I-Egypt imbali yayo enkulu sele siyayazi ukuba ibuyela umva ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-2000 kodwa siyazi ngoothixo bayo, Namhlanje sikuzisa ngeli nqaku linomdla yonke into enxulumene namagama abanye. Oothixo AmaJiphutha nokunye okuninzi
Izithixo ezingama-25 zaseYiputa (iBiography, ubuntu kunye nelifa)
Oothixo baseYiputa babengabantu abasisiseko beenkolelo kunye nezithethe kwibutho lamandulo laseYiputa. Ezi ntlobo zokholo zayila inkqubo entsonkothileyo yokunxibelelana phakathi koothixo nabemi abangabemi, beqinisekile ngolawulo namandla angaphezu kwawemvelo ezi zithixo, anako ukuguqula ikamva labantu.
Ngale ndlela, iimpawu, iminikelo, imithandazo kunye nezinye izithethe ezinikezelwe kwizithixo zaseYiputa zazijoliswe ngokukodwa ekufumaneni uvelwano kunye nokukwazi ukuthembela kwiintando zabo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umntu owaziwayo ovela kwiYiputa yamandulo nguFaro owathi, ngaphezu kokulawula, wakhonza njengekhonkco phakathi koothixo kunye nabantu. Abemi bavakalisa zonke iintlobo zokuthobela kuye ukuze agcine oothixo babo “bonwabile” nokugcina imeko esisigxina yocwangco noxolo.
Oyena thixo babalulekileyo baseYiputa
Apha ngezantsi kukho uluhlu lwezona zithixo zibalulekileyo zaseYiputa, kunye nenkcazo emfutshane yento nganye kunye nengcaciso yempembelelo abaye baba nayo kwimbali.
1.geb
Wayenguyise kaSete, uNephthys, no-Osiris, yaye wayechazwa njengendoda enerhanisi entloko. Alukho uhlobo lokunqulwa oluye lwenziwa kuye ngenxa yemeko yakhe njengoThixo wasemhlabeni. Yayingumfuziselo wokuchuma, yaye iinyikima zaseYiputa zazinxulunyaniswa nothixo uGeb ngokuhleka kwakhe.
2. Ammit
Umzimba walo thixokazi wawuyilwe zizilwanyana ezithathu ezahlukeneyo: ingonyama, ingwenya kunye nemvubu. Ngokungafaniyo nabanye oothixo, uAmmit wayebonwa njengedemon kwaye wayesoyikwa ngenxa yazo zonke izinto awayemele (ukufa).
3.Shu
Uyise kaNut kunye noGeb kunye nomyeni kaTefnut. Kunye naye, yayingoothixo bokuqala baseYiputa abadalwe ngu-Atum. Wayenguthixo womoya nelanga; Umsebenzi oyintloko kaShu yayikukuxhasa umzimba wesithixokazi uNun aze ngaloo ndlela ahlukanise izulu nomhlaba.
4. Amandongomane
UMama uthixokazi kaNephthys, uSete, uIsis noOsiris. Ngenxa yobume bomzimba wayo omncinci kunye nomde, wawufuzisela isibhakabhaka. Ngokutsho kweYiputa yamandulo, uNut wayeginya ilanga rhoqo ebusuku aze alikhanyise ngexesha lekhefu lasekuseni. Ukubonakaliswa kwayo kwegraphic kufumaneka kwiitempile ezininzi, kunye nakwiibhokisi zabafileyo.
5. uAmon
Lo thixo wayekwaziwa ngokuba ngu-Amon kwaye wayesisithixo esiphambili sesixeko saseThebes. Wayengumxhasi woofaro beso sixeko sinye kwaye wabekwa kwinqanaba eliphezulu leqela elisecaleni kothixo uRa. Umdibaniso phakathi kuka-Amun noRa wazala uthixo uAmon-Ra, waza wabhaptizwa “njengokumkani wezithixo”.
6.Anubis
Lo thixo wayefanekiselwa njengendoda enentloko kadyakalashe. Unyana kaSete noNephthys, wayengumkhuseli wabafileyo. UAnubis wayenembopheleleko yokuzisa abafileyo ngomhla wabo wentshabalalo. Yayikwanxulunyaniswa nenkqubo yokucwiliswa kwezidumbu kunye nokulondolozwa kwemizimba.
7. umh eh
Wayenguthixo wehlabathi labafileyo, ogama lakhe lalithetha “umqwengi kanaphakade”. Wayechazwa njengendoda enentloko yenja ehlala kwidike lomlilo.
8. Anati
Uthixo wasetyhini wayexatyiswe kakhulu kwinkcubeko yamandulo yaseYiputa. Wanikwa iitempile ezininzi, kuba wayemela uthixokazi wemfazwe. Uthixo uRamses ngokwakhe wathiya intombi yakhe uBint Anat (intombi kaAnat ngesiArabhu).
9. Wanga
Ngokungafaniyo nabanye oothixo, i-Bes yayizotywe ijonge ngqo phambili kwaye ingekho kwiprofayili. Wayesisidudla, enamalungu amafutshane, enolwimi oluncangathi, yaye wayegqalwa njengothixo wokuzala. Kukholelwa ukuba uBes wayekhupha iidemon ebusuku kwaye wakhusela abantu kwizilwanyana eziyingozi.
10. Hayi
Wayenguthixo owayemela ikhondo loMnayile, wayeyindoda enamabele amakhulu nesisu nesihombo entloko eyenziwe ngezityalo zasemanzini. Kukholelwa ukuba wayehlala kwimiqolomba yomlambo kwaye ihlelo lakhe lenziwa kwidolophu yaseAswan.
11. Horus
Utshaba oluphambili lothixo uSete, lo thixo wayeyinzala kaIsis noOsiris. Umzobo wakhe uhlala ungaziwa: ezinye ii-Egyptologists zithi wayeyindoda enentloko ye-falcon, abanye njenge-falcon epheleleyo, kwaye abanye bathi uHorus wayeyinkwenkwana eneenwele ezinqamlekileyo ehleli ethangeni likanina.
Emva kokubulala uthixo uSeti, waba ngukumkani waseYiputa, wayenguthixo wezulu kwaye wayegqalwa njengomkhuseli wookumkani.
12. Imhotep
Wayengomnye wabantu abambalwa abaqhelekileyo abafumana iwonga lobuthixo. Wayeyingcali yezibalo yaseYiputa kwaye wayesebenza njengengqonyela ngexesha loLawulo Lwesithathu. Naye ngokwakhe wayenengcwaba lakhe elakhiwe kwindawo eyayiza kuba yindawo yakhe yokugqibela yokuphumla (ebezifihle ukususela ngoko yaye akaziwa ukuba uphi na).
13.isis
Umntu obalulekileyo kwiintsomi zamandulo zaseYiputa, uIsis wayengumfazi kaOsiris nomama kaHorus. Wayedityaniswe nezithethe zomngcwabo kwaye kuthiwa wadala umama wokuqala kwintsalela echithiweyo ka-Osiris.
Xa wavusa uOsiris, wanika uHorus ubomi, nto leyo eyayigqalwa njengothixokazi wobomi, ophilisayo nomkhuseli wookumkani. Kwinkcubeko yamandulo, uIsis wayemele umfazi ofanelekileyo, onothando, ozinikeleyo kunye nenkathalo.
14. IiNefthys
Intombi kaGeb kunye noNut, udade kaIsis, umfazi kaSete nomama ka-Anubis, lo thixokazi wayesaziwa ngokuba "yinkosikazi yamabhotwe". Njengothixokazi uIsis, uNephthys ugqalwa njengothixokazi waseYiputa wabafileyo.
15. Osiris
Omnye woyena thixo ubalulekileyo, wayengukumkani wokuqala waseYiputa. Kwakucingelwa ukuba nguye owazisa impucuko eluntwini. Evuswe ngumfazi wakhe uIsis, ngaloo ndlela waba nguthixo wehlabathi elingaphantsi komhlaba nomgwebi oyintloko wokufa.
16. URa
Wayengoyena thixo uphakamileyo welanga, emelwa njengendoda enentloko yokhetshe. Ubusuku ngabunye wayesiya kwelabafileyo ukuze alwe nobubi kunye nesiphithiphithi, kwaye ekuzeni kusa wazalwa ngokutsha. Ookumkani baseYiputa bathi babeyinzala ngokuthe ngqo kaRa, yingakho bazibiza ngokuthi "Oonyana bakaRa".
17. USete
Wayengunyana kaGeb noNut, umzalwana kaOsiris. Wayegqalwa njengothixo wobumnyama, isiphithiphithi nesiphithiphithi. Wachazwa njengendoda enempumlo emide neendlebe ezinde, mhlawumbi ukakayi lwesilwanyana sasendle. USet wambulala umninawa wakhe, wayiba itrone yaseYiputa, yaye inkoliso yoothixo yayimthiyile. UHorus wakwazi ukuphelisa uSete, kwinto eyayigqalwa njengedabi eliphakathi kokulungileyo nokubi.
18. Tefnut
Uthixokazi wokufuma kunye nokubola, wayengumfazi kaShu kunye nomama kaNut noGeb. Ekunye nomyeni wakhe, babengoothixo bokuqala abadalwe ngu-Atum. Wayeboniswa ngeendlela ezimbini: umfazi onentloko yengonyama okanye ingonyama.
19.Ptah
Wayegqalwa njengomdali wehlabathi ngeengcinga nemithandazo yakhe, yaye ke ngoko wayegqalwa njengothixo ongumdali. UPtah wayehlobene neengcibi yaye wayenetempile yokumzukisa.
20. Nefertum
Ngokutsho kwentsomi yaseYiputa, yayiyintyatyambo yokuqala eyayikho ngexesha lokudalwa kwehlabathi yaye yayivela kumthombo wobomi. Wayegqalwa njengonyana wothixo ongumdali, uPtah, nothixokazi uSekhmet. Wayedla ngokuzotywa njengomfana omhle, otyebileyo.
21.Mehen
Uthixo waseYiputa owayemelwa yinyoka enkulu wayegqalwa njengothixo okhuselayo. Wahlasela uthixo onguRa ebudeni bokuhla kwakhe ebumnyameni ebusuku (khumbula uRa wayengumkhuseli wokulungileyo).
22.Khonsu
Igama lakhe lithetha "umhambi", mhlawumbi elinxulunyaniswa nohambo awayeluthatha rhoqo ebusuku ukuya enyangeni. Lo thixo waba nendima ebalulekileyo ekudaleni ubomi nezidalwa. Ngale ndlela wayegqalwa njengothixo wenyanga.
23.Khnum
Ungomnye woothixo bamandulo baseYiputa kwintsomi kwaye ubonakaliswa njengendoda enentloko yenkunzi yegusha. Ubukhulu becala kwakukholelwa ukuba ngumthombo weNayile, wayekwagqalwa njengomdali wabantwana, owabakhupha eludakeni ukuze abangenise esibelekweni sikanina.
24.Ishtar
Wayenguthixokazi wothando, wenzala, isini, imfazwe namandla. Wayeyintombi ka-Anu. Kukholelwa ukuba usisimntwiso sobuthixo seplanethi iVenus.
25.Khepri
Lo thixo waseYiputa uthandwa kakhulu kwiinoveli zenzululwazi kunye nemiboniso bhanyabhanya. Yayinxulumene noqongqothwane. I-Khepri ifanekisela indalo kunye nokuzalwa kwakhona. Watsalwa njengendoda enentloko kaqongqothwane.
Itempile yeSolar, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-astral, evela kwi-Old Kingdom
Kuphela yitempile kaNiuserre (uFaro wohlanga lwakwa-V) eseleyo kwaye eseleyo. Le tempile iseAbusir, emazantsi eGiza.
Ezi ziitempile ezakhelwe ukunqula ilanga, uRa, kunye nokufanisa noFaro. Oku kuqinisekisa izinto ezimbini ezivelayo: i-obelisk kunye nephenyane lelanga. Zibekwe kwindawo eyintlango, ziitempile ezivulekileyo, kwaye aziyi kuba nefuthe kuBukumkani obutsha kude kube lixesha lika-Amenhotep IV.
Itempile ka Niuserre
Iqukethe i-pavilion kwintlambo enxibelelana nabanye nge-avenue egqunyiweyo kwaye ikhokelela kwipavilion yesibini eyisakhiwo esifanelekileyo setempile yelanga.
Yidolophu enqatyisiweyo enentendelezo evulekileyo ekufuneka kugxininiswe kuyo izinto ezimbini ezisisiseko: isibingelelo esisemva kwayo kukho iobelisk, ephela ngephiramidi, inxalenye yegolide eyibonakalisa kakuhle imitha yelanga.
Ekunene kwintendelezo kukho uthotho lwezakhiwo ezingoovimba nezokwenza imisitho ethile. Iobelisk yayifikelelwa kwiveranda ejonge ngasentendelezweni ngepaseji esekhohlo. Ngaphandle kwendawo ebiyelweyo, kukho iintsalela zolwakhiwo lwamatye ekukholelwa ukuba sisikhephe selanga.
Itempile yokungcwaba yoothixo baseYiputa
Ibonakala kwi-Old Kingdom kodwa ayinalo ulwakhiwo oluphawulwe kakhulu, oluya kwenzeka kuBukumkani obutsha, obuya kulandela ipateni eneempawu eziya kufana nezo zetempile ezingcwele okanye zakudala.
Itempile kaKumkanikazi uHatshepsut
Le tempile ibekwe ecaleni kwesikhumbuzo somngcwabo weMentuhotep eDeir el Bahari. Ngandlela ithile ndiyayixelisa kodwa intsonkothe ngakumbi. Nangona inemibalabala kakhulu, ayingqubani nenkangeleko yomhlaba, nangona ngokuqinisekileyo ibiya kuba nepeyinti kunye nenkangeleko yezityalo. Asiyotempile yogcino-zidumbu.
Ibizwa ngokuba yi-hemispeans kuba inendawo ejonge ngaphandle kunye nenxalenye yokusika ilitye. Ukufika apho, kwakukho indlela enkulu ewela intaphane yee-sphinxes kwaye ijikelezwe ziigadi. Ezi ziqonga ezintathu eziphezulu kunye nesakhiwo se-lintel esixhaswe ziintsika ezifikeleleke kwiirampu.
Kukho iicawa ezinikezelwe kwizithixo ezahlukeneyo, eyona nto ibalulekileyo eHathor, apho kugcinwa khona iintsika zeHathoric ezinomdla kakhulu, nakwi-Anubis. Inxalenye yokugqibela isikwa eliweni. Isuka kwisakhiwo seklasikhi.
Yayinomhombiso obaluleke kakhulu wemifanekiso eqingqiweyo, zombini kwi-relief kunye ne-statuary. Yakhiwe ngumakhi wezakhiwo uSenmut, owayebaluleke kakhulu, wayephethe ukufundisa abantwana bakaHatshepsut kwaye mhlawumbi nomthandi wokumkanikazi.
UHatshepsut wayeyindlovukazi yeNkalo yeshumi elinesibhozo ehlala etroneni njenge-regent yonyana wakhe uThutmose III, owayephethe ukutshabalalisa ezininzi zemisebenzi kamama wakhe. Nangona wayeyi-regent, walawula njengoFaro obhinqileyo opheleleyo kwaye kuthiwa ulawula njengendoda, edla ngokuchazwa njengaye.
El iramesseum
Yayalelwa ukuba yakhiwe nguFaro Ramses II wobukhosi be-XNUMX, kodwa kusele amabhodlo ambalwa. Yayiyindawo enkulu ebiyelweyo eyayiphangiwe kakhulu kwaye ukusuka ekuqaleni amatye aqala ukususwa ukuze kwakhiwe kamva.
Ecaleni kwayo kwafunyanwa iintsalela zeendawo zokugcina impahla. Iintsika ze-Osiris zasetyenziswa ekwakhiweni kwayo kwaye iintsalela ze-colossus edilikileyo zihlala.
Nanga amanye amakhonkco omdla: