Kubekho impucuko kunye neenkcubeko ezininzi kwihlabathi, eziye zaba sisitshixo esibalulekileyo kuphuhliso loluntu ngokuhamba kwexesha, ulwazi kunye neenkolelo zabo ziye zaba lilifa labo kwihlabathi. Aye abaluleke kangangokuba siyakumema ukuba ufunde okungakumbi ngezi Iinkcubeko zehlabathi.
Iinkcubeko ezibalaseleyo zehlabathi
Xa sithetha ngenkcubeko, sibhekisela kwigama elibanzi kwaye elipheleleyo kakhulu apho ukubonakaliswa okuhlukeneyo komntu kuqwalaselwa, ngokuchasene nemiba yabo yemfuza okanye yezinto eziphilayo, ezibhekwa "njengendalo"; nangona kunjalo, ibonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqonda enye kwenye.
Inkcubeko yindlela yokwenza izinto ezikhethekileyo kuluntu, oludla ngokumiselwa ziimpawu zalo ezizodwa zexesha, indawo kunye nesithethe. Ke, xa kukhankanywa inkcubeko, indlela yokujongana nayo iye yenziwa kwindlela yokubona ubomi kuluntu, indlela yalo yokucinga, yokunxibelelana, yokwakha uluntu kunye nothotho lweenqobo ezibalulekileyo, ezinokuqala kunqulo. ukuziphatha, ubugcisa, iprotocol, umthetho, imbali, uqoqosho, phakathi kwabanye. Ngokwezinye iinkcazo, yonke into eyenziwa ngumntu yinkcubeko.
Nangona kunjalo, namhlanje le ngcamango isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kakhulu kunye nedemokhrasi, njengoko besitshilo ekuqaleni ukubhekisela kuyo yonke imiba yokomoya, enengqondo kunye nentlalo yoluntu. Kuyo yonke imbali, kukho iinkcubeko ezininzi zehlabathi ezenze umahluko, zishiya igalelo lazo kumaxesha angoku, phakathi kwazo sinazo:
AmaSumeri
Aba yayingabemi bokuqala bento eyayiza kuba yimpucuko yokuqala: iMesopotamiya, loo ndawo yomhlaba phakathi kweTigris neEuphrates, ikwabonwa njengekroba elichumileyo. Nangona ixesha elichanekileyo lemvelaphi yabo lingaziwa, nangona kunjalo, kukho umkhondo wobukho babo ukusuka kwi-3500 BC. C. Kule ndawo kulapho kwavela khona indawo yokuqala yokuhlala abantu kwaye inyathelo lezolimo lathatha ithuba lokuchuma komhlaba.
Baphinde baseka izixeko zokuqala, ezikhokelwa ngookumkani. Kwakhona babe ngabokuqala ukusebenzisa ukubhala, yindlela ngokubhala ngoonobumba abatsobhileyo bakha inkqubo yokuqala ebhaliweyo yemithetho kwaye babengoovulindlela kwizifundo zenzululwazi nezonyango; Kunye namaJiphutha, izakhiwo zezakhiwo zaseSumeri zezona zindala emhlabeni.
AmaJiphutha
Inkcubeko yaseYiputa yamandulo yavela kanye eMntla Afrika kungekudala emva kwamakholoni aseSumeri kwaye yahlala malunga neminyaka eyi-3.000, de kwafika uloyiso lwamaRoma. AmaJiphutha aye enza inkqubela enkulu kwiinkalo zolwazi ezifana nezibalo, amayeza, inzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi, nezokwakha.
Le mpucuko iye yaduma ehlabathini lonke ngeepiramidi zayo, abanye abasathi nanamhlanje zezendalo eziphila kwamanye amazwe. Ngokunjalo, iindawo zayo ezingcwele kunye nobugcisa bayo bubalasele, ikakhulu imizobo nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo enikezelwe ekuhombiseni amangcwaba, oku kwakubaluleke kakhulu kumaYiputa ngenxa yokukholelwa kwawo kubomi basemva kokufa. Ukongeza, babenenkqubo yezoqoqosho exhomekeke kwezolimo, imigodi kunye norhwebo neminye imimandla.
IGrisi yakudala
Imvelaphi yale mpucuko inikwe kwimpucuko yaseMinoan, ibonakala okokuqala kwisiqithi saseKrete malunga nonyaka we-3.000 BC. C. Imbali yayo ichazwe ngamaxesha amathandathu: iMinoan, iMycenaean, iArchaic, iClassical neHellenistic. IGrisi yaba lelinye lawona magunya makhulu eNtshona ngaphambi kweRoma; ezi zazigxininise kakhulu kwintanda-bulumko nasekusukeleni ulwazi.
Abantu bamandulo babengamanduleli ekumiseleni idemokhrasi njengenkqubo yezopolitiko, kwaye iingcamango zabo zisathathelwa ingqalelo luluntu lwanamhlanje, nanamhlanje. Ngokunjalo, ubugcisa kunye noyilo lwamaGrike amandulo yayiziimbekiselo ezibalulekileyo zehlabathi laseNtshona.
iTshayina
Iphawulwa njengenye yezona nkcubeko zindala kwihlabathi, ezihlonitshwa kakhulu ngenxa yefilosofi kunye nobugcisa. Ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-4.000 XNUMX, ubukhosi baseTshayina baba bobona banamandla kwilizwekazi laseAsia; le nto yayisebenza phantsi kwenkqubo yabalawuli, nangona namhlanje isebenza phantsi kolawulo olubizwa ngegama lemisebenzi emine.
Okwangoku, iTshayina inamaqela omthonyama angaphezu kwama-58. Ngokukwanjalo, elona galelo lakhe libalulekileyo liyabalaseliswa, njengobuTao, ubuConfucius, iphepha, ikhampasi, phakathi kwezinye.
Nordic
Inkcubeko yeNordic ineziqalo zayo kwingingqi yawo wonke uMntla Yurophu, malunga nonyaka ka-200 AD. C. Intsomi yabo yayichwayitisa kakhulu, yaye kuthiwa zezona nguqulelo zigcinwe kakuhle zeentsomi zamaJamani; la mabali kwabelwana ngawo ngomlomo.
Ukususela kunyaka ka 700 AD. C., le mpucuko yafudukela eGreat Britain, eGreenland, eIceland ukuya kutsho eRashiya, yaye ukususela ngelo xesha baqalisa ukubizwa ngokuba ziiVikings. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba igama elithi "Viking" libhekisela kubuzalwana bamagorha akhokela uloyiso.
UbuSilamsi
UbuSilamsi yinkcubeko eqala ngokuyintloko kwiziseko zayo zonqulo. Oku kuneziqalo zayo, ngonyaka wama-622 ngokukodwa eMecca kunye nomprofeti uMahammad njengenkokeli. Oku kugubungela indawo esempuma yeAsia kunye nommandla osemantla weAfrika; ulwimi lwabo sisiArabhu. Ekubeni inezikhokelo ezisebenzisekayo ezisebenza kubomi bemihla ngemihla, olu nqulo luyilawula ngokuphawulekayo imithetho nenkqubo yezobupolitika neyoqoqosho yehlabathi lama-Arabhu.
IKoran yincwadi yakhe engcwele ebhaliweyo, apho umyalezo ka-Allah uqulethwe khona; Baye bagqiba kwelokuba umthandazo wemihla ngemihla ubalulekile kunqulo lwabo, nokuzila ukutya nokubambelela kwimilinganiselo yonqulo lwabo.
maya
AmaMaya ayeyimpucuko ebaluleke kakhulu kwintsimi equka yonke iMesoamerica, yasekwa ngokukodwa kumazantsi eMexico, eGuatemala, eBelize, eHonduras nase-El Salvador. Ixesha layo lakudala laqala malunga ne-8.000 BC. C., kodwa akuzange kube yi-2.000 a. C. ngexesha preclassic eyaqala ngendaleko into ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba inkcubeko Mayan.
Aba njengenxalenye yezithethe zabo, babelima ukutya okufana neembotyi nombona; babengamagorha yaye olu qeqesho lwaba nendima ebalulekileyo ebomini babo. Ukongeza, bebengabafundi ababalaseleyo bezehlo zendalo, imathematika, kwaye baphuhlise eyona nkqubo iphambili yokubhala eMelika. Ukunyamalala kwale mpucuko kwenzeka malunga nenkulungwane ye-XNUMX emva kwenkulungwane yoloyiso lwaseSpain, apho kwawa esinye sezona zixeko zibalulekileyo iChichén Itzá, indawo yokugqibela yempucuko yaseMayan.
amaInca
Yayiyeyona mpucuko ibalulekileyo kwindawo esemazantsi ye-pre-Columbian America, ikakhulu bahlala kumazwe asePeru, nangona kunjalo, bakwazi ukusasazeka phantse kuzo zonke iiNtaba zeAndes. Imvelaphi yayo isukela malunga ne-1.200 AD. C. lwaza lwaqhubeka de kwangowe-1525. Unqulo lwawo lwalunqula oothixo abaninzi, lwalunqula indalo njengoothixo yaye ulwimi lwawo sisiQuechua.
Aba ke, babenomkhosi omkhulu, inkqubo yothutho ekumgangatho ophezulu kakhulu kunye nenkqubo yokuthumela imiyalezo, kunye nokuba nobuchule ngakumbi kucwangciso lwedolophu. Elinye lawona magugu aziwayo ee-Inca yayisisakhiwo esihle saseMachu Picchu, esikumphakamo oziimitha ezingama-2.490.
IYanomami
Lelinye lawona maqela makhulu namhlanje. IiYanomami zimi phakathi kwelizwe laseAmazonas eVenezuela kunye nommandla osemantla, ngokukodwa kumazwe aseAmazonia eBrazil. Ziyi-semi-nomadic, ukutya kwazo kusekelwe ngokuyinhloko ekusetyenzisweni kweebhanana, iiyam kunye neminye imifuno, ngaphezu kokuzingela nokuloba.
Ukumelwa kokufa, kunye nezithethe zokungcwaba, zibaluleke kakhulu kule nkcubeko; Phakathi kwala masiko, eyona nto yaziwa kakhulu kukuginywa kothuthu lwezalamane ezibhubhileyo, apho baye bacinge ukuba babuyisela umoya wabo kusapho. Nangona inkcubeko yaseYanomami ingenalo ukuqatshelwa okufanayo njengempucuko enkulu yaseMelika, ixabiso layo eliphambili lilele kuxabiso kunye nentlonipho abanayo ngoMama woMhlaba kunye nemithombo yakhe.
Inkcubeko yaseNtshona
Ngelixa le mhlawumbi yenye yeenkcubeko ezinkulu zehlabathi, inkcubeko yaseNtshona yanamhlanje ngokuqinisekileyo iquka indawo ebalulekileyo yoluntu lwaseYurophu naseMelika, ide izibeke kwezinye iinkcubeko ezisisiseko. Ngokubanzi, sinokuthi kukudibanisa kwelifa leenkcubeko zangaphambili ezifana nefilosofi yamaGrike, ukuziphatha kweJudeo-Christian, ubugcisa beRenaissance kunye nembono yentlalo yokukhanya kweFrentshi.
Inkcubeko yaseNtshona isondelelene ne-capitalism kunye ne-ideology yokusetyenziswa, kwaye inokuthathwa njengenkcubeko yobukoloniyali, kuba sele igubungele nenxalenye yelizwekazi lase-Asiya, le yenye yezona ngcambu zenkcubeko zinentlonipho.
ITolteca
Ngexesha lotshintsho eMesoamerica, phakathi kwe-650 kunye ne-800 AD, inkcubeko yaseToltec eyintsomi, enobuqili kunye nemfazwe yavela. Impucuko evela kwisizwe saseChichimeca, esagqiba ekubeni sishiye umntla-mpuma weMexico kwaye sihlale kwithafa eliphakathi, apho ezinye iindawo zangoku zikhoyo, njenge: Mexico, Hidalgo, Tlaxcala, Puebla, phakathi kwabanye. Ukuphuhliswa kwayo kwandiswe ngexesha le-Mesoamerican classic kunye ne-postclassic, oko kukuthi, ukusuka kwi-800 ukuya kwi-1.200 AD.
Igama lesiNahuatl leToltec lifanekisela abakhi bezakhiwo abanobuchule, ngale ndlela, kwikomkhulu labo iTollan-Xicocotitlan, baphuhlisa iziseko zendalo yasentsomini kwaye bazibonakalisa ngolwazi olukhulu lwenkolo kunye nenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi, eyathi yaphembelela bonke abemi bomthonyama baseMesoamerican. Ngale ndlela, kuninzi lweMesoamerica, ukuba nomnombo weToltec umele intlonipho negunya.
Nazca
Impucuko yavela kwiintlambo zaloo nto ngoku i-Ica kwintsimi yasePeru, kunye neCahuachi njengesihlalo esiphambili sale nkcubeko. Oku kwavela phakathi kwenkulungwane yoku-XNUMX neyesi-XNUMX, ibe yenye yezona ndawo zibalaseleyo zabemi baseMelika. Nangona babeziingcali zeempahla kunye neekeramics, igalelo labo elidumileyo yimigca yeNazca edumileyo, uchungechunge lwee-geoglyphs ezibekwe ePampas de Jumana, ezimele amanani amakhulu ejometri, abantu kunye nezilwanyana.
iwanaku
IiTiahuanaco, njengoko zikwabizwa njalo, yayilibutho labantu elalihlala kufutshane neChibi iTiticaca, ngokukodwa kwiphondo laseLa Paz, kwintshona yeBolivia. Eli yayiliqela lobuhlanga elisusela kumaxesha angaphambi kwe-Inca, nelisekelwe kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho ikakhulu ekufuyweni kwezilwanyana nezolimo. Ngokunjalo, babenombono ophuhliswe kakhulu wetekhnoloji kunye noyilo, njengoko kungqinwa ziintsalela zamandulo zaseTiwanaku, isihlalo somoya nezopolitiko sale nkcubeko.
Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku malunga neeNkcubeko zeHlabathi linomdla, siyakumema ukuba wonwabele ezi ezinye: