Inkcubeko yeToltec yayiyenye yempucuko yokuqala enkulu yaseMesoamerica ekhoyo, ngoko ke, enye yezona zinto zinike igalelo elikhulu kwingingqi yaseLatin America, kuquka neentsomi zayo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, namhlanje sifuna ukuthetha ngezinto eziphambili Oothixo baseToltec kunye neempawu zayo ezifanelekileyo. Hlala nathi, kwaye sonke masifunde malunga nolu luntu lunempembelelo kunye!
Yayingoobani iiToltec?
Nangona abaninzi bengayazi, iiToltec zaziyinxalenye yempucuko eneyona nkcubeko ibalulekileyo eyaphuhliswa kummandla wamandulo welizwekazi laseMelika, eMesoamerica. Oku kwaba nencopho yayo kwiPostclassic Period of humanity, ngokukodwa phakathi kweminyaka ye-950 AD. C. kunye no-1150 d. C (ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX neye-XNUMX AD).
Indawo ababehlala kuyo, isebenze kwaye isasebenza nanamhlanje, impembelelo efanelekileyo kwezinye iindawo, efana kakhulu naleyo kwiminyaka embalwa kamva yabangela ama-Aztec. I-Toltec yahlala kwi-Central Plateau yaseMexico, ummandla ngoku oquka i-Tlaxcala, i-Hidalgo, iSixeko saseMexico, i-State of Mexico, i-Morelos, ne-Puebla. Nangona kunjalo, amaziko ayo aphambili enkqubela phambili yayizizixeko zaseHuapalcalco kunye neTollan-Xicocotitlan.
Ngokweengxelo zembali ezingabalekiyo, nangona babengabantu abahambahambayo, baqala uhambo lwabo lokunqula ukusuka emantla alo mmandla ngo-511 AD. C. de baseka ikomkhulu Tula, malunga 800 AD. C. Ahlala apho, malunga neenkulungwane ezingaphezu kwezintathu de kwafika ama-Aztec.
Uqoqosho lommandla wejografi lwalugxile kwezolimo, ngakumbi ukulinywa kombona neembotyi. Ubume bombutho woluntu lwabo lwahlulahlulwe lwaba ngamaqela amabini: udidi olunelungelo, phakathi kwalo sifumana amajoni, abalawuli, amagosa karhulumente nababingeleli; kunye nodidi lwe-servile, olubandakanya amagcisa kunye nabasebenzi.
Inkqubo yakhe yokukholelwa yayinempembelelo ephawulekayo kwiindawo zaseYucatan naseZacatecas. Ukongeza kwiintsomi, izakhiwo kunye nezinye iintlobo zobugcisa zongezwa kwilifa lenkcubeko. Oothixo abajikeleze le nkcubeko inomdla baba yinxalenye yendalo yabantu baseMesoamerican.
Njengoninzi lwempucuko yangaphambi kweColumbian, babenombhalo onamandla wasentsomini, nto leyo ethetha ukuba babeneqela elikhulu loothixo ababephazamisana neziganeko zemihla ngemihla. Unqulo lwalugqalwa njenge<em>shaman, oko kukuthi, luqheliselo lwantlandlolo olwaluqinisekisa ukuba abanye abantu bayakwazi ukuxilonga nokunyanga ukubandezeleka kwabantu.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, babenqula izithixo eziziziqalelo zendalo, ezinjengalezi: isibhakabhaka, amanzi nomhlaba. Aba babuqonda ubuthixo ngendlela engaqhelekanga, ekubeni babubobabini, oothixo babo ababini abayintloko yayinguQuetzalcóatl (umdali wehlabathi) noTezcatlipoca (umdali wobumnyama nentshabalalo).
Ababingeleli, abakwabizwa ngokuba ziishaman, babesenza ubudlelane noothixo babo ngokusekelwe kwimibingelelo yabantu. Imibingelelo enjalo yayiyinxalenye yemisitho, kuba kwakukholelwa ukuba izithixo zazifuna ukuba zikwazi ukubabonelela ngeentsikelelo.
Nangona olu phawu loluntu lwabo luyimpikiswano kuninzi lwangoku, ngelo xesha kwakuqhelekile kakhulu ukuququzelela imidlalo yebhola ekugqitywe kuyo, kuxhomekeke ekubeni ngubani olahlekileyo, ngubani oza kubingelelwa egameni lebhola. USomandla .
Amanye amaxwebhu asusela kweli xesha abonisa ukuba amaToltec akhetha oothixo bawo ngaphandle kokucinga kakhulu, akazange anikele ngqalelo apho ayevela khona okanye ukuba ayenenyaniso yokwenene ngokuphathelele amandla awo. Aba bathi yidolophu nje eyayikulangazelela ukufumana izikhokelo zomoya zokubanceda kwiimfuno zabo zemihla ngemihla kunye neemfuno zabo.
Iinkolelo zonqulo ababenazo zazisekelwe, kunye nenkcubeko yabo, kwimilo nongquzulwano, eyona ixhaphakileyo yeyokuba babephakathi kwezi zizwe zibini sasikhe sazikhankanya ngaphambili. Kubo, indalo iphela ayinakusebenza ngokuchanekileyo ngaphandle kweemfazwe okanye ukulwa okwenzekayo, ngoko ke, uthixo ngamnye wabo wayeneempawu ezimiselweyo zamagorha kunye nabantu abanoburhalarhume nabayingozi.
Inxalenye elungileyo yezithethe ezithathwa ngokuthe ngqo kwiToltec, emva kokuhamba kwexesha zamkelwa ngabantu bomthonyama abahlukeneyo kamva, yiyo loo nto kuqhelekile ukuba iinkolelo zabelwane nezinye iimpucuko, ezinjengamaMayans, umzekelo.
Oothixo abakhulu beToltecs
Njengoko usenokuba sele uqaphele, amaToltec amkela bonke oothixo ababeva ngabo, uninzi lwabo lwabelana nabanye abantu. Ngokwayo, kunokuthiwa banoothixo abangaphezu kwamakhulu amane, ngenxa yesi sizathu, sikhethe abona babalaseleyo. Phakathi kwezona ziphambili sifumana ezi shumi zilandelayo:
IQuetzalcoatl
Unguthixo ophambili wempucuko yaseToltec, eyaziwa ngokuba yinyoka ephothiweyo. Ngenxa yokuba igqalwa njengowongamileyo, kwiimpawu zayo ibandakanya amandla okuvelisa zonke iindidi zeemfundiso emntwini. Ukongeza koku, izele yimigaqo yokomoya engapheliyo.
I-Quetzalcóatl ibonakala kwiintlanga ezininzi zeenkcubeko zaseMesoamerican, nto leyo emenza umntu obalulekileyo ekugcineni ubudlelwane obuzinzile phakathi kweengcamango zonqulo ngalunye olunamaqela ahlukeneyo ahlala kwindawo. Uzukiswa ngokukwazi ukunikela isipho solwazi, kwanezinye iimpawu ezinjengokuchuma, ubuchule bokuyila, ukukhanya nobulumko.
Ekuqaleni, wayegqalwa njengomgcini wemini nowomoya. Ngapha koko, kwintsomi yamandulo yeelanga ezintlanu, kunxulunyaniswa ukuba uQuetzalcóatl nguye owanika ubomi kwiLanga lesihlanu, esiphila nalo namhlanje, kunye noXólotl baqala ukudalwa koluntu.
Igama elithi "inyoka eneentsiba" kungenxa yokuba livela kulwimi lwesiNahuatl, "iquetzali» kuthetha* ipeni kunye "idyasi» inyoka. Ukongezelela, kubhekiselwa kuyo ngaloo ndlela ngenxa yembonakalo yayo ebonakalayo. Ungoyena mntu uphambili olawula umjikelo wobomi, kwakunye nokuphela kwawo. Uneempawu ezimbini, kuba uliwele elichasayo likaTezcatlipoca.
I-Tezcatlipoca
Imele elinye icala lezinto ezimbini, oko kukuthi, elilingana neQuetzalcoatl. I-Tezcatlipoca inxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nezulu nomhlaba, kodwa kunye nobumnyama kunye nobusuku. Unguthixo wesimo sengqondo sokulwa kunye nomchasi, odla ngokubizwa ngokuba * "isipili sokutshaya esimnyama" okanye "isipili esinebala". Ikho kuyo yonke indawo, eyivumela ukuba ijonge yonke into kwaye ibhubhise ngokulula nganye yeentshaba zayo.
Njengomphumo womsebenzi wayo owonakalisayo, yayidume ngokuba ngoyena thixo umnyama kubo bonke abo benza i-pantheon yenkcubeko yaseToltec, umfanekiso wayo wawusoloko usetyenziselwa ukoyikisa abantwana. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba wayengumkhafuli kunye nomlingo we-prodigy malunga nomlingo omnyama, wathatha inxaxheba kunye newele lakhe ekudalweni komntu. Ngendlela efanayo, ayizange iyeke ukuphawulwa njengomthombo wobomi kunye nokukhusela ikamva lomntu.
centeotl
Sisithixo esinxibelelene ngokusondeleyo nokulunga kobubini, ekubeni sinendoda nebhinqa. Ngokuxhomekeke ekuncedeni kwakhe, utshintshe inkangeleko yakhe, kuba ngale ndlela unokuba ngumxhasi kuzo zonke izithethe kunye nemibhiyozo eyenziwayo.
Ngelo xesha, kwakuqhelekile ukuba uthixo wombona abekho kwiintsomi zaseMesoamerican, iToltec yayingenjalo. Oku kungenxa yokuba yayisisityalo esibalaseleyo kulo mmandla, ngoko ke iCentéotl yayingoyena thixo ubalulekileyo. Ngokufanayo, maxa wambi wayemiselwa njengengcwele engumxhasi wolonwabo nokunxila.
Itlaloc
Isihloko sothixo wemvula kunye namanzi sihambelana neTlaloc. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, enye yeyona nto ibalulekileyo, ihloniphekileyo kwaye, ngaphezu kwayo yonke into, isaba, ekubeni icandelo eliphambili loqoqosho lweToltec, ezolimo, lixhomekeke kuyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, abahlali benza imibingelelo kwi-Tlaloc njengomnikelo wokwenza imvula kwizityalo zabo kwaye babanike isipho somhlaba ochumileyo. Kwakukholelwa ukuba xa lo thixo wayecaphukile, wathumela iindudumo kunye nezaqhwithi emhlabeni.
Iminikelo eyayihlawulwe kuye yayiqhutywa kwinyanga yokuqala yonyaka emiqolombeni enemijelo okanye imisinga yamanzi azolileyo, konke oko ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuchuma kweentyatyambo ngonyaka. Igama layo livela kulwimi lwesiNahuatl, mhlawumbi ukusuka kwi «ntla» okuthetha umhlaba kunye -oc leyo iphumla okanye ihlala ihleli, nto leyo ethetha njengengcaciso yokugqibela "lowo ulele okanye uphumle emhlabeni" okanye ngaphantsi rhoqo, "incindi yomhlaba".
Xochiquetzal
I-Xochiquétzal yimbonakaliso ecacileyo yesithixokazi sothando, ubuhle kunye nolonwabo. Ngokunjalo, kukholelwa ukuba sisithixo sobutsha, iintyatyambo kunye nezobugcisa, ubukho bayo bunxibelelene ngokwenyani nokuchuma kunye nobuninzi obumangalisayo bendalo kwindawo.
Ngaphakathi kweentsomi zeToltec kukho ibali elibonisa ukuba lo buthixo ngumfazi kaTlaloc, kunye nesibini sezithixo ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo inxulunyaniswa neempawu ezibhekiselele kwilizwe eliphakamileyo kunye nehlabathi elibanzi lokuhenda kunye nobufazi. Ukumnqula, izibingelelo zenziwe ngeentyatyambo zecempasuchil kwaye ngaloo ndlela zifezekiswa ubabalo lwakhe.
Mixcoatl
Uthixo kunye nomxhasi wabazingeli nguMixcóatl, okwaziwa ngokuba yiCamaxtli. Ngaphambi kokuphuma yonke imihla ukuya kuzingela, amaToltec azinikele kulo thixo ukuba abe nesibindi kwaye akwazi ukubuya nexhoba elikhulu leentsapho zabo. Kweminye imibhalo yembali, uMxcóatl uchazwa njengothixo wemfazwe wale nkcubeko, nangona ukuvuma okunjalo kuqhelekile, ekubeni kwinkolelo yakhe izithixo ezingenasiphelo zinomgangatho wesibini wokuba ngumphumi-mkhosi.
Unguthixo onomdla kakhulu kubalandeli bakhe, kwanakweminye imimandla yommandla unqulo lwakhe lwalubotshelelwe kuleyo yeMilky Way, oku luhlobo lokumelwa kwayo yaye, ke ngoko, eqinisekisa ulwazi oluphangaleleyo awayenalo amaToltec. .yendalo iphela.
itztlacoliuhqui
Iintlekele kunye nokubandezeleka kwabantu kubangelwa yi-Itztlacoliuhqui, lo ngomnye wezithixo ezimnyama ze-pantheon yaseToltec. Ungumxhasi wengqele, umkhenkce, ubusika, isohlwayo kunye nesono. Ngombulelo kubudlelwane bakhe obumnyama kunye nazo zonke ezi ngasentla, iintlawulo ezihlawulwa kuye zazibandakanya imibingelelo emininzi kunye neemela.
Ngenxa yengxabano yakhe kunye neLanga, wayesoloko edibene nobushushu obuphantsi. Ungummeli ofanelekileyo wobulungisa kunye nezo zixhobo ezenziwe nge-obsidian. Ngamaxesha athile, yayingomnye woothixo ababebumba inkundla yamatyala, kwanalowo wayesohlwaya.
Xipe Totec
UXipe Tótec sisithixo sobomi, ukufa, kunye nezolimo. Idume ngentsomi apho kunxulunyaniswa nokuba yakrazula ulusu lwayo ukuze inike ukutya kwabo bayidingayo. Kwamanye ambalwa, kuthiwa ukufa nokukhulula kwakhe ufele kuko okwabangela ukuba isityalo sombona sichume.
Elinye lamagama akhe eziqhulo lelo likathixo ongusomandla wabasebenzi begolide, ochazwa kwimibhalo njengowongamileyo nonxanelwe igazi owayefuna amadini aqhubekayo ukuze aqinisekise ukhuseleko nempumelelo yelizwe. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ugqalwa njengothixo okhohlakeleyo nokhohlakeleyo, ekubeni ukuba ebengaqhubi amadini, loo dolophana yayingayi kuba nobutyebi. Kangangendlela eyayinzima ngayo le meko, kangangokuba ababingeleli banxiba izisu ezikrazukileyo yaye kwafuneka badanise ukuze bamkholise.
tonacatecuhtli
Ngolwimi lwenkobe lwesiNahuatl, iTonacatecuhtli inokuchazwa njengenkosi yokutya ("tonacayotl", inkxaso; «itecuhtli", Mhlekazi). Nguloo mthombo obonelela abantu ngokutya, uthathwa njengomnye wezithixo zomdali wento yonke kunye neyona nto iphezulu yendalo kunye nokuzala.
Kuqhelekile ukubona ukuhlonelwa kwakhe kuwo wonke ummandla waseMesoamerican, nanjengomnye wezithixo eziphambili ze-pantheon, kuphela ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwindawo nganye. Ngokutsho kweengxelo ezingenakubalwa, i-Tonacatecuhtli yayinoxanduva lokwahlula umhlaba kunye nolwandle, okwakuqala kunye. Nangona u-Omecihuatl kunye no-Ometecuhtli bengabadali bobomi, nguye owabanika ubomi kwaye wadala yonke iplanethi.
Iirekhodi zembali ziqinisekisa ukuba u-Tonacacihuatl wayengumfazi wakhe, ogama lakhe likwabhekisa "kwiNenekazi leNyama yethu okanye iSixhaso". Zombini zinodumo olukhulu kuba ziluphawu lobubele nomoya wobuzalwana. Iqabane lakhe lihlala libhidaniswa nabanye oothixokazi abafana noCitlalicue noXochiquétzal.
Ehecatl
I-Ehécatl sisithixo saseToltec esinxulunyaniswa nomoya njengophawu lwayo oluphambili, kwaye yenye yeyokuqala ukuvela kuloo nkcubeko. Oku kungenxa yokuba izinto ezine ezibalulekileyo ezenza impucuko yaseMesoamerica yayingumoya, umhlaba, umlilo kunye namanzi, nganye iqinisekisa ukugubungela iimfuno eziphambili zale ndawo. Ubukho bayo babubaluleke kakhulu ukuze ukwazi ukuqonda iinguqu zemozulu ezenzekayo.
Wadlala indima engaphaya ekudalweni komhlaba ngokweentsomi zeToltecs. Enyanisweni, nguye owabangela ukuba kwenzeke ngokuphefumla kwakhe, ukuhamba kwelanga kunye nokufika kwemvula. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, uhlala edibene noTlaloc, unkulunkulu wemvula. Ubudlelwane obusondeleyo phakathi kwezi ziganeko zimbini zendalo zihlala zibangela ukuba zenzeke ngaxeshanye.
Ukuze uwuqonde ngcono lo mbandela, ekuqaleni kweLanga lesiHlanu, ngoku ngokweenkolelo zakhe, uEhécatl wavuthela uNanahuatzin (uthixo wokukhanya) kunye noTecciztécatl (uthixo weNyanga) emva kokuba bephoswe emlilweni ukuze babe nguthixo. iinkwenkwezi eziya kukhanyisa umhlaba kamva. Ngenxa yomoya owenziweyo, zombini zaqala ukuhamba kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Inkolelo enjalo inokubonwa kwi-calendrical denomination of the era, ethi "Iintshukumo ezine".
Ngoko ke, uEhécatl wafumana imibingelelo efanayo naleyo yayibingelelwa kwabanye oothixo bangaphambi kweColumbian. Ngokuvuthela, kwanika ubomi koko kwakusandul’ ukudalwa. Xa wathandana nothixokazi omhle we-maguey, uMayahuel, wanika abantu isipho sokukwazi ukuthanda.
Ngokubanzi, wayenguthixo ozolileyo nonoxolo, owathi kwangaxeshanye wasebenza njengophawu olucacileyo lwenkuthalo nesibindi. Oku kubeka njengemiba efanelekileyo kumacala omane, oko kukuthi, imithombo emine yemimoya. Abantu baseToltec bammela njengothixo omnyama onxibe imaski etsolo, owathi entanyeni yakhe enxibe intsimbi yomqala eneqokobhe lemollusk apho kwavela khona ikhwelo lomoya. Ukongeza koku, babehlala beboniswa ngomlomo obomvu abacoca ngawo indlela yeTlaloc.
Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zenkolo yeToltec
Njengoko sele ubonile, inkolo yeToltec okanye intsomi inothotho lweempawu eziphawuliweyo eziluncedo olukhulu xa uyifunda. Ngesi sizathu, siqulunqe ezi sixhenxe zilandelayo phakathi kwezona zibalulekileyo:
- Unqulo lwabo luchazwa njengonqulo oluninzi, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ngokwesithethe banikela imbeko yaye banqula iindidi ezahlukeneyo zoothixo, kungekhona omnye kuphela. Ingcamango echasayo yale nkolelo yeyokukholelwa kuThixo omnye.
- Oothixo abavakalisa imimangaliso babenxulumene kakhulu nendalo yomama kunye nezinto ezizenzayo, zazibonisa ngokucacileyo imvula, umoya, iLanga, iNyanga, njl.
- Abona bantu baphambili kwinkqubo yonqulo nentlalontle yayingabo babizwa ngokuba ngamashaman, abantu abafana nabefundisi. Ezi zazixela kwangaphambili, zibhenela kwimimoya kwaye ziqhuba izenzo zokuphilisa ngokusebenzisa amandla obugqi kunye neemveliso zendalo. Ngamanye amaxesha, baye bacebise kwaye bakhokele abantu abaze kwiingcebiso zabo.
- Njengakwezinye iimpucuko zaseMesoamerica, uninzi lwezithixo lwalunohlobo olumangalisayo, ngokuqhelekileyo kunye neendima ezidlala phakathi kokulungileyo nokubi.
- Ukuze bazukise izithixo zabo ngendlela efanelekileyo, benza izakhiwo ezingaqhelekanga ezinkulu. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe emikhulu, iTempile yeTlahuizcalpantecuhtli kunye neTempile yamaQhawe aseChichén Itzá ivelele.
- Kubo bonke ubukho bawo, amaToltec ayekholelwa ukuba ubomi babantu buxhomekeke ngokunzulu kwizithixo. Ngoko ke, kwakuqhelekile ukuba basebenzise amadini ngabantu ukuze babeke imbeko nokunxibelelana nabo.
- Imingcwabo esesikweni yayilawulwa phantsi kwemilinganiselo engqongqo yonqulo. Ukufa nokuphila kwakujongwa njengento eyayisekwe ngaphambili kwikhalenda yiminqweno yoothixo.
Ukuba eli nqaku belithanda, musa ukuphuma ngaphandle kokufunda kuqala: