabo uAmaterasu uthixokazi welanga, ngaloo ndlela evumela umanyano lwelanga nenyanga kwisibhakabhaka esinye. Nangona kunjalo, ulwalamano lwaphuka ngokukhawuleza xa uTsukiyomi ebulala u-Uke Mochi unkulunkulukazi wokutya.
Esi senzo sosikizi kubonakala ukuba senziwe ngokucekisa xa uthixo wenyanga wabona u-Uke Mochi etshica ukutya okwahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yoko, uAmaterasu wahlukana neTsukiyomi ngokufudukela kwenye indawo yesibhakabhaka ngaloo ndlela esenza imini nobusuku zahlukane ngokupheleleyo.
USusanoo: uthixo waseJapan wolwandle kunye nezaqhwithi
Wazalelwa empumlweni ka-Izanagi uyise woothixo baseJapan. USusanoo wayelilungu le-Mihashira-no-uzunomiko trio, eyamenza umntakwabo Amaterasu kunye noTsukiyomi. Ngokuphathelele iimpawu zakhe, uSusanoo wayebonwa njenge-kami enomsindo kunye ne-disheveled ehlala ijwayele ukuguquka kwemizwelo, ngaloo ndlela ibhekisela kumandla akhe phezu kwezivunguvungu ezihlala ziguquka.
Ngokwentsomi, ubume obuguquguqukayo bobubele bakhe (kunye nobubi) bufikelela naselwandle nakwimimoya ekufutshane nonxweme, apho uninzi lweendawo zakhe ezingcwele zisezantsi kweJapan. Ethetha ngeentsomi, uSusanoo udla ngokubhiyozelwa kwiintsomi zamaShinto njengentshatsheli enobuqhophololo eyoyisa inamba engendawo (okanye inyoka enkulu) uYamata-no-Orochi ngokunqunyulwa zonke iintloko ezilishumi emva kokuzisela ngotywala.
Emva kokudibana, wabuyisa ikrele elidumileyo uKusanagi-no-Tsurugi kwaye waphumelela nesandla somfazi amsindisileyo kwinamba. Kwelinye icala, uSusanoo ukwazotywe ngokukhanya okungalunganga (ngaloo ndlela ebonakalisa ubume besiphithiphithi sothixo wesaqhwithi), ngakumbi xa kufikwa kukhuphiswano lwakhe noAmaterasu inkokeli kunye nothixokazi welanga we-kami.
Ngesinye isihlandlo ukuchasana kwabo kwaba krakra, yaye uSusanoo waba nomsindo omkhulu etshabalalisa amasimi erayisi kathixokazi welanga wada wabulala omnye wabalindi bakhe. Ukusabela, uAmaterasu onomsindo warhoxa kumqolomba omnyama, ngaloo ndlela ehlutha ukukhanya kwakhe okungcwele emhlabeni, ngelixa uSusanoo owayesoloko enomsindo wagxothwa ezulwini.
URaijin kunye noFūjin: oothixo bemozulu baseJapan
Ukuthetha ngezaqhwithi kunye nobunye bobuntu, iRaijin kunye neFujin zithathwa njengekami enamandla yezinto zendalo ezinokulunga okanye ezingathandekiyo kubunzima bomntu. Ukufikelela oko, uRaijin unguthixo weendudumo kunye nombane okhupha izaqhwithi zakhe ngokuphatha isando sakhe nangokubetha amagubu. Okubangela umdla kukuba, uRaijin uboniswa eneminwe emithathu, ngamnye emele ixesha elidlulileyo, elikhoyo, nelizayo.
UFujin kwelinye icala, yikami eyoyikekayo neyoyikekayo yomoya, ethwele izabelo zakhe ezintle zezandyondyo zemvula kunye nezaphulelo engxoweni emagxeni akhe. Ngokutsho kwezinye iintsomi, nguFujin owasindisa iJapan ebudeni bokuhlasela kwamaMongoli ngokuvuthulula isaqhwithi kwinqanawa eyayisondela, eyathi kamva yabizwa ngokuba yi<em>kamikaze (“umoya wobuthixo”).
Noko ke, ezinye iintsomi ezinxulumene namaSamurai ziwubiza ngokuba ngumsebenzi kaHachiman uthixo wemfazwe (eza kuxutyushwa kamva kweli nqaku). Okubangela umdla kukuba, kukho uqikelelo lwendlela uFujin ekusenokwenzeka ukuba waphenjelelwa ngayo sisithixo samaGrike namaBhuda uWardo (owayenqulwa ecaleni kweNdlela yeSilika), owathi naye wathatyathelwa kuthixo womoya wamaGrike uBoreas.
UAme-no-Uzume: uthixokazi waseJapan wokusa nokudanisa
Uthixo odlalayo obhinqileyo wokusa (owathi ngandlel’ ithile wamenza umncedisi ka-Amaterasu, isithixo selanga), u-Ame-no-Uzume naye wamkela ukuzenzekela kwendalo. Lo mbandela wokugqibela wamenza uthixokazi ongumxhasi wokudala kunye nobugcisa bemidlalo, kuquka nomdaniso. Ukuze kufezwe oko, enye intsomi ephambili kubuShinto iphathelele indlela uAmaterasu, uthixokazi welanga, azivalele ngayo kumqolomba omnyama emva kokulwa noSusanoo, uthixo wesaqhwithi; okwakhokelela ekufikeni kobumnyama phezu kwezulu nomhlaba.
Ke, kwiinzame zokuphazamisa enye i-kami exhalabileyo u-Ame-no-Uzume, ngenxa yokuzenzekela kunye nobuchule bakhe, wazigquma ngamagqabi omthi weSakaki emva koko waqalisa ukwenza izikhalo zovuyo kwaye walandela ngomdaniso ovuyayo ngaphezulu. yeqonga; wade wabhenela ekukhululeni iimpahla zakhe, ebangela ulonwabo phakathi kwabanye oothixo abaqalisa ukugquma ngovuyo nokuhleka. Uvuyo olwaba ngumphumo lwakhokelela kumdla ka-Amaterasu, owathi ekugqibeleni waphuma emqolombeni wakhe yaye ngaloo ndlela ihlabathi laphinda lagutyungelwa kukukhanya kwelanga okuqaqambileyo.
UHachiman: uthixo waseJapan wemfazwe kunye nokutola
I-Hachiman (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-Yahata no kami) ibonisa i-syncretism phakathi kwe-Shinto kunye ne-Buddhism ekuqaleni kweJapan yamaxesha aphakathi. Ehlonitshwa njengothixo wemfazwe, utolo, inkcubeko, kunye nokuvumisa, isithixo sinokuthi savela (okanye sakhula ngokubaluleka) ngokusekwa kweendawo ezininzi zeBuddhist kwilizwe malunga nenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ye-AD.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kumzekelo oqhelekileyo wokudibana kwenkcubeko, uHachiman i-kami yemfazwe ikwahlonitshwa njenge-bodhisattva (isithixo samaBhuda waseJapan) osebenza njengomgcini ongagungqiyo weendawo ezininzi ezingcwele eJapan.
Ngokuphathelele unxulumano lwakhe lwangaphakathi kunye nemfazwe kunye nenkcubeko, uHachiman kwathiwa wenza ii-avatars zakhe zigqithise ilifa kunye nefuthe loluntu lwaseJapan olukhulayo. Ngaloo ndlela, entsomini, enye yee-avatars zakhe yayihlala njengo-Empress Jingu owahlasela iKorea, ngelixa omnye wazalwa ngokutsha njengonyana wakhe u-Emperor Ojin (malunga ne-XNUMXrd yenkulungwane ye-AD) owabuyisela abaphengululi baseTshayina naseKorea kwilizwe lakhe.
U-Hachiman uphinde wanyuselwa njengothixo ongumxhasi weqela elinempembelelo le-Minamoto (malunga nenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ye-AD), owaqhubela phambili injongo yakhe yezopolitiko kwaye wabanga umnombo we-Ojin eyintsomi. Ngokubhekiselele kwenye yeentsomi ezidumileyo, yayinguHachiman owasindisa iJapan ngexesha lokuhlasela kwamaMongol ngokukhupha isaqhwithi kwinqanawa eyayisondela, eyathi kamva yabizwa ngokuba yi<em>kamikaze (“umoya wobuthixo”).
Inari: isithixo saseJapan sezolimo (irayisi), urhwebo, namakrele
Ithathwa njengenye yeekami ezihlonitshwa kakhulu kwi-pantheon yamaShinto, i-Inari, ehlala ibonakaliswa ngokwesini esibini (ngamanye amaxesha yindoda kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ibhinqa), nguthixo werayisi (okanye intsimi yerayisi), ngaloo ndlela ebhekisa kunxulumano nokuchuma, ezolimo kunye nobutyebi. yeemveliso. Ngokubhekiselele kulowo wangaphambili, u-Inari naye wayehlonitshwa njengothixo ongumxhasi wabarhwebi, amagcisa, kunye nabakhandi bentsimbi; kwamanye amabali asentsomini, ugqalwa njengenzala kaSusanoo, uthixo wesaqhwithi.
Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ebonisa isini esingacacanga sothixo (owayedla ngokuchazwa njengendoda endala, ngoxa kwezinye iimeko, wayeboniswa njengomfazi onentloko yempungutye okanye ekhatshwa ziimpungutye), u-Inari wachongwa kunye nezinye iikami ezininzi zaseJapan. .
Ngokomzekelo, kwizithethe zamaShinto, u-Inari wayenxulunyaniswa nemimoya enobubele enjengoHettsui-no-kami (uthixokazi wokupheka) no-Uke Mochi (uthixokazi wokutya). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwizithethe zamaBuddha, i-Inari ihlonishwa njenge-Chinjugami (umkhuseli weetempile) kunye ne-Dakiniten, ephuma kwi-Indian Hindu-Buddhist deity of dakini okanye isithixokazi sasezulwini.
Kannon: uthixo waseJapan wenceba novelwano
Xa sithetha ngezithethe zamaBhuda kunye nefuthe labo kwintlaninge yezizwe, uKannon sesinye sezona zithixo zibalulekileyo zamaBhuda eJapan. Ehlonelwa njengothixo wenceba, uvelwano kwanezilwanyana zasekhaya, lo thixo unqulwa njengeBodhisattva.
Okubangela umdla kukuba, ngokungafaniyo nokuhanjiswa ngokuthe ngqo okuvela eTshayina, umzobo weKannon mhlawumbi uthatyathwe kwi-Avalokitêśvara, isithixo samaIndiya, ogama lakhe lesiSanskrit liguqulelwa njenge "All-respecting Lord". Ukufikelela oko, abalandeli abaninzi baseJapan bacinga ukuba kwaneparadesi yaseKannon, iFudarakusen, imi kumazantsi eIndiya.
Kwinkqubo yezinto yonqulo neyentsomi, iKannon njengabanye oothixo baseJapan inomahluko wayo ngohlobo lwesini, ngaloo ndlela yandisa iinkalo zayo nonxulumano. Ngokomzekelo, kwifom yebhinqa ye-Koyasu Kannon imele inkalo yokuzala umntwana; ngelixa ekwimo yeJibo Kannon, imele umama onothando.
Ngokunjalo, uKannon ukwahlonelwa kwezinye iimvaba zonqulo zaseJapan: kubuShinto uliqabane lika-Amaterasu, ngelixa ebuKristwini ehlonelwa njengoMaria Kannon (olingana neNtombi Enyulu enguMariya).
Jizo: Uthixo ongumlondolozi waseJapan wabahambi kunye nabantwana
Enye iBodhisattva phakathi koothixo baseJapan, uJizo osoloko ethandwa ohlonitshwa njengomkhuseli wabantwana, ababuthathaka, nabahambi. Engowangaphambili, kwibali eliyintsomi elithi Jizo wayenomsebenzi onzulu wokuphelisa ukubandezeleka kwemiphefumlo elahlekileyo esihogweni kwaye ubakhokele emva kwiparadesi esentshona ye-Amida (enye yezithixo eziphambili zaseJapan zamaBhuda), inqwelomoya apho imiphefumlo ikhululwa. yokuzalwa kwakhona karmic.
Kwiqhinga elibuhlungu lezithethe zamaBuddha, abantwana abangekazalwa (kunye nabantwana abancinci abasweleke abazali babo) abanalo ixesha eMhlabeni lokuzalisekisa i-karma yabo, ngoko bavalelwe kwi-purgatory yemiphefumlo. Ngoko ke, umsebenzi kaJizo uba ngobaluleke ngakumbi ekuncedeni le miphefumlo yabantwana ngokuyithwala ngemikhono yengubo yakhe.
Ngokuphathelele ubuso obuchwayitileyo bukaJizo, uthixo waseJapan onesimilo esihle udla ngokuchazwa njengemonki engenamsebenzi ephepha naluphi na uhlobo lwezihombo ezingaqhelekanga nezaziwayo, njengoko zifanele uthixo obalulekileyo waseJapan.
UTenjin: Uthixo waseJapan wemfundo, uncwadi, kunye nezifundo
Okubangela umdla kukuba, lo thixo wayekhe wangumntu nje oqhelekileyo ogama linguSugawara no Michizane, isifundiswa nembongi eyayiphila ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX. UMichizane wayelilungu elikwinqanaba eliphezulu leNkundla yaseHeian, kodwa wenza iintshaba zeFujiwara Clan, yaye ekugqibeleni baphumelela ukuba agxothwe enkundleni. Njengoko iintshaba ezininzi zikaMichizane kunye nabakhuphisana nabo baqalisa ukufa nganye nganye kwiminyaka emva kokufa kwakhe, amahum-hum aqala ukujikeleza okuba yayisisifundiswa esiziintloni esisuka ngaphaya kwengcwaba.
Ekugqibeleni uMichizane wangcwaliswa waza wenziwa isithixo kwinzame zokukholisa umoya wakhe ongaphumliyo kwaye wanikwa igama elithi Tenjin (uthixo wesibhakabhaka) ukuphawula inguqulelo. Abafundi abanethemba loncedo kwiimviwo bahlala betyelela iindawo ezingcwele zaseTenjin.
UBenzaiten: Uthixokazi wothando waseJapan
I-Benzaiten yi-kami yamaShinto ebolekwe kwinkolelo yamaBuddha kunye nomnye wezithixo ezisixhenxe zethamsanqa zaseJapan; esekelwe kuthixokazi wamaHindu uSaraswati. U-Benzaiten ungunkulunkulukazi wezinto ezihambayo, kuquka umculo, amanzi, ulwazi, kunye neemvakalelo, ngakumbi uthando.
Ngenxa yoko, iindawo zakhe ezingcwele ziba ziindawo ezidumileyo zokutyelela izibini ezitshatileyo, kwaye iindawo zakhe ezingcwele ezintathu e-Enoshima zizaliswe zizibini ezikhala iintsimbi zothando zethamsanqa okanye zijinga i-pink ema (i-plaques yomnqweno) kunye.
Shinigami: Oothixo baseJapan bokufa okanye imimoya yokufa
Ezi zifana kakhulu neGrim Reaper ngeendlela ezininzi; nangona kunjalo, ezi zidalwa zinamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo zinokuthi zingoyiki kwaye zeza kamva kwindawo njengoko zazingekho kwiintsomi zemveli zaseJapan. "Shinigami" yindibaniselwano yamagama Japanese "shi", elithetha ukufa, kunye "kami", elithetha uthixo okanye umoya.
Nangona intsomi yaseJapan kudala izaliswe ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-kami njengemimoya yendalo, iShinigami yafumana ukukhankanywa kwayo malunga nenkulungwane ye-XNUMX okanye ye-XNUMX. IShinigami ayilogama kuncwadi lwakudala lwesiJapani; iziganeko zokuqala ezaziwayo zeli gama zivela kwiXesha le-Edo, xa lalisetyenziswa kudidi lweqonga lemidlalo yeqonga kunye noncwadi lwaseJapan olunxibelelene nemimoya engendawo yabafi, imimoya ephethwe ngabaphilayo, kunye nokuzibulala kabini.
Kungelo xesha ke ezathi iingcamango zaseNtshona, ngokukodwa iingcamango zobuKristu, zaqalisa ukusebenzisana nokuxubana neenkolelo zesithethe zobuShinto, zamaBhuda, nezamaTao. Iintsomi zamaShinto namaJapan zazisele zinaye uthixokazi wokufa obizwa ngokuba nguIzanami, ngokomzekelo; yaye ubuBhuda babenedemon egama linguMrtyu-mara eyayiphembelela abantu ukuba bafe. Kodwa xa inkcubeko yaseMpuma idibana nenkcubeko yaseNtshona kunye nombono weGrim Reaper, olu phawu lwavela njengothixo omtsha wokufa.
UNyinigi: uyise wamaEmperors
UNyinigi okanye uNinigi No Mikoto ubonwa ngokuqhelekileyo njengomzukulwana ka-Amaterasu. Emva kwebhunga loothixo ezulwini, kwagqitywa ukuba iNinigi yayiza kuthunyelwa emhlabeni ukuze ilawule ngokusesikweni nangobulungisa. Ke ngoko kumnombo kaNinigi kwafika abanye babalawuli bokuqala baseJapan, kwaye ukusuka apho kuvela uphawu lwakhe lokumbiza ngokuba nguyise wabalawuli.
Uke mochi: uthixokazi wokuchuma, ezolimo kunye nokutya
Unguthixokazi odityaniswa ngokuyintloko nokutya, kwaye kwezinye izithethe uchazwa njengomfazi ka-Inari Okami (ngoko ke naye ngamanye amaxesha uboniswa njengempungutye). Akukho nto ingako yaziwayo ngaye, ngaphandle nje kokuba wabulawa nguthixo wenyanga uTsukiyomi; iNyanga uThixo wayezothekile yindlela u-Uke Mochi alungiselela ngayo isidlo ngokujula ukutya okuvela kwii-orifices zakhe ezahlukeneyo.
Emva kokubulawa kwakhe, uTsukiyomi wathatha iinkozo u-Uke Mochi wazala waza wabanika ubomi obutsha. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokubulawa kwabantu, i-Sun Goddess Amaterasu yahlukana ne-Tsukiyomi, ngoko imini nobusuku bahlukana ngonaphakade.
U-Anyo kunye no-Ungyo: oothixo abagcini beetempile
Esi sibini sezithixo zamaBhuda zaziwa njengabagcini beNio abanobubele abagada isango lokungena kwiitempile, ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-nio-mon (ngokoqobo "iSango leNio") kwaye imele umjikelo wokuzalwa nokufa.
U-Agyo uboniswa ngokuqhelekileyo ngezandla ezingenanto okanye ephethe iklabhu enkulu, evule umlomo wakhe ukuze enze isandi esithi "ah", esimele ukuzalwa; kwaye u-Ungyo udla ngokuboniswa ngezandla okanye ephethe ikrele elikhulu, umlomo wakhe uvaliwe ukwenza isandi esithi "om", esimele ukufa. Nangona zinokufunyanwa kwiitempile kulo lonke elaseJapan, mhlawumbi owona mfanekiso udumileyo we-Agyo kunye ne-Ungyo ufumaneka ekungeneni kweTempile yaseTodaiji eNara Prefecture.
Ajisukitakahikone-no-Kami: Uthixo waseJapan weendudumo nezolimo
Ungunyana ka-Ōkuninushi, kwaye igama elithi "suki" legama lakhe libhekisa kwikhuba. Udume ngokuba wayefana nomkhwenyana wakhe uAmeno-Wakahiko, kwaye waphazama wathi Ameno ngexesha lomngcwabo kaWakahiko. Ecatshukiswe kukucingelwa ngomfi, uAjisukitakahikone watshabalalisa indlwana yokuzila, apho amathambo emva koko awela eMhlabeni yaba yintaba yaseMoyama.
I-Ōyamatsumi-no-Kami: igorha, intaba kunye nothixo wewayini
UKokiji noNihon Shoki abafani ngemvelaphi yaseŌyamazumi. I-Kojiki ithi u-Ōyamazumi wazalwa kwisidumbu sikaKagutsuchi, ngelixa u-Nihon Shoki wabhala: ukuba u-Izanagi no-Izanami bamdala emva kokuzala oothixo bomoya kunye nemithi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yiyiphi inguqulo, i-Ōyamazumi ihlonishwa njengentaba ebalulekileyo kunye nonkulunkulu weqhawe, kwaye uyise ka-Konohananosakuya-Hime owenza ukuba abe nguyisezala kaNinigi.
Ngokubhekele phaya, kuthiwa wakuvuyela gqitha ukuzalwa komzukulwana wakhe uYamasachi-Hiko, kangangokuba wenzela bonke oothixo iwayini enencasa; ngoko ke, amaJapan nawo amhlonela njengothixo wokwenza iwayini.
Atsuta-no-Okami: umoya kaKusanagi-no-Tsurugi ikrele lasentsomini laseJapan
Ngumoya kaKusanagi-no-Tsurugi, eyona krele ibalulekileyo nedumileyo yasentsomini eJapan. Unqulwa eNagoya's Atsuta Shrine, Atsuta-no-Okami ngenye indlela inokuba ngumoya ka-Amaterasu. Kwintsomi yobuShinto kuthiwa ikrele elinamandla lizaliswe ngumoya kathixokazi weLanga.
Konohanasakuya-Hime: uthixokazi weNtaba iFuji, yazo zonke iintaba-mlilo kunye nobomi basemhlabeni
Intombi ka-Ōyamatsumi, uKonohanasakuya-hime, okanye uSakuya-hime, sisimntwiso samaShinto sobomi basemhlabeni; Ukwanguthixokazi weNtaba iFuji kunye nazo zonke iintaba-mlilo zaseJapan. U-Ninigi xa wadibana naye wathandana naye ngokukhawuleza kwihlabathi lasemhlabeni, kodwa xa ebuza u-Ōyamatsumi ngesandla sakhe, uthixo omkhulu wanikela u-Iwa-Naga-Hime intombi yakhe endala kunye nembi kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuba uNinigi wala eso sithembiso kwaye wagxininisa kuSakuya-Hime, waqalekiswa ngobomi bokufa.
Kamva, uNinigi naye wakrokrela uSakuya-Hime wokungathembeki. Ekuphenduleni okufanelekileyo kwesihloko sakhe sothixokazi weentaba-mlilo, uSakuya-Hime wazala kwindlu evuthayo, esithi abantwana bakhe abayi kwenzakaliswa ukuba bayinzala yokwenene yaseNinigi, apho yena okanye abathathu bakhe abazange batshiswe ekugqibeleni. .
USarutahiko Ōkami: Uthixo wamaShinto wokuhlanjululwa, amandla nokhokelo
Kwintsomi yobuShinto, uSarutahiko wayeyinkokeli yoothixo basemhlabeni uKunitsukami nangona ekuqaleni ethandabuza, ekugqibeleni waluyeka ulawulo lolawulo lwakhe koothixo basezulwini ngecebiso lika-Ame-no-Uzume, awathi wamtshata kamva. Kwakhona wayenguthixo wasemhlabeni owabulisa uNinigi-no-Mikoto xa lo mva wehla kwihlabathi elifayo.
Hotei: uthixo wamathamsanqa. iiweyitara, umkhuseli wabantwana nomzisi wethamsanqa
Igama lakhe lithetha "ingxowa yelaphu" kwaye uhlala eboniswa ephethe enkulu; kucingelwa ukuba, ibhegi iqulethe ithamsanqa lokunikezela. Ezinye iintsomi zimchaza njengomfanekiso kaMiroku, uBuddha wexesha elizayo. Uhlala ebonakala enganxibanga, nempahla yakhe ebhegi ingakwazi ukufihla i-paunch yakhe ebalaseleyo.
Ame-no-Koyane: Uthixo wamaShinto wezithethe neengoma
Ngexesha lomdlalo u-Amano Iwato wacula phambi komqolomba, ekhuthaza uAmaterasu ukuba alityhale kancinane ecaleni iliwa elivale umnyango. Ikakhulu ibekwe eKasuga Taisha yaseNara kunye nothixo wokhokho weNakatomi Clan enamandla ngokwembali, oko kukuthi, usapho oluphambili lweFujiwara Regents.
UAmatsu-Mikaboshi: Inkwenkwezi Eyoyikwayo yeZulu
Unguthixo weenkwenkwezi wamaShinto yaye ungomnye wezithixo ezinqabileyo zobuShinto ofanele achazwe njengokhohlakeleyo. Akabonakali kwi-Kojiki kodwa u-Nihon Shoki umkhankanya njengesithixo sokugqibela ukumelana ne-Kuni-Yuzuri. Ababhali-mbali baye bathi uAmatsu-Mikaboshi wayenguthixo wenkwenkwezi owayenqulwa sisizwe esasichasa ukunyathela kukaYamato. Kwezinye iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo, ukwabizwa ngokuba yiKagaseo.
UFutsunushi-no-Kami: Uthixo ongumlo waseJapan wamandulo weMononobe Clan
Ekwabizwa ngokuba nguKatori Daimyōjin, uFutsunushi nguthixo ongumgorha wamaShinto kunye nothixo wezinyanya weMononobe Clan. Kwi-Nihon Shoki, wahamba no-Takemikazuchi xa lo wamva wathunyelwa ukuba afune ubunini behlabathi eliphantsi. Emva kokuba u-Ōkuninushi erhoxile, aba babini bayiphelisa yonke imimoya eseleyo engazange ivume ukuzithoba kubo.
Isotakeru-no-Kami: uthixo waseJapan wekhaya
Ungomnye woonyana bakaSusanoo kwaye wakhankanywa ngokufutshane kwiNihon Shogi. Kuloo ngxelo, wahamba noyise ukuya eSilla ngaphambi kokuba lo mva agxothelwe eIzumo. Nangona wezisa imbewu eninzi, akazange ayityale; wazityala kuphela emva kokubuyela eJapan. Ngaphakathi kweKojiki, ubizwa ngokuba ngu-Ōyabiko-no-Kami; namhlanje, unqulwa njengothixo wendlu.
UJimmu Tenō: Imbali yokuqala yoMlawuli waseJapan
Kuthiwa uyindlalifa ngokuthe ngqo ku-Amaterasu noSusanoo. Kwintsomi yamaShinto, wasungula iphulo lomkhosi kwiphondo langaphambili laseHyūga kumazantsi mpuma eKyūshū kwaye wathimba iYamato (iSithili saseNara yanamhlanje), emva koko waseka iziko lakhe lamandla eYamato. I-Kojiki kunye no-Nihon Shoki badibanisa ii-dynasties zikaJimmu kunye nabalandela emva kwabo ukwenza umnombo ongaqhawukiyo.
I-Kumano Kami: idityaniswe njenge-Amitābha Buddha
Ummandla wamandulo waseKumano eJapan (iSithili saseSouth Mie namhlanje) kudala uyindawo yokomoya. Emva kokunyuka kweBuddhism eJapan, indalo ye-kami eyayinqulwa ekuqaleni eKumano yadityaniswa nabasindisi abangamaBhuda abanjengoAmitābha Buddha. Ngexesha labo, uhambo oluya eKumano lwaluthandwa kakhulu kangangokuba iindlela zabanquli zichazwa njengezifana neembovane.
UYanohahaki-no-Kami: Uthixo wohlanga lwamaShinto wekhaya kunye nokuzalwa komntwana
Kwakhona kuthiwa kunamandla okuphelisa iintlekele ezindlwini, kunxulunyaniswa ngendlela efanayo nokusebenza kunye nemitshayelo, ekubeni imitshayelo isusa ukungcola, oko kukuthi, ungcoliseko lwezindlu.
U-Yamato Takeru: Unyana womlawuli weshumi elinesibini waseJapan
UYamato Takeru wayeligorha eloyikekayo kodwa elikhohlakeleyo, elalingamthandi uyise. Wathunyelwa ngumlawuli ukuba ajongane neentshaba ezahlukeneyo, amaphulo apho inkosana yoyisa ngokufanayo.
Emva kokulila kumbingelelikazi omkhulu we-Ise Grand Shrine ngenxa yokungamthandi kukayise, wanikwa ikrele eliyintsomi elithi Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi ukuze limncede kwiihambo ezizayo. U-Yamato Takeru akazange abe ngumlawuli kwaye kucingelwa ukuba wasweleka ngonyaka wama-43 wolawulo lukayise. Ekufeni kwakhe, ikrele elixabisekileyo labekwa kwi-Atsuda Shrine, apho lisekho nanamhla.
UShichi Fukujin: Odumileyo waseJapan "oothixo abasixhenxe beThamsanqa"
Aba baquka izithixo zobuShinto, ubuBhuda baseJapan, nobuTao baseTshayina. Ngokwembali, kukholelwa ukuba "babehlanganisene" ngokulandela imiyalelo yeShogun Tokugawa Iemitsu, ngenjongo yokumela iindidi ezisixhenxe zobomi obusikelelekileyo.
Iinyaniso ezinomdla malunga noothixo baseJapan
Njengenxalenye yokwazi yonke into enxulumene nesi sihloko malunga noothixo baseJapan, nantsi idatha enomdla:
- UbuBhuda, ubuConfucius nobuHindu bonke baba nempembelelo enkulu kumabali asentsomini oothixo baseJapan.
- Uthixo uFukurokuji kwakukholelwa ukuba uvela ngokutsha uHsuan-wu, uthixo wamaTao owayenxulunyaniswa nokuba nethamsanqa, ulonwabo nobomi obude.
- Kwamanye amahlelo obuBhuda, uBenten, uthixokazi oliciko nowayengumxhasi we<em>geisha, wayenxulunyaniswa nothixokazi wamaHindu uSaraswati (uthixokazi wobulumko, wolwazi nokufunda). USaraswati wayeyinxalenye yezithixo ezithathu ezingoomama kwiintsomi zamaHindu; abanye oothixokazi ababini ababehamba naye yayinguLakshmi (uthixokazi wobutyebi nobuhle) noKali. (uthixokazi wamandla).
- Isimamva saseJapan esithi no-Kami sithetha nje "uthixo" kwaye sisihlonipho esisoloko siphawulwa ngamagama ezithixo zamaShinto.
- Isimamva esithi Ōmikami esithetha "uthixo obalulekileyo" okanye "uthixo oyintloko". Olu zuko lubhalwe kuphela abona thixo babalulekileyo bobuShinto. Ikwasetyenziswa ngokufuthi xa kubhekiswa kuAmaterasu, oyena thixokazi ubalulekileyo welanga wamaShinto.
- Oothixo noothixokazi abaninzi bobuShinto banikwa isimamva esithi no-Mikoto. Oku kubonisa ukuba izithixo zafumana uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi obalulekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuhlaliswa kwe-archipelago yaseJapan.
Ubudlelwane phakathi koothixo baseJapan kunye nabalawuli
Uninzi lwamangeno angentla asekelwe kwimibhalo evela kwi-Kojiki kunye ne-Nihon Shoki compendiums. Enyanisweni, oothixo abaninzi baseJapan abakhankanywanga kweminye imibhalo yamandulo yaseJapan; njengoko ngaphakathi kwezi compendia zimbini, ezininzi nazo zikhankanyiwe ekudluleni. Njengoko kucacile kokungeniswa ngasentla, kukwakhona ugxininiso olumandla kumgca kuzo zombini iicompendia; enye egxininisa ukuba ubukhosi baseJapan, oko kukuthi i-Yamato dynasty, yinzala yoothixo baseJapan.
Zombini i-compendia zithathwa ngababhali-mbali njengezembali-zembali, okuthetha ukuba abanakuthenjwa njengembali kuba intsomi kunye namandla angaphezu kwawemvelo anobunzima obukhulu kuwo wonke amabali. Nangona kunjalo, njengeengcebiso zenkcubeko kunye ne-anthropological, i-Kojiki kunye ne-Nihon Shoki zixabiseke kakhulu. Apho ukongeza, bacebisa ukuba ubukhosi bukaYamato bebungasoloko bulawula iziqithi zaseJapan kwaye zinika umkhondo malunga neentshukumo ezifudukayo ngaphakathi eMpuma Asia ngamaxesha amandulo.
Ukuba ulifumene linomdla eli nqaku lithetha ngoothixo baseJapan, siyakumema ukuba uzonwabele ezi ezinye: