Ndiyakumema ukuba wazi zonke iinkcukacha ze Uthixokazi uHathor eyaziwa ngokuba yintombi kaThixo iLanga.Oyena thixo ubalulekileyo wenkolo yamaJiphutha ngexesha loMbindi kunye noBukumkani obutsha. Kwakhona wayengumama, umfazi, umfazi, udade kunye neliso likaRa kunye noThixo uHorus. Ukwaziwa njengothixokazi wovuyo,umama kunye nomkhuseli wabantwana.Qhubeka ufunda kwaye ufunde ngakumbi malunga nesithixokazi!!
Uthixokazi uHathor
Uthixokazi uHathor ngomnye wezithixokazi eziphambili kunye nezibhengezo zenkolo yaseYiputa yaMandulo. Ngubani owayesenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kunye nesiqhelo kubantu baseYiputa. Uthixokazi uHathor sisithixo sasezulwini. Ukuba wayesaziwa njengoMama kunye neqabane likaThixo uHorus kwaye ngendlela efanayo noThixo weSolar uRa.
Lo thixo ubusoloko unxulunyaniswa nobukhosi baseYiputa yaMandulo. Ngenxa yoko uthixokazi uHathor ebesaziwa ngokuba ngumama wokomfuziselo woofaro baseYiputa, ekubeni inguye owabamela kwingqushu yasemhlabeni. Ukongezelela, u-Goddess Hathor wayenendima ebaluleke kakhulu xa ethatha uxanduva lokuba liliso likaRa njengowesifazane.
Ukuthwala umfanekiso weLiso likaRa. Wayenempindezelo yaye ngale ndlela wayezikhusela kwiintshaba zakhe. Kodwa ikwanalo necala lesisa elimelwe kulonwabo, uthando, umdaniso, umculo, ubulili kunye nokhathalelo lukamama. Kodwa uthixokazi uHathor wayeza kuba liqabane lezithixo ezininzi zaseYiputa ezingamadoda nonina wabantwana bazo.
Le miba eyaboniswa nguthixokazi waseYiputa uHathor yenza umzekelo omkhulu wokukhawulwa kweYiputa yobufazi. Kuthiwa uthixokazi uHathor wayekwazi ukunqumla imida ukuze ancede imiphefumlo efileyo eyayiphulukene nohambo olusuka ebomini ukuya ekufeni.
Uthixokazi uHathor naye uye wamelwa kwintsomi yaseYiputa enomfanekiso wenkomo, ekubeni esi silwanyana sinxulunyaniswa nenina kunye nesasezulwini. Kodwa eyona ndlela imele ngayo yile yowesifazane oneempondo zenkomo kwaye embindini uphethe idiski yelanga. Ukulingana noThixokazikazi uHathor uye wabonakaliswa kunye nomfanekiso wengonyama, i-sycamore okanye i-ureo.
Okwangoku kukho imiboniso kathixokazi uHathor kwimifanekiso yenkomo efana nobugcisa baseYiputa obabusenziwa kwinkulungwane yesine yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo. iminyaka 2686 AD kunye 2181 BC. c.
Oku kunokwenziwa ngoncedo lwabalawuli baseYiputa kunye nooFaro bexesha ababekhokela uBukumkani obudala ngale ndlela uHathor onguthixokazi waba sesinye sezona zithixo zibalulekileyo eYiputa. Engomnye woothixokazi kwanikezelwa kuye ezinye iitempile, eyona ibalaseleyo yayiyeyaseDendera ekwi-Egypt ePhezulu.
Ngokunjalo, uthixokazi uHathor wayenqulwa kwiiTempile zezithixo zamadoda ezazingoogxa bakhe. AmaJiphutha ayeyithanda kakhulu eyayiyinxulumanisa namazwe angaphandle anje ngeKanan kunye neNubia kuba la mazwe ayenezinto ezixabisekileyo ezinje ngexabiso elinqabileyo elinqabileyo kunye nesiqhumiso. Ngendlela efanayo, abantu abaninzi kula mazwe babemnqula.
Kodwa eYiputa uthixokazi uHathor wayengomnye wezona zithixo zazicengwa kwimithandazo yangasese yabantu baseYiputa yaye kwakusenziwa izibhambathiso ezahlukahlukeneyo kuye. Abona banikela kakhulu kuye ngabafazi kuba befuna ukumitha babe nabantwana.
KuBukumkani obutsha obuphakathi kwe-1550 BC kunye ne-1072 AD, uThixokazi waseYiputa u-Isis kunye no-Mut bathatha indawo eyayibanjwe ngu-Hathor onguthixokazi ebukhosini nakwingcamango awayeyiphethe kuBukhosi baseYiputa. Kodwa wayesengomnye wabona thixokazi bathandwayo nabathandwayo ngamaYiputa.
Emva kokuba uBukumkani Obutsha baseYiputa bufikelele esiphelweni, uthixokazi uHathor wagutyungelwa ngakumbi nguthixokazi uIsis owathi wafumana isikhundla esiphezulu. Kodwa wayenabaninzi abathembekileyo kwaye inkolo enkulu yahlawulwa kuye de inkolo endala yacinywa kwiinkulungwane zokuqala zeli xesha siphila kulo.
Imvelaphi kathixokazi uHathor
Imvelaphi yothixokazi uHathor inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nemifanekiso yenkomo, ekubeni ibonakala rhoqo kwimisebenzi yobugcisa eyayipeyintwe kwiYiputa yaMandulo esukela ngonyaka we-3100 BC. iingalo zazo ziphezulu kwaye zimile njengegophe ezenza umzobo weempondo zenkomo.
Yonke imifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyenziwa kubugcisa baseYiputa eyenziwa ngokumela iinkomo kunye nabafazi abaphakamise iingalo zabo banolwalamano oluthile nothixokazi uHathor. Ekubeni iinkomo kwinkcubeko yaseYiputa ziye zahlonitshwa kakhulu kuba zimele imiqondiso yokutya kunye nomama. Ekubeni iinkomo zinyamekela abantwana bazo kwaye zibanika ubisi oluyimfuneko ukuze bakhuliswe kwaye bomelezwe. Ngendlela efanayo, abantu batya ubisi oluveliswa sesi silwanyana.
Kukho isiqwenga sobugcisa baseYiputa obubizwa ngokuba yiGerzeh Palette, ethathwa njengelitye lexesha langaphambili le-Nagada II phakathi kwe-3500 BC kunye ne-3200 AD. Lo msebenzi wobugcisa waseYiputa unomfanekiso wentloko yenkomo eneempondo ezigobileyo ngaphakathi ejikelezwe ziinkwenkwezi ezahlukahlukeneyo.
Indlela eyenziwe ngayo icwecwe likaGerzeh ibonisa ukuba inkomo isondele kakhulu esibhakabhakeni. Ngendlela efanayo kwinkcubeko yaseYiputa babemele oothixokazi abaliqela kumaxesha amva badityaniswa esibhakabhakeni nakwimilo yenkomo, phakathi kwabo oothixokazi uHathor, uMeheret noNut bagqama.
Nangona kunjalo, kuyo yonke le mizekelo, uthixokazi uHathor akakhankanywa naphi na, kodwa xa ubukhosi besine baseYiputa bufika phakathi kweminyaka ye-2613 BC kunye ne-2494 AD. kuBukumkani baMandulo baseYiputa. Kodwa zininzi izinto ezinxulunyaniswa nothixokazi uHathor ezizezexesha leArchaic Period esukela phakathi kweminyaka 3100 BC kunye no2686 AD.
Kodwa xa uthixokazi uHathor enemo yakhe ecacileyo, iimpondo azithwala entloko zigobela ngaphandle, kunokuba zingene ngaphakathi njengazo zifumaneka kwimizobo yaseYiputa. Yiyo loo nto isithixo saseYiputa esineempondo ezigoso sifunyanwa kwiNarmer Palette. Kwaye le palette ibuyela ekuqaleni kwenkcubeko yaseYiputa. Njengoko iphezulu kwipalethi njengebhanti likaKumkani uNarmer.
Kodwa ngokwezifundo eziye zenziwa kwi-Narmer Palette, i-Egyptologist uHenry George Fischer weza ukuqinisekisa ngokophando lwakhe ukuba uthixokazi ovela kwi-Narmer Palette nguthixokazi uBat. Omnye woothixokazi baseYiputa owathi ekuhambeni kwexesha wamelwa bubuso bomfazi kodwa eneempondo ezigobileyo ngaphakathi yaye ngaphakathi zibonakala njengeempondo zenkomo.
Kodwa olunye uphando olwenziwa yi-Egyptologist uLana Troy lwafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba kwiindinyana zemibhalo yePyramids yoBukumkani baseYiputa yaMandulo uthixokazi uHathor unxulumene nefaskoti yokumkani eyenza umanyano kunye nebhanti lokumkani. UKumkani uNarmer yaye oku kubonisa ukuba unguthixokazi uHathor kungekhona uthixokazi waseYiputa uBat.
Kumnombo wesine waseYiputa uthixokazi uHathor waba sisithixo esaziwayo nesidumileyo ngoko ke washenxisa uThixo wamandulo onguNgwenya waseYiputa owayenqulwa eDendera. Le ndawo yayikwi-Upper Egypt. Ngale ndlela uthixokazi uHathor waba yingcwele engumxhasi weso sixeko.
Ngoxa kwakummandla wakwaHu, kwakuhlawulwa ihlelo elikhulu kuthixokazi waseYiputa uBat. Kodwa ukusuka kunyaka ka 2055 BC no 1650 AD ezi zithixo zadityaniswa zinika igama elinye elaziwa ngokuba nguthixokazi uHathor. Kwi-theology ekhoyo ejikeleze ooFaro baseYiputa boBukhosi obuDala, yayigxile kuThixo uRa, ekubeni lo kumkani wabo bonke oothixo baseYiputa kunye nomxhasi kaFaro okanye ukumkani wasemhlabeni. Ngoxa uThixokazi uHathor wenyuka waya ezulwini kunye noThixo, waba ngumfazi wakhe kwaye ngoko ke unina wabo bonke ooFaro.
Imisebenzi uThixokazi awayenayo kwiNkcubeko yaseYiputa
Kwinkcubeko yaseYiputa uthixokazi uHathor wayeneendlela ezahlukeneyo kwaye wenzela abantu baseYiputa imisebenzi emininzi. Kuphando olwenziwa yi-Egyptologist u-Robyn A. Gillam, apho wafika ekuqinisekiseni ukuba le ntlobo yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo eyathatyathwa nguthixokazi uHathor yenzeke ngenxa yokuba inkundla ye-Old Kingdom yagqiba ekubeni ithathe indawo yezithixo ezininzi ezazinqulwa ngabantu baseYiputa. Ukucinga ukuba oku kwanikelwa ngokubonakaliswa koThixokazi uHathor kubukhosi boBukumkani obudala.
Kwimibhalo yamandulo yaseYiputa, kukho ulwazi malunga nokubonakaliswa koThixokazi uHathor, apho kuxelwe ukuba zikhona. “IiHathor ezisixhenxe” kodwa kukho ezinye izicatshulwa apho kukho ulwazi malunga noothixokazi abaninzi ukuya kuthi ga kwi-362. Ngenxa yesi sizathu i-Egyptologist uRobyn A. Gillam uye weza qinisekisa ukuba "uThixokazi uHathor ube luhlobo lwesithixo kwaye akanalo iqumrhu elinye." Yiyo loo nto olu didi lubonakaliswe kwiindidi ezininzi zeempawu abantu baseYiputa abanxulunyaniswa nothixokazi uHathor, ezi zilandelayo:
Uthixokazi waseZulwini: Kuthixokazi uHathor, abaphumeleleyo abaninzi babekwe ukusuka kwiNenekazi lesibhakabhaka ukuya kuthixokazi waseZulwini. Ekubeni abantu baseYiputa bathi wayehlala esibhakabhakeni kunye noThixo waseYiputa uRa kunye nabanye oothixo belanga. Ngeli xesha, ngokutsho kophando, abantu baseYiputa babekholelwa ukuba isibhakabhaka sasifana namanzi kwaye uThixo weLanga wayehamba kuwo.
Yiyo loo nto kuchazwa kwiintsomi zabo malunga nokudalwa kwehlabathi ukuba ilanga lavela ekuqaleni kwexesha. Ngelixa uthixokazi uHathor wayemelwe njengenkomo engumama wecosmic wamaJiphutha. Kaloku, uthixokazi uHathor nothixokazi uMeheret babegqalwa njengenkomo eyazala uThixo weLanga yaza yambeka phakathi kweempondo zakhe ukuze amkhusele.
Ngendlela efanayo, kwakusithiwa uthixokazi uHathor kwintsasa nganye wazala uThixo weLanga, ekubeni ezalwa yonke imihla. Yiyo loo nto igama lakhe kwaseYiputa lalingu ḥwt-ḥrw okanye ḥwt-ḥr, elinokuguqulelwa ngokuthi "Indlu kaHorus" Ngokufanayo, inokuqondwa njenge "indlu yam izulu" Kungenxa yoko le nto uthixo onguthixo uHorus wayefanekisela isibhakabhaka nelanga kubantu baseYiputa.
Ngale ndlela, xa kuthethwa ngendlu kaThixo uHorus, kubhekiselwa kwisibeleko sikathixokazi uHathor okanye esibhakabhakeni apho wafudukela khona okanye njengoThixo weLanga ozalwa ekuphumeni kwelanga ngakunye.
Uthixokazi weLanga: Ngokufanayo, uthixokazi uHathor wayesaziwa njengomnye woothixokazi belanga, kwaye wayengumfazi wezithixo zelanga uRa noHorus. Wayeyinxalenye yeqela elingcwele elaligcina uThixo uRa inkampani, ngelixa wayehamba esibhakabhakeni ngenqanawa yakhe enkulu.
Kungenxa yoko le nto uthixokazi uHathor wayesaziwa ngokuba ".Inenekazi leGolide” kuba ukubengezela kwawo kwakufana kakhulu nokwelanga nakwimibhalo yamandulo ekuthiwa isixeko saseDendera “Imitha yokukhanya evela kuyo ikhanyisela uMhlaba uphela”. Ngamabali awayebaliswa, amdibanisa nesithixokazi uNebethetepet kwaye igama lakhe lalithetha iNenekazi leminikelo, iNenekazi lovuyo okanye iNenekazi le-vulva.
Kwisixeko saseHeliopolis, uThixo uRa, uthixokazi uHathor noNebethetepet babenqulwa kuba babengamaqabane kaThixo uRa. Ngale ndlela, isazi sase-Egypt uRudolf Anthes sacinga ukuba igama likaThixokazi uHathor libhekisela kwenye yezindlu zikaHorus kwisixeko saseHeliopolis kwaye yayinxulumene ngokusondeleyo neengcinga zobukhosi baseYiputa.
Uthixokazi uHathor naye wayengomnye woothixokazi abazalisekisa indima yeLiso likaRa. Wayemele inxalenye yobufazi ngaphakathi kwidiski yeLanga kunye nenxalenye yamandla awayenawo uThixo uRa. Ikwatolikwa njengoThixokazi wamehlo owayegqalwa njengesibeleko apho uThixo weLanga wazalelwa khona.” Kule nxalenye imisebenzi kathixokazi kaHathor yayingqubana njengoko wayengumama, isithandwa, umfazi, udade nentombi kaThixo uRa elapha. imbonakalo yomjikelo welanga wemihla ngemihla.
Emva kwemini, uThixo weLanga wabuyela kumzimba weNkosikazi, waphinda wammithisa waza wavelisa izithixo ezaziza kuzalwa ngentsasa elandelayo. NjengoThixo uRa ngokwakhe owaphinda wazalwa, kunye nentombi yakhe i-Eye Goddess. Yiyo loo nto uThixo uRa ekhulisa intombi yakhe kwaye kwangaxeshanye uzikhulisela yena kwaye oku kuvelisa ukuvuselelwa rhoqo.
Iliso likaRa lenzelwe ukukhusela uThixo weLanga kwiintshaba kwaye yayidla ngokubonakaliswa njenge-cobra, i-auran, okanye ingonyama. Enye ifom eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Eye yeRa yifomu eyaziwa ngokuba "I-Hathor yobuso obune” yaye imelwa ngamaphimpi amane apho ubuso obunye bukhomba kwindawo ephambili ngale ndlela buyakwazi ukubeka esweni izisongelo ezisenokuba zilalele uThixo weLanga.
Yiyo loo nto kukho iintsomi ezininzi kuBukumkani obutsha obuphakathi ko-1550 BC kunye no-1070 AD apho kuxelwa xa i-Eye Goddess iqala ukuba nomsindo ngaphandle kokulawula. Intsomi ebalulekileyo ichazwa kwincwadi yomngcwabo engcwele enomxholo othi "Incwadi Yenkomo Engcwele".
Apho uThixo uRa athumela u-Goddess Hathor njengeliso likaThixo u-Ra ukuze anike isohlwayo kubantu abacinga ukucwangcisa ukuvukela urhulumente kaFaro obekwe nguThixo uRa. Uthixokazi uHathor ujika abe yingonyamakazi enkulu aze aqalise ukubulala bonke abantu ababecebe ukuhlasela ooFaro.
Kodwa uThixo uRa unesigqibo soThixokazi uHathor wajika waba yingonyama ukuba abulale lonke uluntu kwaye uyalele ukuba ibhiya idaywe ebomvu kwaye isasazwe kuwo wonke umhlaba. Uthixokazi wamehlo uqala ukusela ibhiya ayixube negazi aze anxile uthixokazi abuyele kwimeko yakhe entle nenenceba.
Okusondelelene kakhulu neli bali yintsomi ebaliswa ngoThixokazi oKude, ekupheleni namaxesha kaPtolemaic. Apho i-Eye Goddess ngendlela ye-Goddess Hathor iqala ukuvukela ulawulo lukaThixo u-Ra kwaye iqala ukwenza intshabalalo eninzi kwilizwe lasemzini, elinokuba yiLibya ngasentshona, iNubia ukuya emazantsi, ngoko xa Ubuthathaka ngenxa yokulahlekelwa liliso likaRa kwaye kulapho uThixo uRa ethumela omnye uThixo ogama linguThoth ukuba ambuyisele.
Uthixokazi waseYiputa uHathor ezolile noxolo, uphinda abe liqabane likaThixo weLanga okanye uThixo ombuyiselayo. Yiyo loo nto imiba enayo i-Eye Goddess, entle neyonwabisayo kwaye enobundlobongela kwaye iyingozi kakhulu, iya kubonisa inkolelo yaseYiputa yokuba abafazi "ukwamkela iminqweno egqithisileyo yothando nomsindo"
Uvuyo, Umdaniso kunye nomculo omnandi: Kwinkcubeko yaseYiputa, enye yeenjongo zayo eziphambili kukubhiyozela ulonwabo olunika intsingiselo yobomi kwaye ezithathwa njengezipho ezithi oothixo bazinike uluntu. Yiyo loo nto amaJiputa azinikela ekungqungqeni, ekudleni, nasekuseleni, nasekudlaleni kwimithendeleko yonqulo. Umoya wawunevumba leentyantyambo ezinuka isiqhumiso.
Uninzi lweefom ezithathwa nguthixokazi uHathor zazinxulunyaniswa nemibhiyozo kwaye uyaziwa ngokuba yinkosikazi yomculo, amaqela, umdaniso, iintyatyambo, ukunxila kunye nemore. Xa kudlalwa Ingoma ezindlwini iimvumi kufuneka zibethe iihapu, iihapu, iingqongqo, iingqongqo, iingoma ezizukisa uHathore.
I<em>sistrum sisixhobo esifana nerhashalala yaye sasisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunqulo lukathixokazi uHathor, njengoko esi sixhobo sasinentsingiselo evuselela inkanuko yesini. Kungenxa yoko le nto esi sixhobo sasinxulumene nokudalwa kobomi obutsha.
Le miba ikhankanywe ngasentla iphinda ibhekiselele kwiintsomi ezixelwe kwiLiso likaRa. Ekubeni yaxoliswa ngentsomi yebhiya kunye nokutshatyalaliswa koluntu lonke kwathintelwa. Kwiinguqulelo ezikhoyo malunga noTixokazi oKude, ngenxa yobume bayo basendle, i-Wandering Eye yancipha xa yaxolelwa ngenxa yokuba impucuko yayikhuthaza umdaniso, umculo kunye newayini enencasa.
Amanzi omlambo iNayile xa ekhula ajika abebomvu ngenxa yentlenga yamatye, oku kwafaniswa nombala wewayini kunye nebhiya eyayinombala obomvu ngenxa yentsomi yokutshatyalaliswa koluntu. Ngale ndlela, imithendeleko egameni loThixokazi waseYiputa uHathor yayibanjwe ngexesha lokukhukula koMlambo iNayile kwaye ngaloo mzuzu baqala ukudlala umculo kunye nomdaniso ngelixa besela iziselo ezininzi, ngaloo ndlela bexolisa ingqumbo yothixokazi obuyayo.
Kumbhalo wamandulo wetempile ka-Edfu kuthiwa uthixokazi waseYiputa uHathor oku kulandelayo: "Oothixo bamdlalela i<em>sistrum, oothixokazi bayamdanisela ukuze basuse umsindo wakhe ombi”. KwiTempile kaMadam kuculwa iculo likaRattaui apho umthendeleko uchazwa njengowobunxila.
Yenziwa njengentsomi yokubuya kukathixokazi waseYiputa uHathor eJiphutha, ngelo xesha abafazi banokumzisela iintyatyambo, ngelixa abanxilisayo nabadlali bamdlalela amagubu. Abanye abantu banikezela imidaniso kuye kwibhokisi yeetempile kuba ingxolo kunye nombhiyozo uya kugxotha indawo engalunganga kunye namandla anobutshaba.
Ngale ndlela kunokuqinisekiswa ukuba uthixokazi waseYiputa uHathor ukulolona hlobo lovuyo lwakhe ngelixa iqabane lakhe eliyindoda limlindile etempileni yakhe, nangona iqabane lasentsomini likathixokazi uHathor nguThixo uMontu oza kumzalela unyana.
Ubuhle, uthando kunye nesondo: icala elichwayitisayo likathixokazi waseYiputa uHathor libonisa ukuba unamandla amakhulu obufazi nawokuzala. Kungenxa yoko kwiintsomi ezininzi zokudalwa kwehlabathi wanceda ekudaleni umhlaba. Ekubeni kwakusithiwa u-Atm ngumdali kaThixo kwaye uqulethe zonke izinto ngaphakathi kwakhe. Yonke into yenziwe ngokuphulula amalungu esini phakathi kukaShu kunye noTefnuf kwaye ngale ndlela inkqubo yokudala iqala.
Isandla esasetyenziselwa ukwenza esi senzo sasisandla sikaThixo u-Atum, owayemele icala lobufazi kwaye wayemelwe njengothixokazi uHathor, uNebethetepet okanye u-Iusaaset. Nangona iyintsomi endala kakhulu kwinkcubeko yaseYiputa esukela emva kwexesha lePtolemaic phakathi kwe332 BC kunye ne30 BC, uThixo uJonsu nguye oza kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kweli xesha laseYiputa kuba bobabini oothixo badityaniswa ngaloo ndlela benikela. indalo enokwenzeka yehlabathi.
Ngale ndlela kucingelwa ukuba uthixokazi uHathor uya kuba liqabane loothixo abaninzi baseYiputa abangamadoda, kodwa oyena Thixo ubalulekileyo koothixokazi baseYiputa uHathor yayinguThixo weLanga uRa. Ngelixa uthixokazi uMut wayeliqabane eliqhelekileyo likaThixo uAmun owayesisithixo esiphambili kuBukumkani obutsha baseYiputa. Nangona uthixokazi uHathor ebesoloko enxulumene noThixo uRa.
Ngelixa oothixo u-Amun kunye no-Nut abafane badibane nokuzala kunye nesondo, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi babeka izithixo ezifana noIsis okanye u-Goddess Hathor. Yiyo loo nto kwimizuzu yokugqibela yembali yaseYiputa uThixo uHathor kunye neLanga uThixo uHorus bathathwa njengesibini kwizixeko zaseDendera nase-Edfu.
Kwezinye iinguqulelo ezixeliweyo, kuye kwaqinisekiswa ukuba uThixokazi oKude ekunye nothixokazi uHathor noRattaui babengamaqabane oThixo uMontu. Yingakho kwinkalo yesondo kukho amabali amaninzi. Ngokomzekelo, kukho ibali elenzeka kuMbindi woBukhosi baseYiputa elalinegama Ibali likaMalusi. Apho adibana nothixokazi oneenwele ofana nesilwanyana. Yaye xa eyibukele emgxobhozweni, uyoyika kakhulu. Kodwa ngenye imini xa edlula kulo mgxobhozo uzifumana sele ekunye nomfazi omhle kakhulu nohendayo.
Izazi ze-Egyptologists eziye zafunda eli bali ziye zafika kwimbono yokuba umfazi ekubhekiselwa kuye nguthixokazi uHathor okanye ibhinqa elineempawu ezifanayo kakhulu kuba liyingozi kakhulu kwaye liyingozi kodwa kwangaxeshanye linomdla kwaye lilungile. Omnye umphandi ogama linguThomas Schneider weza kuthi ukudibana kukamalusi noThixokazi yayikukumxolisa.
Kwelinye ibali elifutshane loBukumkani obutsha baseYiputa apho kukho ingxabano phakathi kukaSete noHorus, yingxabano phakathi kwaba thixo baseYiputa. Ekubeni uLanga uThixo ukhathazekile ekubeni omnye uThixo wamthuka. Ngoxa elele phantsi ukuze aphumle. Emva kwethuba, uthixokazi uHathor ubonisa amalungu akhe asondeleyo kuThixo weLanga ukuze aphelise umsindo wakhe.
Emva koko, uThixo weLanga waphakama esihlalweni sakhe waza waqalisa ukwenza imisebenzi yakhe njengomlawuli lowo. Ngelo xesha ebalini, bonke abantu babekholelwa ukuba ucwangco nobomi buxhomekeke kwimo yoThixo weLanga.” Ngoko ke, izenzo zikathixokazi uHathor zazibalulekile ukuthintela ukutshatyalaliswa koluntu.
Esi senzo asicacanga enoba yayisisenzo sokuba neentlobano zesini okanye uThixo wawususa umsindo awayenawo, ngoko asicacanga ncam isizathu sokuba uThixo uRa waqalisa ukuncumela uthixokazi uHathor. Kwezinye iincwadi zaseYiputa ezithetha ngothixokazi waseYiputa uHathor wayenconywa ngenxa yeenwele ezintle anazo kunye neengcebiso zenziwe ukuba uthixokazi waseYiputa uHathor ngelixa wayesenza umtsalane wakhe wesondo waphulukana neenwele zakhe.
Olu nwele olwaphulukana nalo uthixokazi waseYiputa uHathor luye lwafaniswa neliso lobuthixo elaphulukana nalo uthixo uHorus naxa uSeti waphulukana namasende ngexesha lemvula eqatha eyayiphakathi kwaba thixo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba isitshixo esaphulukana nothixokazi uHathor sasibaluleke njengelo. babenemizimba yabo bobabini oothixo.
Nangona uthixokazi waseYiputa wayesaziwa njengenenekazi lothando. Ngenxa yenkalo yesini eyayinayo ngenxa yokuba kwipapiri eyayikho kaChester Beatty I, ukususela kwinzala yama-1189 (malunga nowe-1077-XNUMX BC), amadoda namabhinqa anikela imibongo kuthixokazi uHathor ukuze ayithabathele kwizithandwa zawo. Apho kukho iziqinisekiso ezide ziphawule ukuba bathandaza kuthixokazi kwaye umthandi wafika emagumbini akhe.
Isidima sasebukhosini kunye nokuba ngumama: uthixokazi uHathor ebegqalwa njengonina wezithixo ezininzi zaseYiputa. Ukwathathwa njengonina kaThixo uHorus kodwa kwangaxeshanye uzalisekisa umsebenzi wokuba liqabane likaThixo. Ukwangumfazi weKumkani kunye nomama weNdlalifa. Uthixokazi uHathor ngumlingani kaThixo weekumkanikazi emhlabeni.
KwiMythology yaseYiputa kucingelwa ukuba abazali bakaThixo uHorus nguOsiris noIsis. KwiNtsomi ka-Osiris echazwe kwi-Empire yaseYiputa yamandulo, uThixo uHorus ugcina ubudlelwane kunye noThixokazikazi uHathor, nangona kuqinisekiswa ukuba le ntsomi indala. Ekubeni uThixo uHorus unxulumene kuphela noThixo u-Osiris kunye no-Isis xa inkolelo ye-Osiris ibonakala.
Nangona ekuhambeni kwexesha uThixokazi u-Osiris wadityaniswa njengonina kaThixo uHorus, uHathor uHathor wayesoloko enaloo nxaxheba, ngakumbi xa kwafuneka ancancise uFaro omtsha. Yiyo loo nto kukho i-papyri apho imele inkomo encancisa umntwana ematyholweni, oko kubonakaliswa njengemfundo umntwana awayenayo kwiintsomi zaseYiputa.
Ubisi olwanikwa umntwana nguthixokazi uHathor lwaluluphawu lobukhosi nobuthixo yaye xa lwalunemifanekiso kaThixokazi enyamekela umntwana, kungenxa yokuba loo mntwana wayenelungelo elipheleleyo lokulawula abo bantu. Ngale ndlela, ubudlelwane obukhoyo phakathi koothixo uHorus noHathor banika ubuntu babo amandla okuphilisa. Ngenxa yokuba iliso elilahlekileyo likaHorus kwakusithiwa labuyiselwa emva kokuba uthixo uSete wayeliqhelile.
Ngexesha lamva eliphakathi kowama-624 BC kunye nowama-323 BC, abemi baseJiphutha babegxile ekunquleni usapho olungcwele olunye kunye nesithixo esinye esiyindoda endala, owayenomfazi nonyana omncinci. Ngale ndlela, izakhiwo ezincedisayo ezaziwa ngokuba zii<em>mammisi zaqala ukwakhiwa, ukuze zikwazi ukubhiyozela ukuzalwa komntwana onguthixo.
Ukusukela oko lo mntwana uThixo eza kuzisa uhlaziyo olujikelezayo lwendalo yonke kwaye uza kuba yindlalifa entsha ebukhosini, abe nguthixokazi uHathor ongunina wezithixo ezininzi zalapha ezenza untathu. Kwisixeko saseDendera nase-Edfu uThixo uHorus wayengutata ngelixa uthixokazi uHathor wayengumama ngelixa unyana wakhe wayesaziwa ngokuba ngu-Ihy igama lakhe lithetha imvumi yesistrum.
Lo nyana kaHorus nothixokazi uHathor walufanisa uvuyo olwalunxulunyaniswa nesixhobo somculo we<em>sistrum. Babenabanye abantwana abanjengothixo omncinci owaziwa ngokuba yiNeferhotep kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba sisixeko saseHu. Ngendlela efanayo, imifanekiso emininzi yabantwana kaThixo uHorus yenziwa.
Kubantu baseYiputa, i-milky sap ye-sycamore yayithathwa njengomqondiso wobomi kunye nempilo. Ngale ndlela yaba luphawu olubaluleke kakhulu kumaYiputa. Ekubeni olu bisi lwalulinganiswe namanzi oMlambo iNayile ngexesha lezikhukula ukususela oko wazisa ukuchuma kuMhlaba owawusomile kwaye ungenanto.
Ekupheleni kwexesha lamaRoma kunye nexesha lePtolemaic kwiitempile ezininzi zaseYiputa intsomi yokudalwa kwehlabathi yayibandakanyiwe, apho iingcamango zookhokho malunga nokudalwa kwendalo yonke zatshintshwa. Inguqulelo ekhoyo malunga nentsomi kathixokazi uHathor kwisixeko saseDendera igxininisa kakhulu ekubeni sisithixo selanga.
Ukongezelela ekubeni nguthixokazi wokuqala waseYiputa owaphuma kumanzi amandulo awazalwa emva kokudalwa nangokwemibhalo-ngqangi engcwele yokuba ukukhanya nobisi lukaThixo uHathor kwakukwazi ukondla nokuzalisa bonke abantu ngobomi.
NjengoThixokazi uMesjenet, onxulumene nokuba ngumama. Kodwa uthixokazi uHathor unengcamango yelishwa esekelwe kwisibakala sokuba lo thixokazi uya kusebenzisa iindlela ezisixhenxe ezahlukeneyo ukuze azi ukuba ngoobani abaya kuzalwa oofaro baze bakwazi ukuqikelela abo baya kufa. Njengoko kuchaziwe kwibali laba bazalwana babini nakwibali lenkosana efileyo.
Iinkalo zikamama awamkelwa nguthixokazi uHathor zinokufaniswa nezinto anazo uthixokazi uIsis nothixokazi uMut. Kodwa kuzo zombini kukho ama-nuances ahluke kakhulu ukususela ekuzinikeleni ukuba uThixokazi u-Isis unikezela kumyeni wakhe kunye nonyana wakhe uya kumela uthando olwamkelwa luluntu, kunothando olungakumbi lwesini kunye nolungenaluthintelo olunikezelwa nguthixokazi waseYiputa uHathor kumaqabane akhe.
Ngelixa uthando olunikezwa ngu-Goddess Mut lunegunya elingaphezulu kwezesondo, ngelixa uThixokazi uHathor uneempawu zokuhenda amadoda atshatileyo njengokungathi ungumfazi ongaqhelekanga kubo.
Kumazwe angaphandle nakurhwebo: Ukuba yiJiphutha iBukhosi ngelo xesha, yagcina ubudlelwane obuninzi bezorhwebo namazwe aliqela kunye nezixeko eziselunxwemeni ezifana neSiriya neKanan. Ngokukodwa kunye nesixeko saseByblos. Oku kwenza ukuba unqulo lwamaYiputa lusasazeke nakwezinye izixeko ezikuloo mmandla.
Konke oku kwaphunyezwa ngexesha elithile loBukhosi baseYiputa baMandulo. Yiyo loo nto amaJiphutha ayethetha ngothixokazi kunye nomxhasi ongcwele wesixeko saseByblos esasisaziwa ngokuba yiBhaalat Gebal. Lo Thixokazi kuthiwa nguthixokazi wasekuhlaleni xa ethelekiswa nothixokazi uHathor. Olu nxibelelwano lwabo thixokazi bobabini lwaba namandla kangangokuba imibhalo yamandulo yesixeko saseDendera ithi isithixokazi uBhaalat Gebhali wayehlala kweso sixeko.
Ngokufanayo, amaYiputa athelekisa uthixokazi uHathor nothixokazi uAnat, uthixokazi owaziwa ngokuzala. Lo thixokazi wesixeko sakwaKanan wayenenkanuko kakhulu kodwa kwangaxeshanye wayendlongondlongo kangangokuba wayenqulwa ngamaYiputa kuBukumkani Obutsha.
Kwimizobo yaseYiputa yesixeko sakwaKanan, uthixokazi oze uAnat ukho enxibe iwigi ephothiweyo esenokuvela kwimizobo yothixokazi uHathor. Nangona ngokwezifundo akukacaciswa ukuba ngubani na uthixokazi omele imifanekiso kwaye kutheni amaJiphutha amkela le iconography ngokunxulumene nesithixokazi uAnat. Nangona babemnqula njengothixo obhinqileyo owahlukileyo kuthixokazi waseYiputa uHathor.
Umlingiswa welanga walo thixokazi uye wadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwikhonkco kunye norhwebo kuba amaJiphutha ayekholelwa ukuba uya kukhusela iinqanawa ezihamba kuMlambo umNayile kunye nolwandle olungaphaya kweYiputa. Kuba injongo yakhe yayikukukhusela iphenyane elalisetyenziswa nguThixo uRa esibhakabhakeni.
Ngokufanayo, uhambo oluya elunqulweni olwenziwa nguthixokazi waseNubian kwintsomi yaseYiputa lwaludityaniswe nesithixokazi uAnat kula mazwe. Yayikwanxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo noSingasiqithi weSinayi. Oko ngelo xesha kwakungajongwa njengenxalenye yoBukhosi baseYiputa. Kodwa yayiliqela lemigodi yaseYiputa apho kwakusetyenziswa izimbiwa ezahlukahlukeneyo, phakathi kwazo kwakukho ubhedu, i-turquoise kunye ne-malachite.
Enye yeepithets awayebizwa ngayo isithixokazi uHathor, ngelo xesha yayilinenekazi elifurquoise. Oku kubhekiselele kwiiminerali ezinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Yiyo loo nto isithixokazi saseYiputa uHathor wayesaziwa njengeNenekazi leFaience. Esi yayisisitya sodongwe esinombala ozuba noluhlaza awayesithi amaJiphutha ngumbala oluhlaza.
Uthixokazi waseYiputa uHathor wayenqulwa kakhulu emigodini ukuze akhusele ubomi bamakhoboka nakwiikwari ezahlukeneyo neendawo zemigodi ezazifumaneka kwintlango yaseArabia kuBukhosi baseYiputa. Kwimigodi ye-amethyst yaseWadi el-Hudi, apho ngamanye amaxesha wayebizwa ngokuba yiLady of the Amethyst.
Kummandla osemazantsi waseYiputa, impembelelo ye-Goddess Hathor yanda kwintsimi yakudala yasePunt. Yayimi ngaselunxwemeni olukumda woLwandle Olubomvu yaye lo yayingowona mthombo uyintloko wesiqhumiso awayenxulunyaniswa nawo uthixokazi uHathor. Ngendlela efanayo kunye nommandla waseNubia owawusenyakatho-ntshona yePunt.
Kwibhayiloji yegosa likaHerjuf owayengowendlu ka-VI phakathi kweminyaka (c. 2345-2181 BC), washiya uhambo olubhaliweyo olwenziwa kwintsimi ekufutshane nesixeko saseNubia. Kwakuziswe intaphane yee-ebhoni nezikhumba ezahlukahlukeneyo zeentsiba neziqhumiso kuFaro. Kuloo mbhalo igosa eliphezulu laseYiputa lawushiya ubhaliwe, uchaza indlela ezi mpahla ezazivela ngayo kuloo mmandla zazingaqhelekanga yaye zazisisipho esivela kuthixokazi uHathor kuFaro.
Kolunye uhambo olwenziwa kwintsimi yaseNubia kunye nenjongo yokukhupha igolide, bazisa inkolo entsha ngexesha lobukhosi obutsha naphakathi baseYiputa. Kuba ooFaro abaninzi bagqiba ekubeni bakhe iitempile ezininzi kummandla waseNubian apho babengabalawuli.
Ubomi emva kokufa: Kukho amabali athi oothixokazi abahlukahlukeneyo banceda imiphefumlo efileyo ukuba ifumane injongo yabo kubomi basemva kokufa. Omnye walo thixokazi wayesaziwa ngokuba nguAmentit. Wayenguthixokazi wasentshona owayemele ingcwaba elaziwa ngokuba yi-necropolis okanye iqela lamangcwaba awayeselunxwemeni loMlambo umNayile, wayesaziwa njengobukumkani bobomi emva kokufa.
AmaYiputa ayewugqala lo njengomsebenzi kathixokazi uHathor. Ngendlela efanayo njengoko uthixokazi uHathor weza ukuwela umda woBukhosi baseYiputa kunye namanye amazwe, wakwazi ukuwela umda phakathi kweendawo eziphilayo kunye neendawo zabafileyo. Wayinceda imiphefumlo yabangasekhoyo ukuba ikwazi ukungena ebukumkanini babafileyo, yiyo loo nto idityaniswe ngokusondeleyo namangcwaba, kulapho kwaqala khona ukuguquka kwezi zikumkani.
Kwi-necropolis yaseTheban yayimelwe njengentaba eyenziwe ngomzobo apho inkomo yavela imela iHathor. Indima awayeyiphumeza njengothixokazi esibhakabhakeni yayihlobene ngokusondeleyo nobomi basemva kokuba umntu eye wawelela kummandla wabafileyo.
Njengothixokazi wesibhakabhaka kwafuneka ancedise uThixo uRa ekuzalweni kwakhona kwemihla ngemihla. Yiyo loo nto wayenendima ebalulekileyo kwiinkolelo zabantu baseYiputa ekubeni wayenceda imiphefumlo efileyo kummandla wabafileyo ekubeni abaninzi babenenkolelo yokuba baya kuzalwa ngokutsha njengelanga elitsha rhoqo ngesifingo.
Amangcwaba nelabafileyo atolikwa njengesibeleko sikathixokazi uHathor apho umfi uya kuzalwa ngokutsha. Ngale ndlela oothixokazi uNut, uHathor kunye no-Amentit, kwimibhalo yamandulo eyahlukeneyo, banokuthi bathathe imiphefumlo yomfi bayise kwindawo ababenokutya nokusela kuyo ngonaphakade. Kungenxa yoko le nto uthixokazi uHathor kunye nothixokazi uAmentit bamelwe emangcwabeni.
Ngaloo ndlela bamkela imiphefumlo esandul’ ukufa kummandla wabafileyo njengoko besenjenjalo kubantwana babo ngaphambi kokuba bazalwe ngokutsha. Kwimibhalo yomngcwabo eyaziwayo kuBukumkani obutsha, ubomi emva kokufa baboniswa njengegadi entle kakhulu nechumileyo yokutyalwa. Owongamela lo myezo mhle nguthixokazi uHathor.
Uthixokazi apha wayemelwa ekwimo yomthi yaye wanika amanzi kumphefumlo owawusandul’ ukufa. Ngelixa uthixokazi uNut wayenesinye isabelo kodwa uthixokazi uHathor wambiza ukuba amnike umsebenzi wakhe. Kubalulekile ukuba kwinkcubeko yaseYiputa ubomi emva kokufa bunecandelo lezesondo.
Kuba kwiNtsomi kaOsiris xa uThixo ebulewe, wavuswa xa ezifumanisa enxulumana nothixokazi uIsis noHorus wazalelwa apho. Ngendlela efanayo kwingcamango yelanga ukuba kukho umanyano phakathi koThixo uRa kunye noThixokazi wesibhakabhaka, baya kuvumela uThixo uHorus ukuzalwa kwakhona kwakhe. Ngale ndlela, isenzo sesondo siya kuvumela umfi ukuba azalwe kwakhona.
Yingakho uThixokazikazi u-Isis noHathor bafaka isandla ekuvusweni komntu oshonile kubomi obutsha, oku kwenziwa ngokuvuselela amandla okuvuselela oothixo besilisa endaweni yokuzalisekisa okanye ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo. AmaYiputa amandulo ayemandulele owafayo aza abeka igama likaOsiris ukuze alinxulumanise novuko.
Umzekelo ocacileyo wale nto ngumfazi owaziwa ngegama likaHenutmehyt uya kuba "Osiris-Henutmehyt" Ngokuhamba kwexesha lo mfazi wayenxulumene namandla kaThixo amabhinqa kunye namadoda. Ngelixa kuBukumkani baseYiputa baMandulo kwakuthatyathwa njengento eqhelekileyo ukuba abafazi bajoyine abanquli bakathixokazi uHathor kubomi basemva kokufa. Amadoda amele ukuba enze okufanayo no-Osiris.
Kwixesha lesithathu eliphakathi lobukumkani baseYiputa obuphakathi kweminyaka (c. 1070-664 BC), abantu baseYiputa baqala ukongeza igama likathixokazi waseYiputa uHathor kubafazi abafa endaweni yokubeka igama lika-Osiris.
Kodwa kwezinye iimeko abaninzi ababhubhileyo bathiywa igama likaOsiris-Hathor ukubonisa ukuba umfi wayenengenelo namandla okuhlaziya omabini oothixo. Ebudeni belo xesha loBukhosi baseYiputa kwakubanjwe njengenkolelo esebenzayo yokuba uthixokazi uHathor wayelawula ebomini ngoxa uOsiris wayelawula ekufeni.
Umfanekiso weHathor
Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, uthixokazi uHathor umelwe ngomfanekiso wenkomo ethwele idiski yelanga kwiimpondo zayo ezigobileyo. Lo mfanekiso wawukhetheke kakhulu xa uthixokazi wayencancisa uFaro. Kwangokunjalo uthixokazi uHathor wayenokuvela njengomfazi onentloko yenkomo. Kodwa olona phawu luqhelekileyo olwenziwa kuthixokazi uHathor lolomfazi onxibe iimpondo zenkomo kunye nediski yelanga.
Lo mboniso wayenxibe ilokhwe ebomvu okanye e-turquoise yetyhubhu okanye indibaniselwano yemibala yomibini kunye neempondo zabekwa kwisiqingatha esisezantsi okanye isigqubuthelo sentloko sexhalanga elaliqheleke kakhulu kwiikumkanikazi zabantu zaseYiputa kwi-Empire Entsha yaseYiputa.
Xa uthixokazi uIsis wamkela kwaloo ntloko ifanayo kuBukumkani Obutsha oothixokazi babini babenokwahlulwa kuphela xa umfanekiso lowo wawuneleyibhile ebhaliweyo enegama lothixokazi. Indima yesithixokazi uAmentit. Uthixokazi uHathor wayenxibe entloko umfuziselo wasentshona endaweni yokunxiba iimpondo zenkomo.
IiSeven Hathors zenza umzobo weqela leenkomo ezisixhenxe kunye ezazikhatshwa nguthixo omncinane wezulu nobomi obathi emva kokufa baziwa ngokuba yinkunzi yenkomo yaseNtshona.
Kwakhona yayimelwe zezinye izilwanyana ezifana ne-ureo eyayikwimo yephimpi. Yiyiphi i-motif yobugcisa bendalo baseYiputa kwaye imele izithixokazi ezahlukeneyo ezinokuchongwa ngeLiso likaRa.
Xa eboniswa nge-ureo bamele icala lakhe elinobundlobongela kodwa kwangaxeshanye elona likhuselayo. Kwangokunjalo, wenziwa wabonakala uguqulwe waba yingonyamakazi enogonyamelo ngendlela efanayo kodwa kwangaxeshanye ekhusela uThixo.
Kwelinye icala, xa uthixokazi uHathor emelwa njengekati yasekhaya, udla ngokwenza uhlobo olunoxolo lukathixokazi waMahlo xa emelwa njengomthi wesikamore obonakala kumantla womzimba wakhe ophuma esiqwini.
Kwakhona uthixokazi uHathor unokuvela kwisiqu sompapiri njengomsimelelo. Kodwa endaweni yoko wayephethe intonga yesikhonkwane. Olu luphawu lwamandla awayedla ngokuthwalwa zizithixo ezingamadoda. Oothixokazi kuphela ababekwazi ukuthwala okanye ukusebenzisa intonga ye-uas, yayingu-Goddess Hathor kunye nabo bahlobene ne-Eye of Ra.
Uthixokazi uHathor naye wayedla ngokubonakaliswa nge-sistrum yeenqanawa. Efana nesella okanye i-naos esetempileni kwaye emacaleni ijikelezwe yimisongo ekhumbuza i-eriyali ethwalwa sisithixokazi uBat. Kodwa xa i<em>sistrum ibekwe phezu kwayo, iba nezinto ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: Uthixokazi, owokuqala, unxiba iqhina nje eliqhelekileyo ngoxa omnye wenziwe ngentsimbi yomqala enezitya ezininzi ezishukunyiswa kwimibhiyozo eyahlukahlukeneyo.
Olunye uphawu olubalulekileyo oluthwalwa nguthixokazi uHathor sisibuko ekubeni ezi zenziwe ngegolide okanye ubhedu lwesakhelo kwaye ngale ndlela zifanekisela idiski yelanga ngendlela efanayo ehambelana nobuhle kunye nobufazi. Ezinye iziphatho zesipili zazinomfanekiso we-Goddess Hathor kunye nobuso bakhe.
Amaxesha amaninzi uthixokazi uHathor umelwe ngobuso bomntu kodwa ngeendlebe zenkomo, xa zibonwa ngaphambili kwaye zingekho kwiprofayili, eyayiqheleke kakhulu kubugcisa baseYiputa. Xa uthixokazi eboniswa kwiprofayili, iinwele zakhe zigoba zibe yi-loop.
Uthixokazi uHathor wayepeyintwe ngemaski ebonakala kwiintsika zamakomkhulu eetempile ezisuka kuBukhosi obuDala baseYiputa. Ezi kholamu zazisetyenziswa kwiiTempile ezininzi ezazakhiwe egameni likathixokazi uHathor nakwezinye iitempile ezazinikelwe kwabanye oothixokazi.
Ezi ntsika ziyilelwe ukuba zibe nobuso obubini okanye obune obubonisa ukubonakaliswa kabini kothixokazi waseYiputa uHathor. Olu phawu lolo lokuphaphama kunye nolo lobuhle okanye kwimo yalo eyingozi. Iikholamu zeHathoric nazo zinxulumene nesixhobo somculo sistrum.
Kungenxa yoko le nto izixhobo zomculo ze-sistrum zinokuqulatha kwisibambo sazo umzobo wobuso bukathixokazi uHathor kunye nakwikholamu apho i- nao sistrum idityaniswe entlokweni yoThixokazi.
Unqulo olunikelwa kuThixokazi
Ngexesha le-Neit lakudala, uthixokazi uHathor wayengomnye weyona idumileyo nebalaseleyo kwinkundla yasebukhosini baseYiputa. Kodwa kumnombo we-VI uthixokazi uHathor waba nguthixokazi owayenolwalamano olukhulu nofaro. Yiyo loo nto umseki walo mnombo owaziwa ngokuba nguFaro Seneferu. Wayalela uthixokazi uHathor ukuba akhe itempile kwaye intombi yakhe uDjedefra yaba ngumbingelelikazi wokuqala waloo tempile kunye nombingelelikazi wokuqala kathixokazi uHathor onobungqina bayo.
OoFaro boBukumkani obuDala baqalisa ukwenza iminikelo kwiitempile ezazinikelwe kookumkani abathile okanye oothixo ababenxulumene ngokusondeleyo nobukhosi baseYiputa. Nangona kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba uthixokazi uHathor wayengomnye wabancinci abafumana ezi ntlobo zezipho ezivela kooFaro, kuba abalawuli bezixeko bamisela inkolo ekhethekileyo kuThixokazi uHathor kwaye ngaloo ndlela bakwazi ukudibanisa imimandla kunye nenkundla yasebukhosini yaseYiputa.
Yiyo ke loo nto uthixokazi waseJiputa, uHatore, ethelela amaJiputa kuwo onke amaphondo apho kwakukho isibingelelo sakhe. Uninzi lwabafazi abangabobukhosi baseYiputa, kodwa bengengabo ookumkanikazi, babephethe ulawulo lwehlelo elalinikezelwe kuthixokazi uHathor ngexesha loBukumkani obudala.
UFaro Mentuhotep II, wayeyinkosi yokuqala yaseMbindi yoBukumkani eyayingenabudlelwane nabalawuli boBukumkani obudala. Lo Faro walwenza lwaba semthethweni ulawulo lwakhe ngokuzibonakalisa njengonyana kathixokazi uHathor.
Imifanekiso yenkomo yeHathor yayinomongikazi uFaro Mentuhotep II, ivela kulawulo lwakhe lokuqala kwaye abaninzi ababingeleli babonakaliswa njengabafazi bakhe, nangona kungekho nyaniso yokuba babetshatile kuFaro. Njengoko ikhosi yoMbindi woBukumkani baseYiputa yahamba. Ookumkanikazi bafaka i-makeup ukuze babukeke ngokufana kangangoko kunokwenzeka ekuzalweni ngokutsha ngokuthe ngqo kwe-Goddess Hathor. Kwangokunjalo ooFaro babesenza ukuba sifane noThixo uRa.
Lo mdla ookumkanikazi baseYiputa ababenawo ngokufana okanye ukufana noThixokazikazi uHathor waqhubeka ixesha elide kuMbindi woBukumkani kunye noBukumkani obutsha baseYiputa. Ookumkanikazi baseYiputa babebonakala benxibe isigqubuthelo sentloko seNkosikazi uHathor ukususela ekupheleni kobukhosi be-XNUMX.
Kukho umfanekiso kwinkcubeko yaseYiputa ye-Heb Sed yase-Amenophis eyayimiselwe ukubhiyozela kunye nokuvuselela ulawulo apho uKumkani uboniswa kunye noThixokazi uHathor kunye nenkosikazi yakhe u-Queen Tiy. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukumkani wayenomtshato womfuziselo kunye noThixokazikazi uHathor ngelixa iqela liqhubeka.
UHatshepsut wayengumfazi owayelawula kunye noFaro kwiminyaka yokuqala yoBukumkani obutsha. Wagqama kulwalamano awayenalo noThixokazi uHathor ekubeni lwaluhluke kakhulu, ekubeni wayesebenzisa amagama nezihloko ezazihlobene naye kuthixokazi waseYiputa uHathor. Ngale ndlela wakwazi ukwenza urhulumente wakhe abe semthethweni phambi kwabantu baseYiputa ababedla ngokukhokelwa ngamadoda athile.
Lo Mfazi wayalela ukuba kwakhiwe iitempile ezinkulu ukuze kuzukiswe isithixokazi saseYiputa uHathor, ngendlela efanayo wayalela ukuba kwakhiwe eyakhe itempile yokungcwaba. Ukuba yayiza kuba nendlu yecawa eyayinikelwe kuthixokazi uHathor.
Kwisixeko okanye ummandla weDeir el-Bahari, yayibekwe njengendawo yokunqula uthixokazi uHathor ukususela kuMbindi woBukumkani. Kwakukho nokubaluleka okukhulu kukaThixo u-Amun ngexesha loBukumkani obutsha kuba oku kwanika ukubonakala okukhulu kumfazi wakhe kunye neqabane likathixokazi uMut kulo lonke eli xesha. Uthixokazi uIsis waqalisa ukubonakala enemisebenzi eyahlukahlukeneyo ngokwesithethe eyayiyeyeThixokazi uHathor kuphela ekubeni wayekuphela kothixokazi welanga.
Ngokufanayo, ezi zithixo zazinento yokwenza nothixokazi uHathor, nangona waqhubeka engoyena thixokazi ubalulekileyo kubo bonke uBukumkani Obutsha. Apho ugxininiso lwenziwa kwinkolo ye-Goddess Hathor yayinxulumene nokuzala, ubulili kunye nokuzaliseka.
UBukumkani Obutsha bukaIsis buye bafihla uthixokazi uHathor kunye neendima zakhe kunye nabanye oothixokazi ababengakwazi ukuthatha indima yabo. Ngexesha lamaGrike aseYiputa, akufika amaGrike, alawula iYiputa yaye unqulo lwawo lwakhula kulwalamano oluntsonkothileyo nenkcubeko yaseYiputa. Ngelixa ubukhosi bePtolemaic baqala ukwamkela kunye nokuguqula ingcamango yaseYiputa malunga noothixo basebukhosini.
Oku kwaqala ngo-Arsinoe II, owayengumfazi kaPtolemy II, aba balinganiswa banxulumanisa iikumkanikazi zabo ngokusondeleyo nothixokazi uIsis kunye neqela loothixokazi baseYiputa. Ngokukodwa benza ikhonkco kunye nothixokazi wabo wothando kunye nesini owayenguAphrodite.
Nangona kunjalo xa amaGrike ebhekisa kubo bonke oothixo baseYiputa abatolika ngamagama ezithixo zabo zamaGrike kwaye ngamanye amaxesha babiza uthixokazi uHathor. Iimpawu zothixokazi waseYiputa uIsis nothixokazi uHathor ziye zadityaniswa kunye neempawu zothixokazi wamaGrike uAphrodite.
Oku kwabangela ukuba kuthethelelwe impatho eyayinikwa ookumkanikazi bakaPtolemy njengoothixokazi. Ngale ndlela imbongi uCallimachus yathi intsomi yeqhaga likathixokazi uHathor yayikukudumisa uBerenice II ngokubingelela inxalenye yeenwele zakhe kuAphrodite. Ukongezelela, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo awabelana ngayo nothixokazi uIsis nothixokazi uHathor, njengamaxhalanga neempondo zenkomo, yabonakala kwimifanekiso eza kubonisa ixesha lookumkanikazi bakaPtolemaic ababezotywe ngokungathi babengabo. Uthixokazi uAphrodite.
Iitempile zaseYiputa egameni likathixokazi
Uthixokazi ekwakunikelwa kuye iitempile ezingakumbi wayekaHathor, kunaye nawuphi na omnye uthixokazi waseYiputa owayekho. Kulo lonke uBukumkani obudala, eyona ndawo ibalulekileyo yenkolo eyakhiwe egameni likaThixokazi uHathor yayikummandla waseMemphis.
Uthixokazi wesikamore uHathor wafunyanwa apho, apho wayenqulwa kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo kulo lonke elaseMemphite necropolis. Ngexesha loBukhosi Obutsha, iTempile yothixokazi uHathor wesikamore eyayisemazantsi yayiyeyona tempile inkulu awayenqulwa kuyo. Kuloo ndawo uthixokazi uHathor uchazwa njengentombi eyintloko yothixo wesixeko uPtah.
Ngelixa kunqulo olwenziwa kuThixo uRa kunye noThixo u-Atum kwisixeko saseHeliopolis, kumntla-ntshona wesixeko saseMemphis, kwakukho itempile eyaziwa ngokuba yiHathor-Nebethetepet, ngokophando, eyakhiwe kuMbindi woBukumkani.
Nangona umngcunube kunye nesikamore zazikufuphi nale ngcwele, kusenokwenzeka ukuba zazinqula uthixokazi uHathor ngemisitho emininzi nembonakaliso eyahlukahlukeneyo. Kwezinye izixeko ezazikumntla weNtili yomNayile, njengeYamu neTerenuthis, kwakhiwa iitempile ezinkulu zokumnqula nokunqula uthixokazi uHathor.
Xa abalawuli boBukhosi baseYiputa bamandulo baqalisa ukwakha nokuseka izixeko kuMantla nakuMbindi weYiputa, apho kwasekwa amaziko aliqela okunqulela oothixo baseYiputa, phakathi koyena thixokazi ubalaseleyo uHathor. Kwiindawo eziseCusae, eAkhmim naseNaga ed-Der.
Ngexesha lokuqala eliphakathi elavela phakathi konyaka wama-2181 nowama-2055 a,C. kwakhiwa umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wokumnqula kwisiXeko saseDendera kwaye wawusoloko usiwa kwingingqi yaseTheban Necropolis eyayisaziwa njengommandla wabafileyo.
Xa uBukumkani baseMbindi baqala, uFaro Mentuhotep II wayalela ukwakhiwa kwetempile enkulu ukuze kumiswe uthixokazi uHathor ngale ndlela yokumnqula ngokusisigxina kwi-necropolis yaseDeir el-Bahari. Idolophu ekufutshane yiDeir el-Medina, eyayilikhaya labasebenzi bamangcwaba e-necropolis ngexesha loBukumkani obutsha.
Kuloo ndawo kwakukho iitempile ezazinikezelwe kuThixokazi uHathor apho waqhubeka nokusebenza kwaye waphinda wakhiwa kwakhona de kwafika ixesha lePtolemaic. Emva koko le dolophu yashiywa kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela.
Kwisixeko saseDendera itempile yaseHathor ikhona, yeyona tempile indala eUpper Egypt. Le Tempile yaqala ubuncinane kwinzala yesine. Ngokuphela koBukumkani obuDala le tempile yodlula iitempile zaseMemphite ngokubaluleka.
Nangona ookumkani abaninzi benza ukwandiswa kweTempile apho uthixokazi uHathor wayenqulwa kuyo yonke imbali yaseYiputa. Nangona inguqulelo yokugqibela yeTempile yakhiwa ngexesha lePtolemaic nelamaRoma, okwangoku iyenye yeetempile zaseJiphutha ezigcinwe ngcono ekuhambeni kwexesha.
Njengoko uBukumkani obuDala babudlula, abaninzi ababingeleli bakathixokazi uHathor baquka abo banezikhundla eziphezulu, ababengabafazi nababengamalungu osapho lwasebukhosini kubo bonke obo Bukhosi, amabhinqa ayekhutshelwa ngaphandle ngokuthe ngcembe kwezo zikhundla zobubingeleli. Ngelixa iindlovukazi ezazidityaniswe ngakumbi nehlelo lothixokazi uHathor zinezikhundla kunye namalungelo abo.
Ngale ndlela ke abafazi ababengengabo abasebukhosini bamaJiputa babesithi shwaka kwizikhundla eziphezulu nakubabingeleli, nangona abafazi baqhubeka bekhonza kunye nokunqula uthixokazi uHathor ngomculo, kuba uninzi lwaba bafazi lwaluziimvumi ezindlwini ekwakunqulelwa kuzo izithixo kulo lonke ilizwe. ijografi yaseYiputa.
Umsitho nesithethe esasinikelwa kakhulu kwiitempile ezahlukeneyo zakhe nawuphi na uthixo waseYiputa yayingumnikelo wemihla ngemihla. Apho umfanekiso oqingqiweyo okanye umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wothixo waseYiputa owayenqulwa kwakufuneka unxitywe uze utyiswe.
Esi sithethe semihla ngemihla sasisenziwa ngendlela efanayo kuzo zonke iitempile zaseYiputa. Nangona zonke ezi zinto zazinikelwe njengezona minikelo zixhaphakileyo kuzo zonke iitempile. Kodwa izithethe ezazisenzelwa ukuzukisa uthixokazi uHathor zazifumana izixhobo zomculo ezinjengeesistrum. Ukongeza kwi-necklaces ye-menat. Kumaxesha amva uThixokazi uHathor wanikwa izipili ezibini ezaziza kumela ilanga nenyanga.
Amaqela egameni likathixokazi
Egameni lothixokazi uHathor, imisitho yaminyaka le yayisenziwa ukuze kuzuzwe imbeko kuye, yaye le mithendeleko yayiquka umculo, umdaniso neziselo ezazinezithethe njengeyona njongo yazo iphambili. Bonke abantu ababenenxaxheba kule mibhiyozo babefuna ukufikelela umlinganiselo othile wolonwabo lonqulo.
Yiyo loo nto bekwenza oko ekubeni kwakunzima okanye kwakungaqhelekanga ukwenza olu hlobo lomthendeleko kunqulo lwaseYiputa. Umphandi kunye nesazi saseEgypt uGraves-Brown wada wabonisa ukuba abantu ababebhiyozela ezi holide egameni likathixokazi uHathor babefuna ukuguqula ingqondo yabo ukuze bakwazi ukusebenzisana nommandla wobuthixo.
Owona mzekelo ucacileyo wawuyitheko elaziwa ngokuba kukunxila, apho kwakukhunjulwa ukubuyiswa kweso likaRa, oku kwakubhiyozelwa ngomhla wamashumi amabini wenyanga kaTot. KwiiTempile apho kwakunqulwa khona uthixokazi uHathor kunye neliso likathixo uRa, kwakubhiyozelwa ngexesha loBukumkani baseMbindi kodwa kwakusaziwa ngcono ngamaxesha kaPtolemaic namaRoma.
Umdaniso, ukutya kunye nesiselo esabelwana ngaso ngexesha letheko lokunxila kwakumelelwe njengento echasene nentlungu, indlala kunye nonxano okufuneka amaYiputa adlule kulo kwaye oku kuhambelana nokufa. Ngoxa xa ugonyamelo lweliso likaRa lwakhululwa, lwazisa intlekele nokufa ebantwini. Yiyo loo nto umthendeleko wokunxila into ebhiyozelwa bubomi, intabalala kunye novuyo.
Kwelinye itheko elenzeka eTheban elaziwa ngokuba nguMthendeleko oMhle weNtlambo kwaye usukela kuMbindi woBukumkani xa uqala ukubhiyozelwa kuMbindi woBukumkani, umfanekiso abanawo kaThixo uAmun kwaye unqulwa eTempileni. eKarnak. Kodwa kwakhona bayidlulisela kwezinye iitempile ezifana neNecropolis neTebana. Ngelixa amalungu asekuhlaleni kuye kwafuneka aye emangcwabeni apho izalamane zawo ezingasekhoyo zazikwazi ukwenza amadini kubo, phakathi kwawo kukutya, ukusela nokonwaba.
Nangona uthixokazi uHathor engazange angenelele kule mithendeleko de kwaqala uBukumkani obutsha. Xa kwakusenziwa, ubukho buka-Amun babukwiitempile zikaDeir el-Bahari kwaye oku kwakugqalwa njengesenzo somanyano lwezesondo phakathi kwalo Thixo kunye noThixokazi uHathor.
Iitempile ezininzi ezazakhiwe ngexesha lePtolemaic, kubandakanywa nezo zedolophu yaseDendera, apho babhiyozela uNyaka oMtsha waseYiputa ngothotho lwemisitho kunye nezithethe, apho umfanekiso wesithixo apho unikezelwa khona. Imbeko ivuselelwa ngokudibana noThixo weLanga.
Kwiintsuku ezingaphambi koNyaka oMtsha waseYiputa, umfanekiso wesithixokazi uHathor ofunyenwe kwisixeko saseDendera ufuduselwa kwi-bet, eligumbi elithile kwitempile elinikezelwe kumanyano lwemifanekiso yenkolo kunye nothixo welanga.
Kuloo ndawo ibekwe phantsi kophahla oluhonjiswe ngemifanekiso eyahlukeneyo yelanga nesibhakabhaka. Kwandula ke, ngomhla wokuqala woNyaka oMtsha waseYiputa, oyinyanga yokuqala kaThoth, umfanekiso kathixokazi uHathor wathatyathelwa encotsheni yophahla lwetempile ukuze uhlanjwe lilanga, wenze into efana neyobuThixo. uThixo weSolar uRa okanye uHorus.
Umbhiyozo obhalwe kakuhle malunga nenkolo yesithixokazi uHathor ngumthendeleko owenzeka ePtolemaic owaziwa ngokuba nguMthendeleko weNtlanganiso Enhle. Lo mnyhadala uqhubeka kwinyanga ka-Apep kwaye uhlala ubuncinane iintsuku ezilishumi elinesine. Umfanekiso wesithixokazi uHathor owafunyanwa kwisixeko saseDendera uthuthwa ngesikhephe ukuya kwiitempile ezahlukahlukeneyo apho kunqulwa khona uthixokazi uHathor aze ngaloo ndlela atyelele abanye oothixo.
Uhambo oluthathwa ngumfanekiso kathixokazi uHathor luya kuphelela kwitempile kaThixo uHorus kwisixeko sase-Edfu. Apho umfanekiso wothixokazi uHathor uya kuhlangana nomfanekiso kaThixo uHorus yaye zombini ziya kubekwa ndawonye.
Njengoko itheko liza kuthatha iintsuku ezilishumi elinesine, olunye usuku luthatyathwe ukuba luthathe imifanekiso emibini kaThixo uHorus kunye noThixokazikazi uHathor ukuba bangcwatywe kwaye bathathwe njengoThixo weLanga kunye ne-Ennead. Eminye imibhalo yaseYiputa yelo xesha iyangqina ukuba isibini soothixo sasisenza izithethe namadini koothixo ababengcwatywa.
Abaphandi abaninzi kunye ne-Egyptologists baye baqwalasela umthendeleko ukuba ufana nomtshato phakathi koThixo uHorus kunye noThixokazikazi uHathor. Nangona isazi sase-Egypt uMartin Stadler sahluka kule ngcamango kwaye uyaphikisana nayo, into eyenziwa ngaba thixo kukuvuselela izithixo ezingcwatywayo.
Omnye umphandi owaziwa ngokuba nguC.J. Bleeker uwuthathele ingqalelo uMthendeleko wokuHlanganisa ngokuFanelekileyo njengombhiyozo wokubuya koThixokazi oKude. Ekubeni oku kusekelwe kwintsomi yeso lelanga echazwe kwiitempile ngeeholide. Ngendlela efanayo, uBarbara Richter ugcina ukuba iqela limele izinto ezintathu kuphela ngexesha elifanayo, ezikukuzalwa kukaThixo uHorus kunye no-Goddess Hathor kunye nendodana yabo, uThixo omncinci u-Ihy.
Oko kubhiyozelwa kwisixeko saseDendera emva kweenyanga ezilithoba zoMthendeleko wendibano entle njengoko oku kumela utyelelo olwanikelwa nguthixokazi uHathor kuThixo uHorus ngale ndlela bamele ukukhawulwa konyana wabo u-Ihy.
Unqulo Kwimida yaseYiputa
Ngamaxesha oBukhosi baseYiputa baMandulo, ookumkani noofaro babenikela ngempahla kwitempile apho kwakunqulwa khona uthixokazi onguBaalat Gebhali, eyayikwidolophu yaseByblos, besebenzisa inguqulelo yesithixokazi uBhaalat kunye nothixokazi uHathor. ubudlelwane boshishino olukhulu nesi sixeko esibizwa ngokuba yiByblos. Ebudeni bolawulo lukaThutmosis III, kwakhiwa itempile eyanikezelwa kuthixokazi uHathor ukuze kunikezelwe imbeko kuye nokumbiza ngokuba linenekazi laseByblos.
Nangona abaninzi besithi loo nto yakhiweyo yayiyingcwele phakathi kwetempile yesithixokazi uBhaalat Gebhali. Ngokuwa koBukumkani obutsha baseYiputa. Uthixokazi uHathor, owayebalulekile yaye ebalaseleyo, wawa kunye namakhonkco ezorhwebo awayenawo yomibini le mimandla.
Ezinye izinto ezabalaselayo ekuqaleni kwewaka leminyaka lokuqala ngaphambi kukaKristu zibonisa ukuba ngelo xesha embalini amaYiputa aqalisa ukunxulumanisa uthixokazi uIsis nothixokazi uBaalat Gebal.
Kukho intsomi eyintsomi malunga nobukho bukathixokazi u-Isis kwidolophu yaseByblos. Nangona le nyaniso yaxelwa ngolwimi lwesiGrike nguPlutarch emsebenzini othi Isis no-Osiris ngenkulungwane yesibini AD. C., apho kuboniswa ukuba uthixokazi uIsis wayesele ethabathel’ indawo waza wathabatha ulawulo lwesixeko saseByblos apho kwakunqulwa khona uthixokazi uHathor.
AmaYiputa awayeseSinayi nawo akha iitempile kuloo mmandla. Eyona tempile inkulu yayiyindawo eyaziwa ngokuba yiSerabit el-Khadim, eyayikwintshona yepeninsula. Yayinikezelwe kwihlelo likathixokazi uHathor owayeyingcwele engumxhasi wemigodi kuloo ndawo.
Isuka embindini woMbindi woBukumkani kunye kude kube sekupheleni koBukumkani obutsha baseYiputa. Ngasempuma kosingasiqithi kwakukho iNtlambo yaseTimna eyaziwayo. Umda wemida yoBukhosi baseYiputa, le yayiyindawo apho uhambo lwasezimayini lwaqala ngexesha loBukumkani obutsha.
Kwakukho indawo engcwele ebhekiswa kuthixokazi uHathor eyathi ekuhambeni kwexesha yashiywa ngenxa yamaxesha aphantsi onyaka ayenzeka kuloo ndawo. AmaMidiyan asekuhlaleni, awayengabantu baseYiputa ababesebenza emigodini. Aba babekwazi ukwenza amadini athile koothixokazi baseHathor ababesenziwa nabaphathi babo.
Emva kwethuba amaYiputa agqiba kwelokuba ayishiye loo ndawo ebudeni bobukhosi bama-XNUMX. AmaMidiyan agqiba kwelokuba ajike loo tempile ibe yindawo yokunqula oothixo bawo. Endaweni yoko, amaNubi awayesemazantsi eYiputa athatha isigqibo sokwamkela inkolo yaseYiputa, kuBukumkani obutsha xa isixeko saseNubia sasiphantsi kolawulo lwaseYiputa.
OoFaro bayalela ukuba kwakhiwe iitempile ezininzi kwisixeko saseNubia esizinikele ekunquleni uthixokazi uHathor. Phakathi kwazo, itempile kaFaras nekaMirgissa ibalasele. Ukongeza, iitempile zikaRamses II kunye ne-Amenophis III ezazakhiwe kwisixeko saseNubia zahlonipha izithixo zabasetyhini ezifana nothixokazi waseYiputa uHathor. Ngaphandle komfazi ka-Amenofi, uTiy kwisixeko saseSedeinga.
Ngelo xesha ubukumkani obuzimeleyo baseKush bavuka kwisixeko saseNubia. Obu bukumkani bagxininisa iinkolelo zabo kuokumkani baseKushite ekubeni ingcamango yabo yayiyeyobukhosi baseYiputa. Kungenxa yoko le nto babegqala oothixokazi uHathor, uIsis, uMut noNut njengoomama. Aba thixokazi babenendima ebalulekileyo kunqulo lwamaKushi.
Kubukumkani baseGebhele iBarkal yayiyindawo engcwele kakhulu kaThixo uAmun. Yiyo loo nto uKushita Tahargo wayalela ukuba kwakhiwe iitempile ezimbini, eyokuqala egameni lothixokazi waseYiputa uHathor kunye nenye itempile yesithixokazi uMut. Kuba zombini ezi zithixo zaziliqabane likathixo uAmun. Oku kwakuthatha indawo yeetempile ezazisele kuBukhosi obutsha baseYiputa.
Nangona kwisixeko saseNubia oyena Thixokazi wayenqulwa nguIsis, ngokuhamba kwexesha isikhundla sakhe sonyuka, yiyo loo nto ngexesha leMeroitic kwimbali yesixeko saseNubia uthixokazi uHathor wayeza kuba liqabane likathixokazi uIsis kwiitempile. ibekwe kuloo ndawo.
Unqulo oludumileyo lukathixokazi
Nangona amasiko kunye nemikhosi yayisenziwa kwiitempile. AmaYiputa ayenqula izithixo zawo ngasese ngezizathu ezininzi zobuqu emakhayeni ayemenzela izibingelelo ekubeni ukuzalwa komntwana kwakuyingozi kakhulu kumama nakumntwana waseYiputa.
Kodwa abantwana babenqwenelwa kakhulu ziintsapho, kungoko ukuzala nokuzala ngokukhuselekileyo kwakuyeyona nto iphambili kumaYiputa nenkxalabo yonqulo oludumileyo. Kungenxa yoko le nto oothixokazi benzala abanjengoHathor noTueris babenqulwa kakhulu kwiindawo ezingcwele ezenziwe kumakhaya.
Xa abafazi baseYiputa babeza kubeleka, babekrwaqula okanye baguqe ngamadolo kwisitulo sokubelekela esenziwe ngezitena ezenziwe ngezitena ezinomngxuma embindini.
Okwangoku, isihlalo esisodwa sokuzalwa somntwana esivela eYiputa yamandulo sigciniwe kwaye sihlotshiswe kumfanekiso obonisa umfazi ophethe umntwana wakhe kwaye emacaleni unomfanekiso we-Goddess Hathor emncedayo.
Ngamaxesha amaRoma kwakukho imizobo eyenziwe ngeterracotta eyayisetyenziswa kwindawo yasekhaya, apho abafazi babemelwe ukwenza isigqubuthelo sentloko kodwa beveza amalungu abo angasese. Njengoko uthixokazi uHathor wayenzile ngaphambili ukukhuthaza uThixo uRa. Nangona intsingiselo yala manani ingekaziwa.
Kodwa abaphandi baye baphikisa ngelithi zizinto ezibonisa uthixokazi uHathor nothixokazi uIsis okanye ezidityaniswe nothixokazi wamaGrike uAphrodite. Ngokubonisa ukuba bachumile kwaye banokhuseleko kwiindawo ezingqongileyo ezingalunganga.
Uthixokazi uHathor wayengomnye wezithixo ezimbalwa ezacelwa ukuba zicombulule iingxaki zobuqu, ekubeni amaYiputa amaninzi ayezisa iminikelo yawo yobuqu ezitempileni. Ngoxa inkoliso yeminikelo eyayinikelwa kuthixokazi waseYiputa uHathor yayiyeyomfuziselo awayewumela eYiputa.
Iminikelo eyafunyanwa nguthixokazi uHathor yayingamalaphu apeyintwe ngemibala eyahlukahlukeneyo, kwanemifanekiso yothixokazi ofanayo nemifanekiso namacwecwe awayemela izilwanyana, kodwa olu hlobo lweminikelo akwaziwa ukuba yayiyintoni intsingiselo yalo. Eminye imifanekiso ibhekisela kwimisebenzi awayeyenza kubukhosi baseYiputa. Kodwa zazingajoliswanga njengosukelo oluphambili lwalowo unikelayo. Nangona kuthiwa le minikelo yayiza kugcina u-Thixokazi onwabile kwaye angamkhuphi icala lakhe eliyingozi kunye neloyikeka kuba wayenokubangela ukutshatyalaliswa okukhulu kwisixeko nakwiplanethi.
AmaYiputa amaninzi enza imithandazo ebhaliweyo kuthixokazi uHathor ukuze ohlwaye amasela nokuba abantu ababenempilo enkenenkene baphiliswe baze abanye baguquke kwizenzo zabo ezimbi. Nangona eyona mithandazo ibalaseleyo ngothixokazi uHathor yayikukuba azise intabalala entsatsheni nakubemi baseYiputa kunye nokutya okuninzi ebudeni bobomi nokungcwatywa kakuhle ngexesha lokufa.
Práctica amakhaya omngcwabo
Njengoko uthixokazi uHathor eyaziwa ngokuba sisithixo emva kokufa, ibali lakhe livela kwimibhalo yobugcisa bomngcwabo waseYiputa. Kunye nezinye izithixo ezifana noOsiris noAnubis. Uthixokazi uHathor wayengoyena thixokazi uqhelekileyo owayesetyenziswa ekuhombiseni amangcwaba asebukhosini ngexesha loBukumkani Obutsha baseYiputa.
Ebudeni belo xesha uthixokazi wabonakala rhoqo njengothixokazi owamkela abafileyo ukuze abancede bawelele kubomi basemva kokufa. Eminye imifanekiso eye yasinda ekuhambeni kwexesha ibhekisela kuthixokazi uHathor ngokungangqalanga. Kukho imifanekiso ebonisa abafazi namadoda besenza isiko lompapiri ababelenzile kukuwushukumisa kodwa eli siko alaziwa ukuba yayiyintoni eyona njongo yalo. Kodwa eminye imibhalo esekhoyo ingqina ukuba esi sandi sasisenzela uthixokazi uHathor.
Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku malunga nothixokazi uHathor libalulekile, ndikumema ukuba undwendwele la makhonkco alandelayo: