Kweli nqaku ndikumema ukuba wazi yonke into malunga nokumangalisayo Inkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan, enye yeenkcubeko zaseMexico eyasekwa kwisixeko esikhulu esaye saba liziko elikhulu lokuqwalaselwa, kodwa isixeko sawela ekulahlweni ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo ezisafuna iinkcazo ngoku qhubeka ufunda kwaye ufumanise yonke into eyenzekayo.
Inkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan
Ukubhekisa kwinkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan, ugxininiso kufuneka lubekwe kwisixeko sakudala saseTeotihuacán, isixeko sangaphambi kweSpanish esiseMesoamerica, esaziwa ngokuba “Indawo apho abantu baba ngoothixo” ngolwimi lwesiNahuatl, yayikwabizwa ngokuba "isixeko selanga", ngokweengxelo esinazo, esi sixeko sasekwa ngaxa lithile kwinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX, yesi-XNUMX okanye yesi-XNUMX ngaphambi kukaKristu.
Igama elinikwe esi sixeko lisuka kulwimi lwesiNahuatl, ulwimi oluthethwa eMexico nolusetyenziswa ngabemi baseMexico ababengabantu abanezithethe zama-Aztec. Kodwa xa aba bantu befika kwisixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán, sele sakhiwe kwaye sishiywe yimpucuko yangaphambili, xa iMexica yabona okokuqala yayishiywe iminyaka eyiwaka. Okwangoku, akwaziwa ukuba yayingoobani abahlali bokuqala besixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán.
Yintoni eseleyo kwisixeko sakudala saseTeotihuacán inokufumaneka kumantla ntshona eNtlambo yaseMexico, phakathi kooMasipala baseSan Martín de las Pirámides kunye nesixeko saseTeotihuacán (iState of Mexico). Kumgama weekhilomitha ezingama-78 ukusuka kwikomkhulu leSixeko saseMexico. Ummandla ohlala kwisixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán malunga neekhilomitha ezili-square ze-21 kwaye unezikhumbuzo ezibalulekileyo ze-archaeological kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu, ngo-1987, yabhengezwa njengeNdawo yeLifa leMveli yi-UNESCO.
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, imvelaphi yesixeko saseTeotihuacán ayiqinisekanga kwaye okwangoku imvelaphi yayo kwaye abasunguli basaphandwa ziingcali ezahlukeneyo kulo mmandla, kodwa kuyaziwa ukuba ekuqaleni kwexesha lobuKristu, isixeko saseTeotihuacán Yayisisixeko. ilali ebaluleke kakhulu, ekubeni yayiyindawo ekwakunqulelwa kuyo izithixo, yayikufuphi nechibi laseAnahuac. Izakhiwo ezomeleleyo kunye nezona ziqinileyo ezitsala ingqalelo zenziwe ngexesha lesiseko sokuqala.
Njengoko kusenziwa uvavanyo oluye lwenziwa kwiPhiramidi yeNyanga. Isixeko sasichume kakhulu kwixesha lakudala phakathi kwenkulungwane yesi-21 ngaphambi kukaKristu kunye nenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX emva kukaKristu. Ngelo xesha isixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán sasinenkqubela eninzi kwezorhwebo, kwezopolitiko nakwezentlalo. Ukongeza kwinkcubeko enkulu yeTeotihuacan kwindawo ephantse ibe yi-XNUMX yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha apho yeza ekhaya ukusuka kwikhulu lamawaka ukuya kumawaka amabini amawaka abemi.
Impembelelo yenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacán yavezwa kulo lonke ummandla waseMesoamerican, njengoko kuboniswe kwezinye iidolophu zemveli, ezifana neTikal kunye ne-Monte Alba, apho kufunyenwe khona ubuninzi bezinto zakudala zakudala kwaye zihlobene ngokusondeleyo nenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacán. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba isixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán sasineengxaki zaso ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe emva koKristu, ngenxa yeengxaki ezininzi zobupolitika.
Uvukelo lwangaphakathi lwaluqhutywa ngamanye amaqela emveli kwaye utshintsho lwemozulu lwaluhlala luhleli kwaye luyingozi kubemi, nto leyo eyabangela ukuwa kwesi sixeko kwaye abantu baqala ukufuduka besuka kwisixeko esidala besiya kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yaseMexico. .
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akwaziwa ukuba ngoobani abahlali bokuqala besixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán, kwaye ngubani owakha inkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan, kodwa iingcali kunye nabaphandi kulo mmandla baye bafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba babenokuba ngamaNahuas okanye amaTotonacs, kuba bobabini. ngabantu bomthonyama baseMesoamerica. Kukwakho nabantu bomthonyama ababizwa ngokuba ngamaOtomi ahlala kumbindi weMexico.
Nangona i-hypothesis eyamkelekileyo ngababhali-mbali kukuba isixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán yayisisixeko saseCosmopolitan, okuthetha ukuba iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo zazixutywe kweso sixeko kwaye yiyo loo nto inkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan yazalwa, kolunye uphando olwenziwa kwindawo yaseZapotec. izinto ezifunyenweyo ezivela kwisixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán, ngendlela efanayo izinto ezifunyenwe kwezinye iindawo zaseMesoamerica ezifana neGulf of Mexico nakwindawo yaseMayan.
Kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba isixeko kunye nenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan ibe nomdla omkhulu kuluntu lwamva kunye noluntu lwangoku kude kube kuncipha, yinto yophando, kuba amanxuwa ahlolwe ngononophelo ukususela kumaxesha angaphambi kweSpanishi yiMexica neToltec. Impucuko. , kuba ukufunyanwa kwezinto ezivela kwinkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan zenziwe, kunye neendawo zakudala kwisixeko saseTula kunye neTempile enkulu yaseMexico ehlala eTenochtitlan.
Kwintsomi yaseNahua yexesha le-post-classical kwisixeko sakudala, inkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan yayineentsomi ezicacileyo ezinje ngentsomi yeeLanga, ezibandakanya into yokuba ukudalwa kwendalo yonke, umhlaba kunye nobuntu kwenzeka ezintlanu. Izigaba ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwindalo. Eli bali lalixhaswa ngabantu baseMexico.
Okwangoku, isixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán sihlala kuphela kodwa sikhuselekile ngenxa yokuba sinezikhumbuzo ze-archaeological kwaye ngenxa yoko simelela uluntu, ngaphezu kokutsala abakhenkethi abaninzi ngonyaka. Ngaphezulu kweYucatan peninsula apho iChichen Itza ikhona. I-El Tajín kunye ne-Monte Alba zezinye iindawo ze-archaeological, ezityelelwa kakhulu ngabakhenkethi. Ngale nto, inkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan iyanda kwihlabathi liphela.
Isixeko saseTeotihuacan
Esi sixeko sibizwa ngokuba yiTeotihuacán kwaye sinemvelaphi yesiNahuatl, kodwa eli gama lathiywa emva kweenkulungwane eziliqela zokuphela kwaso, njengesixeko esikhulu saseCosmopolitan apho kwakukho abantu baseNahuatl. Ngokwembali kodwa ayiqinisekiswanga. Kwaye xa abantu baseMexico bafika kwesi sixeko, basibiza ngegama lesixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán, nangona sasisele sishiywe kwiminyaka eliwaka eyadlulayo.
Ngexesha lobukoloniyali baseMexico, iiMexicas zaqala ukwenza ukhenketho kwimithombo yembali yenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan ngesiSpanish. Nangona kukho ukungaqondani okuninzi kwinkcubeko yesi sixeko sakudala saseTeotihuacan. Ekubeni i-Mexicas yayisazi isixeko xa sasisele silahliwe. Kwi-Mexicas, isixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán yayisisixeko samandulo apho kwakukho imisebenzi emininzi yenkcubeko, yentlalo kunye nezopolitiko, kunye neteknoloji ngenxa yezinto ezifunyenweyo.
Kukho abaphandi abaninzi, abaqinisekisa ukuba isixeko saseTula siphumelele apho, kwaye kwakucingelwa ukuba abemi baseToltec bavela kwimvelaphi. Ngenxa yentsingiselo yegama elinikwe isixeko samandulo, kukho iingcamango ezininzi, ekubeni ngolwimi lwesiNahuatl luvela kwimvelaphi ye-agglutinative, apho iingcamango ezininzi zinokubonakaliswa malunga nokuba igama elithi Teotihuacán lingaguqulelwa.
Enye yezona zitoliko ezamkelweyo luluntu kunye nabaphandi yileyo apho iguqulelwe khona “Indawo apho izithixo zazalelwa khona” okanye ngendlela efanayo onokuthi “Indawo apho oothixo babenziwe khona” kwaye olutoliko ludityaniswe nentsomi malunga ne Intsomi yeeLanga. Yiyiphi intsomi eyaziwayo eMesoamerica efuna ukuphendula indlela indalo edalwe ngayo.
EMexico, isixeko saseTeotihuacán sihlonitshwa kakhulu ngabantu baseNahua, abavakalisa ukuba isixeko sadalwa ngokudalwa kweLanga lesihlanu, ekubeni bonke oothixo bexesha elidlulileyo bazincama. Kwi<em>Nahuatl Language Dictionary, ebhalwe ngeSpanish, eli gama iteotl kuthetha uThixo, ti yi-euphonic ligature, kunye ne hua linqaku elingumnini, ekugqibeleni i unako eyenza isenzo. Ngale ndlela yonke into iguqulela kwi "Indawo yabo banoothixo."
Okuqinisekileyo kukuba akukaziwa ukuba leliphi igama lokwenene elafunyanwa kweso sixeko, xa sasigqugqisile ngabemi baso bokwenene. Kukho ezinye iitekisi eziye zafunyanwa imvelaphi Mayan, apho eli gama iglyph nabantu abanemvelaphi yenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan.
Aba bantu baye bamelwa njengento ebaluleke kakhulu kwiidolophu zaseMayan zaseTikal, e-Uaxactún naseBonampak. Kukwagxininiswa nakwigama phoh ukuba kulwimi lwesiMaya kunentsingiselo efana kakhulu negama Tollan. Oko kuchaza isixeko esihle kwinkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan. Ngelizwi tolan Ugxininiso lwabekwa kwimpucuko ebekwe eMesoamerica kwaye enemvelaphi esemthethweni ukusuka kweyona migca ibalaseleyo yezixeko ezininzi ezithiywe kwimibhalo yamaMayan.
Oku kukhankanywe ngasentla kuqiniswa ngokufunyaniswa kwezinto ezininzi zokubonisa glyphs kwimizobo eyenziwe kwiindonga zesakhiwo sokuhlala kwisixeko sakudala saseTeotihuacán. Nangona le Tollan ichongiwe njengesixeko esibizwa ngokuba yiTollan-Xicocotitlan, njengekomkhulu leToltecs.
Kodwa kunomdla ukuqaphela ukuba abaphandi abaninzi baye bahlula intsomi kwimbali yesixeko ekubeni kukho ezinye izixeko kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica ezibaluleke kakhulu kwaye zabizwa ngendlela efanayo. Nangona yayingasetyenziswanga kwisixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán kuba imele isixeko esinentsomi kunembali, kuba ngokwenza uhlalutyo lwembali yaso, yafunyanwa sele ineminyaka eliwaka ubudala.
Ukufunyanwa kwezinto zakudala eziye zafunyanwa kwisixeko saseMayan nasembindini weMexico, apho abaphandi abaninzi baye benza imibutho kunye nezi zinto zifunyenweyo kunye nentsomi yesixeko saseTeotihuacán, batyhola ukuba umanyano phakathi kwesixeko iTollan kunye neTeotihuacán kuthiwa yiTula. intsomi apho abantu besiba ngoothixo.
Le mbono ifanayo igcinwa ngu-archaeologist uLaurette Séjourné, owazalelwa ePerugia, isixeko sase-Italy, owafa ngo-2003. KwiNkongolo ye-Archaeologists, eyenzeka kwixesha elidlulileyo. Apho i-mythological Tollan yasungulwa khona yayiyi-Tollan-Xicocotitlan, kwaye le ngcamango yabelwana nabanye abavubukuli abafana no-Stuart, u-Uriarte, uDuverger noRené Millon kwaye bonke aba baphandi baziwa njengeengcali kwinkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan.
Bonke abembi bezinto zakudala abakhankanywe ngasentla bayavuma ukuba isixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán sisixeko esidumileyo saseTollan kwaye ayamkelwa ukuba eli ligama laso lokwenyani. Ekubeni isixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán sisetyenziselwa ukumisela isixeko esiyimbali kunye nazo zonke izinto ezifunyenweyo ze-archaeological ezenziwe zibonwa ngokupheleleyo kuluntu, ikwabizwa ngokuba yinkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan.
Imeko yendawo yesixeko saseTeotihuacana
Kwisixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán esasungulwa kwindawo engaqhelekanga yendawo, ngexesha lokuhlala kwayo kufuphi nesitya saseMexico, ngexesha le-Middle Preclassic. Ngelo xesha, uninzi lweendawo ezinkulu zokuhlala ezazakhiwe zazikummandla okufuphi nonxweme lwenkqubo yechibi laseAnahuac okanye kufutshane kakhulu nalo. Amanqaku ayo aphambili yayiyiCuicuilco neCopilco emazantsi; eTicomán, eEl Arbolillo, eZacatenco, naseTlatilco engasentla; kunye neTlapacoya empuma.
Ngelixa isixeko sakudala saseTeotihuacán, sisekwe kwiNtlambo yaseTeotihuacán kwaye siyinxalenye yeBasin yaseMexico. Yayimi kumgama weekhilomitha ezilishumi elinesihlanu ukusuka kunxweme lweLake Texcoco kufutshane noMlambo iSan Juan kwintlambo ethiywe ngegama lesi sixeko.
Umvubukuli wezinto zakudala uDuverger kuphando lwakhe uthe indawo yesixeko sakudala saseTeotihuacán ayihambelani nomda omnye wendalo, kodwa kumda ophakathi kwempucuko yezolimo yaseMesoamerica kunye nelizwe lenkcubeko yabantu baseAridoamerican abahambahambayo.
Intlambo yaseTeotihuacán idityaniswe nesitya saseMexico, kwaye ikumntla-ntshona wesitya saseMexico, esinommandla ongaphezulu kwe-14 lamawaka eekhilomitha zeekhilomitha. Kwaye kungaphakathi kwemida yelizwe langoku laseMexico, ukuphakama apho isixeko saseTeotihuacán sasikuyo malunga neemitha ezingama-2240 ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle ukuya kwindawo ephezulu yeCerro Gordo efikelela kwiimitha ezingama-3200 ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle kunye nommandla apho uninzi lweendawo ezininzi zolwandle. Ukufunyanwa kwezinto zakudala kufunyenwe kubude beemitha ezingama-2300 ngaphezu kolwandle.
Intlambo yaseTeotihuacana inqunyelwe ngasenyakatho yiCerros del Gordo, iMalinalco kunye neColorado. Emazantsi entlambo, ingumda weentaba zePatlachique, eziyilwe orographic kwaye inomphakamo ongaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-2600 ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Ngasempuma inqunyelwe ngumasipala waseOtumba kunye nezinye iinduli. Kumazantsi-ntshona kukho intlambo kunye nenduli yaseChiconautla. Uphi umlomo omdala woMlambo waseSan Juan.
I-Cerro Tonala ifumaneka ngasentshona kwaye iphawula ukwahlukana phakathi kwentlambo yaseTeotihuacán kunye nethafa le-alluvial apho iTecámac neZumpango zidibana khona. Ukukhupha amanzi kwintlambo yaseTeotihuacán ukuya kwiglasi yeLake Texcoco apho umlambo iSan Juan udlula khona, ngendlela efanayo yimilambo yaseSan Lorenzo kunye neHuipulco, kodwa yomibini le milambo yeyexesha lonyaka kuba iyimilambo ebonakala ngexesha lemvula. umsinga onamandla wamanzi kwaye ngamaxesha embalela umsinga wawo wamanzi uyanyamalala phezu komhlaba ukuze aphinde avele kwakhona kwixesha lemvula.
Imihlaba efumaneka kwintlambo yaseTeotihuacán yeyeentlobo ezine eziphambili eziyi-feozem kunye neepesenti ezingama-40, emva koko i-vertisol ene-16 ekhulwini kunye ne-cambisol kunye ne-leptosol ene-13 ekhulwini ngalinye, kwaye yenza umphezulu womhlaba osuka entlanjeni. Uphando oluninzi luye lwenziwa kumgangatho wentlambo yaseTeotihuacán ukuze kubonwe impembelelo eyenziwa ngabantu kuloo ndawo.
Enye yeenkampani ezenze loo magama ophando. Rivera-Uria et al. Kuye kwaxelwa ukuba kwezinye iindawo, ezifana neCerro San Lucas, umhlaba utshintshe ukubunjwa kwawo kakhulu, ekubeni ubungqina bufunyenwe ukuba ngaphambi kokuba uhlaliswe kwixesha le-Preclassic, umhlaba obalaseleyo wendawo yayinguLuvisol. Kodwa ngoku sele ithe shwaka ngokupheleleyo.
Ezinye iindawo zentlambo yaseTeotihuacán ziye zachaphazeleka ekubeni zenziwe ulwakhiwo, kwimeko yezinto ezisetyenziselwa ukuzaliswa ezazisetyenziswe kwiPiramidi yeNyanga, ivela kumhlaba osondeleyo kwindawo ababekuyo. Izakhiwo, njengoko kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba iindawo zokudandatheka ezenziweyo ziye zafikelela kwizigidi ezibini ze-cubic metres.
Ngokuphathelele izityalo ezifumaneka kwintlambo yaseTeotihuacán, itshintshile kakhulu ukususela kumaxesha angaphambi kweSpanishi, xa isixeko samandulo sahlala saza sakha inkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan, kodwa indawo yangoku yentlambo iyisiphumo somanyano lothotho lwendalo kunye nendalo. Imiba ye-anthropogenic, kwaye owona mahluko uphambili okhoyo kukwandiswa kwenkqubo yendalo yezityalo.
Ewe, ezolimo kwintlambo yaseTeotihuacán ziye zanda ngenxa yeendleko zabantu bomthonyama abaqala ukutyala kwaye basaqhubeka besenza njalo, kwaye indawo yentlambo iye yanyamalala, eyayinohlobo lwezityalo ezibizwa ngokuba yi. Iipayini.
Ngexesha langoku, intlambo yaseTeotihuacán ibonisa ubukhulu becala iintlobo ezintandathu zezityalo kwaye inamahlathi amancinci ohlobo lwe-oki, afumaneka kwiCerro Gordo; kodwa mhlawumbi olu yayiluhlobo lohlaza olwalukho ngexesha lesixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán. Loluphi uhlaza lwesibini olukhoyo kwaye olona tyani lubalaseleyo yi-xerophytic scrub kwaye lubandakanya iintlobo ezininzi, ezona ziqhelekileyo Opuntia streptacantha, Zaluzania augusta kunye neMimosa biuncifera.
Kuphinde kubekho namadlelo abutyani obunxulunyaniswa nexesha lemvula. Iimeko zomhlaba zithande ukuxinana kwabemi njengoko iyindawo ezolileyo kwaye igqwesileyo kwezolimo. Umhla wokuhlaliswa kwabantu ngexesha lexesha langaphambili liphakathi kwe-2500 BC kunye ne-200 AD.
Iidolophana zokuqala ezamiselwa kwisixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán zazikumathambeka eenduli, ekubeni kumantla eenduli kwakukho umhlaba owawulungele ukulima, kodwa kwiminyaka engama-200 emva kukaKristu de kwaba ngunyaka wama-700 emva kokuzalwa kukaKristu. Inani labantu liye landa kakhulu emazantsi entlambo, ngokutsho kwabaphandi ngenxa yokuba yayiyindawo yotshintsho kwaye yayiyindawo ye-lacustrine ye-Anahuac kunye neyona ndawo yomileyo yeentlambo zaseTulancingo naseMezquital, iye yavezwa kukuguquguquka okuthile kwemozulu.
Abaphandi baqinisekisa ukuba ukukhanya, okuyinkqubo yokuqokelela umhlaba, efunyenwe kudongwe lweCerro San Lucas, inokuncipha komswakama ohambelana nokunyuka kwabemi, kodwa ngexesha lokuhamba kwesixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán. Imo engqongileyo ngokwezifundo ezenziwayo ibifumile kancinci kwaye inemozulu epholileyo kunemozulu yangoku eyenzeka namhlanje.
Inkcubeko yobuhlanga kunye neelwimi zaseTeotihuacanos
Ngokutsho kophando olwenziwa ziingcali kulo mbandela, baye bafumanisa ukuba isazisi sabantu abaseka isixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán asikaziwa. Kodwa xa abantu baseSpeyin bafika eMesoamerica, isixeko saseTeotihuacán sasisele sishiywe ixesha elide, yiyo loo nto kukho iimbekiselo ezimbalwa kakhulu zesixeko samandulo, kwaye ezo zikhoyo ziye zagcinwa yimithombo yembali ukusuka kwiminyaka emva kokoyiswa. yaseMexico.
Ukongezelela, ukuba iimbekiselo zembali esinazo azikho abemi besixeko saseTeotihuacán kodwa ngabemi besixeko sase-Anahuac, ababehlala apho de kwawa isixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán.
Abemi besixeko samaNahuatl baye baqinisekisa ukuba isixeko saseTeotihuacán yayiyindawo apho izithixo zazihlanganisana khona ukuze kuvele uNahui Ollin, okuthetha ilanga lesihlanu. Njengoko kuchaziwe kwintsomi yemveli yaseMexico, apho abaphandi bexesha langoku bakhokelwa. Le yindlela umbongo wesintu owuqikelela ngayo.
“Ngoxa kwakusesebusuku,
Xa yayingekafiki imini,
Kwakungekakhanyisi.
Badibana,
Kwabizwa oothixo
Apho eTeotihuacan.
Bathe,
Bathetha omnye nomnye:
Yizani apha, thixo!
Ngubani na oya kuthatha phezu kwakhe
ngubani oza kuthatha intambo
ukuba kukho usuku,
Ukuba kukho ukukhanya?
Kweminye imithombo yembali yexesha lobukoloniyali, amaNahua ayeqinisekile ukuba isixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán sakhiwa yi<em>quinametzin, ekwakusithiwa kwiintsomi zomthonyama zaziziingxilimbela ezadalwa ngexesha lelanga elinemvula.
Ezi zigebenga zazihlala kwihlabathi kwixesha elidlulileyo kwaye abo basindayo babengabantu abakhule kakhulu, yiyo loo nto iitempile kunye neephiramidi ezazinazo isixeko saseTeotihuacán, kwakukholelwa ukuba ngamangcwaba ezi zidalwa zaseka isixeko, le ndawo. yindawo engcwele apho bathi bakufa baba ngoothixo ngokwenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan.
“Kwaye kwathiwa yiTeotihuacán, kuba yindawo apho iinkosi zazingcwatywa khona. Kaloku, njengokuba bathi: Xa sisifa, asifi ngokwenene, kuba siyaphila, siyavusa, siqhubeka siphila, siyavuka. Oku kuyasivuyisa, bathi: “UThixo wenziwa apho, oko kuthetha ukuba wafela khona”
Kodwa abemi besixeko saseSahagún baqinisekisa ukuba abantu abasungula isixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán babengazi, kodwa kukho iingcamango ezininzi zokuba abasunguli besixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán babengama-Otomi, abantu bomthonyama. enobukho obude kwiNtlambo yaseMexico. Ngenxa yesi sizathu kucingelwa ukuba bangabaseki besixeko kunye nenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan.
Abanye ababhali-mlando baye baqinisekisa ukuba ubukho be-Otomians kweso sixeko bubaluleke kakhulu, kodwa kucatshangelwa ukuba iklasi eyayilawula isixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán yi-Ottoman. Ngokoluvo lomphandi uWright Carr, bobabini abaphezulu bomthonyama kunye nabanye abemi besixeko sakudala saseTeotihuacán, ngoko ke kufuneka ukuba babeyi-proto ye-Otomí-Mazahua, kuba yayiyindawo enabemi kwaye ithandwa kakhulu ngabanye abantu baseOtomanguean. Iilwimi zeTotonac.
Kuhlahlelo olwenziwa ngokuhlukana kweelwimi, phakathi kweOtomi kunye neMazahua, ekuthi ngokwento eyenzeka ngokuchanekileyo ngexesha lencopho yeTeotihuacán kwaye inobungqina beelwimi kunye nobungqina bezinto zakudala, apho kucingelwa ukuba ulwimi olwathethwa ngabantu baseTeotihuacán. ibe yiMazahua, i-Otomí, iTotonac, iTepehua, iPopoloca, iMixtec okanye iChocholteco. Kwakhona kusenokwenzeka ukuba abantu ababehlala kwisixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán baza kunxibelelana ngolwimi lwesiNahuatl.
Abanye abagqatswa ukuba bahlale kule ndawo njengabaseki bokwenyani besixeko saseTeotihuacán ngabantu bomthonyama baseTotonac. Ekubeni abaninzi ababhali bexesha lobukoloniyali bamkele ukuba ulwimi lwesiNahuatl lwalusetyenziswa kwisixeko kodwa ngokombono wenkcubeko yaseCoyotlatelco, ehambelana nokuphela kwesixeko saseTeotihuacan, kodwa bazibonakalisa ngolwimi lwesiNahuatl.
Ngokunjalo, iiTotonacs zifunyanwa njengabemi ababenokuba ngabaseki besixeko kunye nenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan. Yingakho ababhali bengxelo abenza izifundo zenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan, ngexesha lobukoloniyali, bathatha ubungqina obuninzi apho kuqinisekiswe ukuba iTotonacs yiyo eyakha isixeko saseTeotihuacán.
Ngokutsho kwengcali yeelwimi egama linguLyle Campbell, ihambelana nobungqina bembali obuthathwe ngababhali bexesha lobukoloniyali. Ekubeni ulwimi lwamaTotonac lwalunamagama amaninzi ngolwimi lwabo, kwamanye amaIndiya aseMesoamerican. Ngokukodwa kwiilwimi zesiNahuatl nesiMayan, apho olu lwimi luthethwa kwimimandla esempuma. Yiloo nto eqinisekile ukuba abo baseka isixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán babethetha ulwimi lwamaTotonac.
Imbali yesixeko saseTeotihuacan
Imbali eye yaphandwa ngababhali bengxelo kwaye yiyo ebhaliweyo, kukuba inkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan yayine-apogee yayo enkulu kwixesha lokuqala le-classic yaseMesoamerica, ehambelana phakathi kwe-II, III, IV yeenkulungwane, ngaphambi kukaKristu. Ewe, ukuqala kwesixeko kufuneka kubekwe kwinkulungwane yokuqala ngaphambi kwexesha lethu kwaye sikumantla mpuma eMexico.
Ibekwe kanye kufutshane nonxweme lweLake Texcoco kumantla welizwe. Yiyo loo nto esi sixeko saba sesinye sezona zakhono ziphambili zesixeko saseCuicuilco kwixesha leLate Preclassic era. Kamva, ngogqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo ye-Xitle ukuya kumazantsi entlambo, isixeko saseCuicuilco sawa kwaye abantu bafudukela kwisixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán kwaye kwasekwa amandla amakhulu ezentlalo, ezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko, okwenza inkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan.
Ngenxa yezizathu ezingekafunyanwa, isixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán sawa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, nto leyo eyabangela ixesha le-Mesoamerican Epiclassic. Kwaye ulwakhiwo oluye lwahlala esixekweni luvelisa iinkcazo ezininzi malunga nobukho bezizwe ezahlukeneyo zasekuhlaleni ezaziphila kwisixeko samandulo, kodwa eyona nto yayiphambili yayingabantu baseNahuatl ngexesha le-postclassic. Lonke ulwazi lwaqokelelwa ngabavangeli basemazweni baseIndiya kunye nombhali-mbali uBernardino de Sahagún.
Ubalo-maxesha lwesixeko saseTeotihuacán
Ukuqhuba ulandelelwano lwenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan, kuye kwacetywa uphando oluninzi oluye lwenziwa kwizinto zakudala ze-ceramic ezifunyenwe kwisixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán, ekubeni ezininzi zezi zinto zifunyenwe kwizinto ezimbiweyo eziye zenziwa kwi-ceramic. isixeko. Isigaba ngasinye esiphunyeziweyo sinxulumene nobugcisa besixeko.
Inkqubo eyenziwayo ikwazile ukwenza lula umsebenzi wokuthandana kwezinto zakudala ezifunyenweyo. Ekubeni izinto ze-ceramic kwisixeko samandulo zininzi kakhulu kwaye kwindawo apho ifunyenwe khona ithambekele ekuchaseni ukuhamba kwexesha kwaye ikhona kwinkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan.
Kodwa inkqubo eyenziwa ngamanye amaxesha iba nzima kakhulu, kuba ayikuniki inkcazo echanekileyo yeempawu zendlela into ye-ceramic eyenziwe ngayo kunye nendlela yokunqunyulwa kwexesha. Ngesizathu sokuba abaphandi abaninzi bajolise kulwazi lwabo kwinkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan, kukho amaxesha amaninzi okwenziwa kweso sixeko sakudala.
Kodwa eyona nto yaziwa kakhulu neyamkelwa ziingcali nabaphandi yile yomembi wezinto zakudala uRené Millon neqela lakhe, kodwa kukho abanye abaphandi abathi ubalo-maxesha lomembi wezinto zakudala lufanele luchane ngakumbi, ekubeni abaphandi uGeorge Cowgill noEvelyn Rattray, bacebisa ukuba ukuwa kwenkqubo yezinto zakudala. Isixeko sakudala saseTeotihuacán senzeka phakathi kwamashumi amahlanu anekhulu leminyaka phambi kokuba ubalo-maxesha olucetyiswe nguRené Millon.
Ixesha le-prehispanic
Kwinkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan iqondwa njengenkqubo ende kunye neyahlukeneyo eyaqala ngokufika kwabantu bomthonyama kwi-Anahuac, oku kwenzeka malunga namashumi amabini amawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo, ngeli xesha izinto ezifunyenweyo ezenziwa kwisixeko saseTequixquiac zabhalwa, namhlanje. Ngomnye woomasipala be-125 baseMexico, emva kokufunyanwa okwenziwa kwidolophu yaseTocuila naseTlapacoya.
Kwisixeko saseTlapacoya, iidiphozithi zafunyanwa apho kwakukho ii-skulls ezimbini zabantu kunye neentsalela zezilwanyana ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye nezixhobo ezininzi zamatye. Kwakhona bafunda ukufuya iintlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana neentlobo ezininzi zezityalo ekusekelwe kuzo imithombo yazo ephambili yokutya, oku kukwiwaka lesixhenxe leminyaka ngaphambi kokuba kuqalise ixesha lobuKristu.
EzoLimo kulo mmandla zathanda abantu bomthonyama inkqubo yokuhlalisa abantu kwaye elunxwemeni lomlambo osempuma weLake Chalco kwasekwa idolophu ekungokunje iyindawo ebizwa ngokuba yiZohapilco. Ekabani isigaba sokuqala esasinokuqhutywa kwiminyaka engama-5500 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu ukuya kuma-3500 BC. Ngelo xesha, abantu bomthonyama ababehlala kwisixeko saseZohapilco babesele besebenzisa izixhobo zokulima kunye nezixhobo zokulungisa iinkozo abazihlwayelayo ngokwabo kunye nezixhobo zokuzingela.
Ngomnyaka wama-2000 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu, ukuveliswa kwezinto ze-ceramic kwaqala, kodwa ezolimo ngokuthe ngcembe zaba yinto yokuqala yoqoqosho lwabantu bomthonyama ababehlala kwiNtlambo yaseMexico, kuba ibonelele ngomthombo okhuselekileyo wokutya kunye njengoko inani labantu likhula. yazinza kufutshane namachibi e-Anahuac apho kwakukho iilali ezininzi kwaye oku kwaba nzima ngakumbi ngenxa yeendidi ezahlukeneyo zentlalo ezazivela.
Ngexesha le-Middle Preclassic, eyayiphakathi kweminyaka eyi-1200 kunye ne-400 BC, apho zonke iilali zafikelela kwimpembelelo enkulu, njengaleyo iphezulu kakhulu, i-Tlatilco, iCopilco neCuicuilco. Zonke ezi lali zenza umdibaniso phakathi kwezolimo kunye nobutyebi baselwandle ababenabo kwaye kwakukho umxube phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ngenxa yokuphefumlelwa kwabantu baseOlmec kunye nezinye iinkcubeko ezivela entshona yelizwe.
Idolophu yomthonyama yaseCuicuilco yayiyeyona ndawo iphambili yezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko kunye neziko lenkcubeko kwiNtlambo yaseMexico ngonyaka wama-600 BC, ngexesha layo lempembelelo enkulu yayinabemi abangamawaka angama-22, kodwa olunye uphando lwafumanisa ukuba isixeko sasingaphezu kwama-40. amawaka abemi. Yayiyindawo yokuqala apho iipiramidi zokuqala zaseMesoamerica zazakhiwe kwaye zinqula uThixo woMlilo, kuba zazisondele kakhulu kwiintaba-mlilo zeXitle.
Ngomnyaka we-100 BC, enye yeentaba-mlilo kwinduli ye-Xitle yaqhuma kwaye yangcwaba ilali yaseCopilco kunye nenxalenye yelali yaseCuicuilco ngelava. Kodwa kukho amabali amaninzi malunga nokuba abantu baseCuicuilco kwafuneka baphile njani, kwaye abaphandi abaninzi baqinisekisa ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ekusekweni kwesixeko sakudala saseTeotihuacán kunye nenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan. Ngenxa yoko kwenzeka kwilali yakhe nokudubula kwentaba-mlilo.
Kodwa ukufuduka okwenzeka esixekweni kwakungaphambi kokuba i-Xitle volcano ikhuphe udaka. Kodwa neso sixeko sasinyamalala yaye akukaziwa ukuba kwakutheni, kodwa kuthiwa sawohloka phakathi kweminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kukaKristu nonyaka wama-200 emva kokuzalwa kukaKristu.
Indawo yokuqala kwisixeko saseTeotihuacán
Akukho lwazi luninzi oluchanekileyo malunga nendawo yokuqala apho isixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán sikhoyo, kodwa yonke into iqala kwixesha eliphakathi kwe-Middle Preclassic, apho iqela leedolophana zemveli ezizinikele kwezolimo kwaye zaziphila ngexesha elifanayo neTerremote Tlaltenco, iTlatilco kunye Iilali zaseCuicuilco. Kwaye izigaba zayo zophuhliso zazinxulunyaniswa neCuanalan kunye neTezoyuca phakathi kweminyaka engama-500 ngaphambi kukaKristu kunye neminyaka eyi-100 emva kukaKristu.
Kwinqanaba lophuhliso lweCuanalan kulapho iilali zokuqala zisekwe kwintlambo yaseTeotihuacan ekubeni zithatha ithuba leemeko zengingqi kunye nemozulu ekufuneka iqalise ukulima, ezinye iilali zihlala kufutshane neendlela zechibi ukuze zithathe ithuba iinzuzo zemilambo nemithombo. Emantla entlambo yaseTeotihuacán, iindawo zokuhlala ezindala kakhulu zenziwa kwintlambo yeSierra de Patlachique.
Ngokutsho kwezinye iingqikelelo ezigxininiswe ngabembi bezinto zakudala apho baqikelela ukuba kwezo ndawo zokuqala zokuhlala banokuba basuka kwiOtomi okanye abantu bomthonyama basePopoloca. Kodwa abukho ubungqina obuqinisekisa okanye obuqinisekisa ukuba aba yayingabemi besixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán.
Kwinqanaba elaziwa ngokuba yiTezoyuca, kwakukho ipateni yezigaba ezintlanu zokuhlala, ngokutsho kophando olwenziweyo, yayiyimisebenzi yokukhusela ekubeni iidiphozithi ezihambelana nelo xesha ziphenjelelwa yinkcubeko yeChupícuaro eyayiphuhliswa eBajío ngelo xesha. ixesha, imozulu.
Yafika ngonyaka we-100 ngaphambi kukaKristu, kwakhiwa iindawo zokuhlala ezimbini ezaziza kuthi kamva zibe sisixeko esikhulu saseTeotihuacán.Kwenye yeendawo zokuhlala, into ehambelana nommandla apho imisitho yesixeko saseTeotihuacán yayiqhutyelwa khona kwindlela yabafi. Kwinqanaba elibizwa ngokuba yiPatlachique, kuqikelelwa ukuba bekukho abantu abangamawaka amahlanu kwaye babeka isixeko saseTeotihuacán esine-rebound ebalulekileyo kwisigaba esilandelayo.
Kufuneka kugxininiswe ukuba ukwanda kwabemi kwisixeko saseTeotihuacán kubangelwa yonke into eyenzekayo kwidolophana yaseCuicuilco, apho abantu abaninzi bomthonyama babeyishiya ngenxa yeengxaki zemozulu kuloo ndawo. Nangona indawo yedolophu yakudala yaseTeotihuacán yayicwangciswe ngobuchule ukwenzela ukuba iyakuthandwa yizolimo kwaye iqinisekise ukubonelela ngokutya kuso sonke isixeko.
Iindawo zentlambo ezifunyenwe zinemithombo efana neSierra Patlachique kunye neCerro Gordo zibonisa inani elikhulu labemi kuba iimeko zaziyezona zilungileyo kulimo olunempembelelo ephezulu kwaye kukho iingcamango ezininzi apho i-elite yommandla ibekwe kwiindawo zokuhlala. . Kwaye ukwenza inkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan.
Inkqubo eyaqhutyelwa ukuyila ucwangciso lwedolophu eyakhokelela kwisiseko sesixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán safumana igalelo elikhulu lenkcubeko kubantu baseCuicuilca, ekubeni babengabanikazi bentlangano yentlalo enzima kakhulu kodwa elungelelaniswe kakuhle eyomeleza. Ubume bombutho wesixeko Isixeko sakudala saseTeotihuacan. Enye inqaku elixhasa esi sixeko kukuba indawo esinikwe kuyo yenza ukuba kube lula ukufikelela kwizixhobo zobuchule ezazikho kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica.
Ngelo xesha, kwavela ithuba lokusebenzisa i-obsidian deposits e-Otumba naseSierra de las Navajas, ngaphezu kweemveliso ezininzi ezikhutshwe kwiLake Texcoco. Kanye namanzi avela kwimithombo yenduli yePa Tlachiques kunye nolawulo olwenziwa kwiindlela zorhwebo zexesha elikhoyo phakathi kwe-Anahuac kunye nonxweme lweGulf of Mexico.
Zonke ezi ngongoma ziyizinto ezibalulekileyo kwaye zenze imeko ekhokelela kwisixeko saseTeotihuacán kwisixeko esikhulu kwaye senze iprojekthi yezopolitiko kunye nentlalontle, ngaloo ndlela iqonda inkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan kunye nokwenza esinye sezixeko ezinamandla kakhulu kwimbali yaseMesoamerica.
Kwinqanaba elilandelayo elibizwa ngokuba yiPatlachique, iziko ledolophu laseTeotihuacán sele lidityanisiwe, kwaye isixeko esidala safumana inani elikhulu labemi abaqikelelwa ukuba bafikelele kwisiseko saseMexico esinabemi abangaphezu kwekhulu lamawaka abantu bomthonyama. Apho i-25 yayihlala kwisixeko sakudala saseTeotihuacán kwaye uninzi lwabemi babengabesixeko saseCuicuilco esasifikile ngenxa yokuhla kunye nokudubula kweentaba-mlilo.
Abemi ababekufuphi nethafa le-alluvial yeLake Xochimilco, babenesixeko sakudala saseTeotihuacán njengeyona imbangi inkulu yezopolitiko kuba babenolawulo lwesitya saseMexico. Kwaye kukho iingcamango zokuba kwakukho imfazwe kunye neengxabano ezixhobileyo kwizinto eziluhlaza zeTezoyuca ceramics ezifunyenwe phezulu kweenduli zesixeko saseTeotihuacán, ngale ndlela isixeko sinendima enkulu yezopolitiko kunye nenkcubeko.
Ngale ndlela itsala inani elikhulu labemi bomthonyama abakhoyo ngoko yandisa abemi bayo kakhulu. Nangona kukho uluvo lokuba isixeko saseCuicuilco sifikelele esiphelweni ngenxa yokugqabhuka kwentaba-mlilo iXitle, nekuthiwa igubungele yonke ilali ngodaka, baye baqinisekisa ukuba isixeko sibhubhe ngenxa yeziganeko ezikhankanyiweyo. ngaphezulu.
Ukuqala kwesixeko saseTeotihuacán
Ukuqhubeka nokubhala inkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan, kubalulekile ukuchaza ukuqala kwesixeko sakudala saseTeotihuacán, kuba ngonyaka we-100 BC isixeko sakudala saseTeotihuacán sasigxile kwinani elikhulu labantu bomthonyama phantse kulo lonke iNtlambo yaseAnahuac. ukuba, abantu bomthonyama ababefuduka besuka kwisixeko saseCuicuilco ukuze bachithe kwaye bajonge indawo entsha yokuhlala kwisixeko saseTeotihuacán.
Kwakukho elinye inqanaba elibizwa ngokuba yiTzacualli de Teotihuacan eyenzeka phakathi kweminyaka eyi-1 kunye ne-150 emva kukaKristu, kweli nqanaba iziseko zokucwangciswa kwedolophu ziyasekwa kwaye kungoku apho iindawo ezininzi zenkcubeko zikhoyo. I-Teotihuacan, ngelo xesha baqala ukwakha izakhiwo kwisixeko saseTeotihuacán eziyilwe ngokujikeleza ama-axes amabini, i-axis esemantla esemantla ehamba kwaye yenza i-Calzada de los muertos, kwisigaba seTzacualli esele icwangciswe kakuhle.
Ewe, ibekwe ngokwejografi kumaqondo e-15° 28' esalatha empuma ngokubhekiselele kumntla wejografi kunye nommandla osempuma-ntshona owawucwangciswe ngokuhamba koMlambo iSan Juan, ekuye kwafuneka ukuba ikhondo lawo lijikwe ukuze lingqamane nomlambo. indawo yejografi 16° 30' kumzantsi wempuma. Ngelo xesha, inqanaba lokuqala lePiramidi yeNyanga lalisakhiwa, kwaye iplaza yesi sakhiwo esikhulu esibonisa umda ongasentla wendlela yabafileyo nayo yayicwangciswe kakuhle.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukugxininisa umzamo owenziweyo wokwakha iPiramidi yeLanga kwinkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan, ekubeni yakhiwe ngokuthe ngqo kwinqanaba elinye elibhalwe kwesi sigaba esibizwa ngokuba yiTzacualli, ngeso sigaba seso sixeko. iphawulwe ngolu lwakhiwo ukuba umboniso intaba yokugcina kwaye iqulunqwe yi umgca wehlabathi ngokwento ebhaliweyo kwinkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan.
Iqonga lePiramidi yeLanga linokuba lakhiwe ekupheleni kwesigaba seMiccaotli. Ngokomsebenzi owenziwe nguRené Millon, kwisigaba saseTzacualli abemi besixeko sakudala saseTeotihuacán babemalunga nama-30 abemi bomthonyama, kwindawo eyi-17 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha, ngexesha lesigaba esikhankanywe ngasentla.
Yiyo loo nto kungathandabuzekiyo ukuba isixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán yayisisixeko esikumbindi weMexico kwaye sinokuthelekiswa kuphela nezixeko zaseMonte Albán ezikuMbindi weeNtili zaseOaxaca kunye nesixeko saseCholula esikwintlambo yaseTlaxcalan yasePuebla, Uphando lwezakudala oluye lwenziwa kwisixeko sakudala lufumene iintsalela ezininzi zeeramics zegranular, into ekrwada eyafunyanwa kwiidiphozithi zaseMorelos nakumbindi welizwe laseGuerrero.
Oku kukhokelela abaphandi ukuba bacinge ukuba kwisixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán sasinobudlelwane borhwebo kunye neendawo ezahlukeneyo zaseMesoamerica kwaye zazisebenza xa iLate Preclassic yaqala. Phakathi kweminyaka ye-150 ne-250 emva kukaKristu, ihambelana nesigaba seMiccaotli. Kweli nqanaba libizwa ngeli gama ngenxa yokuba amaNahua akhetha iCalzada de los Muertos, ngale ndlela isixeko sidityaniswe njengenye yezixeko ezinabantu abaninzi kumbindi weMexico.
Embindini wesixeko sakudala saseTeotihuacán bafudukela emazantsi befika ekwakhiweni kwenqaba, eyindawo ebiyelweyo efana kakhulu nePyramid yeLanga apho intaba yokuqala engcwele yayimelwe. I-citadel yakhiwe ngeetempile ezilishumi elinesithathu ezisasazwe malunga nesikwere esikhulu apho iphiramidi yeNyoka Enentsiba ikhona.
Inyaniso ebaluleke kakhulu ngePiramidi yeNyoka Enentsiba, yokuba kwenziwa amadini aliqela angaphezu kwekhulu yaye angcwatywa ngokudibeneyo ngokwamaqela ahlukeneyo angama-4, 8, 18 nama-20, kunye neminye imizimba eyangcwatywa yodwa. kwikona nganye yeziseko zesakhiwo, kukho abantwana abaliqela ababingelelwe kwaye bafunyanwa ngumvubukuli uLeopoldo Batres kwinqanaba ngalinye leqonga.
Ngendlela efanayo ekwakhiweni kwenqaba, isixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán sasilungelelaniswe ngokweequadrants ezine, njengoko kwakunjalo ngolwakhiwo lweendlela zaseMpuma nezaseNtshona, zombini zenza i-axis ephantse ifane neCalzada de los Muertos, ukusukela oko baqhubela phambili ukusuka kwinqaba ukuya kwindawo nganye yekhadinali kwaye baphawule isahlulo sequadrant nganye yesixeko.
Kwinqanaba leMiccaotli, iPiramidi yeNyanga yandiswa kabini, owokuqala phakathi kweminyaka ye-150 nama-200 emva kukaKristu yaye omnye ngowama-225. Umembi wezinto zakudala uRené Millon kuphando lwakhe wakwazi ukubala ukuba abemi besixeko sase. I-Teotihuacán yayinokufikelela kubemi abangama-45 kwisigaba saseMiccaotli, kwaye isixeko sasinommandla oziikhilomitha ezingama-22,5, obona bukhulu bukhulu kunabo kwimbali yaso yonke.
Nangona inani labantu lalihlala likhula kuwo onke amanqanaba, ulwakhiwo olukhulu olwathi lwaqhutywa ngelo xesha lubonisa ukuba esi sixeko yayiliziko lezopolitiko nenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu kuyo yonke iMesoamerica kwaye yiyo loo nto itsale abantu abaninzi bomthonyama. ukusuka kweminye imimandla yaseMexico kwaye eyona meko ibalulekileyo yayiyeyamaZapotec ahlala eTlailotlacan ngenkulungwane yesibini.
Ukuchuma kwesixeko saseTeotihuacán
Ngomnyaka wama-250 emva kukaKristu, isigaba se-Tlamimilolpa siqala, kwaye bathatha elo gama ukusuka ngaphandle kwesixeko saseTeotihuacán. Ngexesha langoku kwidolophu yaseTeotihuacán, amandla engingqi adityanisiwe kwaye anempembelelo enkulu kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica. Iphiramidi iNyanga iyandisa kabini kwesi sigaba. Inqanaba lesihlanu lokwakhiwa kweso sakhiwo lalimalunga nonyaka wama-300 emva kukaKristu.
Inqanaba lesithandathu lokwakha liphakathi kweminyaka engama-0 nama-350 emva kukaKristu. Kanye njengokuba kwakusenziwa kuwo onke amanqanaba angaphambili, kwenziwa amadini amaninzi ngabantu
Ukwandiswa kwenani labantu kwisixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán kwacwangciswa ngendlela elungelelanisiweyo kwiindawo ezininzi zokuhlala, ekubeni lo mkhuba wawuqhutywe kwizigaba zangaphambili kwaye wahlengahlengiswa kwisicwangciso sedolophu yedolophu ngokubhekiselele kwii-axes zayo ezimbini. Izakhiwo ezininzi zezindlu ezindala ezifana ne ifestile zandisiwe zaza zanikwa iindawo zokwenza imisebenzi yoluntu.
Kwakhiwa amagumbi amatsha, kodwa into engalunganga kukuba umphezulu wesixeko uyacutheka ngexesha leqonga kuba uhlala malunga neekhilomitha ezingamawaka angama-20, iikhilomitha ezimbini ngaphantsi kwenqanaba langaphambili kodwa inani labemi besi sixeko liye landa ngokobalo. URené Milon wenza apho wayenokufikelela khona kubemi abangamawaka angama-65 besixeko.
Kuphando lwezinto zakudala ezenziwe kwisigaba se-Tlamimilolpa, izinto zakudala ezenziwe nge-ceramic zafunyanwa i-Orange Thin yi-ceramic yokusabalalisa okukhulu e-Mesoamerica kodwa ibonakaliso kwinkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan, kwesi sigaba sesi-6 ekhulwini sezinto ze-ceramic kwaye emva koko. ukwanda kuzo zonke izigaba ezilandelayo, le ceramic ibaluleke kakhulu kwiidiphozithi kwaye ithathwa njengesalathisi esidibanisa yonke inkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan neMexico.
Kodwa i-ceramics yimveliso yangaphandle engeyiyo yenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan, njengoko kuchazwe ngumphandi uCarmen Cook, owayeyeyona ndawo yokuvelisa i-ceramic ePuebla. yachuma njengoko igcina ubudlelwane obuluqilima kunye nesixeko sakudala saseTeotihuacán kodwa ayizange ithobe isixeko.
Ubudlelwane besixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán sasinayo yonke imimandla yaseMesoamerica ehlukeneyo ngexesha lesigaba seTlamimilolpa, njengoko kuboniswe kubungqina bemivubukulo efunyenweyo. Kwinombolo yokungcwaba yesihlanu yephiramidi yeNyanga eyanikelwa kwisikhumbuzo sokugqitywa komsebenzi, izifundo ezintathu eziphambili zokungcwaba zabekwa kwindawo yentyatyambo yelotus.
Kwakhona kunye nazo kwakukho izinto eziluhlaza ezazihlala kwintlambo yoMlambo iMotagua. Isikhundla apho kwafunyanwa khona amathambo omntu kuyafana noko kwenziwa ekungcwatyweni kwabantu ababalaseleyo eKaminaljuyú (eGuatemala). Oku kufunyaniswayo kunempembelelo enkulu yokwakha ukuba isixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán sasinempumelelo enkulu kulwazi lwaseMaya njengoko yayiyidolophu yaseTikal kunye neKaminaljuyú ngokwayo.
Iziqwenga ezininzi zamaMaya zafunyanwa kwi-horizon ye-Tlamimilolpa yaseTeotihuacán, ukongezelela ezininzi zeeramics ezifunyenwe ziluhlobo lweTzakol kwaye zineempawu ezininzi kunye neminye imisebenzi ukususela ekubeni ubukho beMayan kwisixeko saseTeotihuacán bongezwa ngokufanayo naleyo amaZapotec kwisigaba seMiccaotli.
Ukoyiswa kwesixeko saseTikal
Ngonyaka wama-378 emva kukaKristu, kwinyanga kaJanuwari, isixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán sasilawulwa ngumlinganiswa ogama linguAtlatl Cauac, eliguqulelwe kwisiSpanish lithetha uMphosi wezikhova kwaye wayeyirhuluneli yesixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán, igorha laseTeotihuacan uSiyah. U-K'ak' (Umlilo Uzalwa) "wasoyisa" isixeko saseTikal.
Into abayenzayo yayikukususa nokubeka endaweni yokumkani waseMaya owayelawula isixeko saseTikal, ngenkxaso yesixeko sasePeru, esikwayindawo yokumbiwa kwezinto zakudala yenkcubeko yamaMaya ekufutshane kakhulu noMlambo iSan Pedro e. isebe lePetén eGuatemala.
Kwakhona kwaba nenxaxheba yabemi besixeko saseNaachtún, esikwayindawo ye-archaeological yenkcubeko yamaMaya, esi siganeko sonke sabhalwa kwi-Stela 31 yaseTikal kunye nezinye izikhumbuzo zengingqi yaseMayan.
Ukoyiswa kwesixeko saseCopán kunye neQuiriguá
Kangangonyaka wama-426 emva kukaKristu, omnye wabaseki bomnombo wakwaYax Kuk Mo owayelawula isixeko saseMaya saseCopán phantse kangangeenkulungwane ezine, oku kwabhalwa kwindawo ngoku elilizwe laseHonduras, njengoko kuchazwe kwiAltar Q yaseCopan.
Ikwinqanaba leXolalpan, elisusela kunyaka wama-450 ukuya kuma-650 emva kokuzalwa kukaKristu. Kweli nqanaba, isixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán sinempembelelo enkulu kuwo wonke ummandla waseMesoamerican, ekubeni yonke into eyenziwa esixekweni ineempembelelo kwezinye. kwaye ngoko inkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan iyakhuthazwa, ukongeza ekubeni ngumxholo wengxoxo phakathi kwezinye iidolophu zemveli.
Abaphandi abaninzi bayavuma ukuba ukwandiswa kwenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan kwakuyimveliso yokuthengiselana kwezorhwebo, yingakho ichaza indlela i-Thin Orange pottery yafunyanwa ngayo kwiidiphozithi ezahlukeneyo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yaseMesoamerica, abanye abaphandi banengcamango yokuba isixeko sasendulo saseTeotihuacán ilizwe elinamandla amakhulu omkhosi kwaye isixeko saba nokwanda okukhulu ngezixhobo.
Kodwa abaphandi baye bavuma ukuba impembelelo yenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan yaba ngenxa yezinto ezininzi, phakathi kwazo urhwebo, izixhobo kunye nemibutho yezopolitiko eyenzeka kwezo zigaba, njengoko kwakukho iminyaka ye-boom enkulu kulwakhiwo lwesixeko. ukubonakaliswa kunye nokubekwa kweCalzada de los Muertos, njengoko kunokubonwa namhlanje njengendawo ye-archaeological. Ihambelana neqonga likaXolalpan.
Iindawo ezihlala esixekweni zineempawu zokuxhamla kuqoqosho kunye nenkcubeko yesixeko, kuba amatyala eendawo ezibhalwe kakuhle ngokugrunjwa kwezinto zakudala zibonwa, ngakumbi kwisixeko saseTeopancazco, kuba abahlali besi sixeko babenembono ephangaleleyo. inqanaba eliphezulu kunakwisigaba sangaphambili. Ekubeni esi sixeko sasiququzelelwe ziibhloko zezindlu kunye neendledlana ezimxinwa kwaye kwakunokubakho abemi bomthonyama abangama-85 amawaka.
Le datha isiphumo sophando olwenziwa nguRené Millon, kodwa abanye ababhali-mbali bathi bangaphezu kwama-300 abantu bomthonyama ababehlala kweso sixeko, kodwa kuyo nayiphi na imeko kunokuphikiswa ukuba ngelo xesha isixeko sasikwazi ukufikelela kwincopho yaso ephezulu. ingxinano yabemi kunye nokuzihlanganisa njengesixeko esinobona luhlu luphezulu kuyo yonke iMesoamerica kwaye yenye yezona zinkulu emhlabeni ngelo xesha.
Isixeko saseTeotihuacán sasinogutyulo olukhulu kunye nenkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi evumela ukuba onke amanzi amdaka edolophu akhutshwe. Inkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan nayo yagxininiswa ngeli xesha ngobugcisa, kwinqanaba le-Xolalpan izinto ezininzi ezimele zifunyenwe ezifana ne-braceros, ezinye iziqwenga apho ukubunjwa ngokuthe ngqo kwezinto ezahlukeneyo kwenziwa, kwakukho nemizobo yaseTepantitla, ezo I-Atetelco kunye nodonga lweeJaguars zebhotwe laseQuetzalpapálotl zihambelana neli nqanaba.
Ukuwohloka kwesixeko saseTeotihuacán
Kwinqanaba leMetepec eliqala malunga nonyaka wama-650 BC, ngokophando olwenziwa nguRené Millon, esi sixeko sinabemi abamalunga nama-75, nto leyo emele ilahleko yeepesenti ezingama-25 xa kuthelekiswa nesigaba sangaphambili esibizwa ngokuba yiXolalpan. Ngokuhla kwenani labantu, isixeko saseTeotihuacán saba nenyhweba yokuba sesona sixeko sinempembelelo kuyo yonke imimandla yaseMesoamerica. Umsebenzi wokwakha uchaphazela kakhulu inkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan esasazeka kuyo yonke imimandla.
Kodwa ngeli nqanaba umsebenzi wokwakha ukhubazekile, nangona isakhiwo kuphela esasinokugqitywa ngokupheleleyo yayiliqonga elixhasa iPiramidi Yenyoka Eneentsiba. Iqonga lakhiwe ukufihla isakhiwo esasiyindawo enkulu yokuqwalasela kwisixeko kwaye singumqondiso wamandla wesixeko saseTeotihuacán.
Yiyo loo nto abemi besi sixeko ngeli xesha bengakhange bakwazi ukubona iTempile yeNyoka enentsiba, enokubonwa ngoku kwindawo yezinto zakudala, kuba ifaçade yayo kwafuneka ihlangulwe ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
Ngokutsho kophando olwenziwa nguRené Millon, kwi-Citadel izakhiwo ezazikho zijikeleze i-Causeway of the Dead apho yayiyinto yokutshatyalaliswa okucwangcisiweyo ngabemi besi sixeko, ifikelela kwezi zilandelayo ziqinisekisa umphandi.
“Iziko alizange litshiswe ngumlilo omkhulu. Iitempile kunye nezakhiwo zikawonke-wonke azizange zitshatyalaliswe nje kuphela, kodwa zadilizwa, zatshiswa, zancitshiswa zangamabhodlo kwakhona kwaye kwakhona kumacala omabini e-avenue ngaphezulu kwemayile […] Oku kungenxa yokuba abo baqala le nkqubo bafuna ukuqiniseka ukuba akukho mandla. okanye akukho mandla elizwe laseTeotihuacan aya kuphinda azalwe kula mabhodlo”
Ke kwisigaba se-Oxtotipac esiphakathi kweminyaka engama-750 kunye nama-850 emva kokuzalwa kukaKristu, inani labantu abenza ubomi kwisixeko saseTeotihuacán liyancipha kakhulu kuba kukho ukufuduka okukhulu kwabemi, uRené Millon kuphando lwakhe wenza izibalo kweli nqanaba. apho ummandla wedolophu wawuhlala abantu abangamawaka angama-5 kwaye ezinye iindawo zesixeko zahlala zinabemi, phakathi kwezona zinto zibalulekileyo zasala zinabantu besiXeko esiDala kunye neendawo ezazihlala abantu ababalaseleyo edolophini.
Nangona lo msebenzi wesixeko unxulumene ngokusondeleyo nenkcubeko yeCoyotlatelco, kunye nenkangeleko yeengqayi eziphethe igama elifanayo, nangona abaphandi baye bavakalisa ukuba inkcubeko yangaphandle, imveliso yazo zonke iimfuduko eziye zavela kwinkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan, kodwa abanye abaphandi baye babanga ukuba yimbonakaliso yamaqela angaphandle kwesixeko ababengenalwazi lwenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan.
Ukucacisa imeko yokuwohloka kwesixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán, kuye kwenziwa iingcamango ezininzi, kodwa eyona nto ichane ngayo abaphandi yile yenzeka ngenkulungwane yesixhenxe xa kwabakho imbalela enkulu kumantla eMesoamerica. oku kubangele imfuduko yabemi bomthonyama ukuya kumazantsi eMesoamerica, ekubeni imbalela yachaphazela lonke ezolimo esixekweni kunye nommandla, kwaye yabangela ukugcinwa okungenakuthintelwa kwabemi.
Nangona kunjalo, umembi wezinto zakudala uMcClung de Tapia kunye nabasebenzisana naye baye baxela ukuba ezi ngqikelelo azinaso nasiphi na isalathisi apho banokugcinwa khona, kuba ngexesha lokuhla kwesi sixeko kwakunokwenzeka ukuba kubonwe ukuba ukufuma kunyuke ukujikeleza isixeko, kuba ixesha apho isixeko saseTeotihuacán saqala ukuhla, ezinye izixeko zaseMesoamerica zaqala ukuchuma kuba abaninzi baye bamkela inkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan.
Le nto yayiza kuba negalelo ekunciphiseni kwesixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacan, ezinye izixeko ezenza isithsaba ngokubhekiselele kwisixeko saseTeotihuacán zineengongoma ezicwangcisiweyo kwiindlela zorhwebo ezibalulekileyo kwingingqi yaseMesoamerican. Njengoko yayiyiXochicalco kwintlambo yaseMorelos, iTeotenango kwintlambo yaseToluca, iCacaxtla kwintlambo yaseTlaxcala, iCantona ngasempuma kunye ne-El Tajín ekudluleleni ngaseLa Huasteca; zonke ezi zixeko zabona ukukhula ngelixa isixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán sawela phantsi.
Kukho abaphandi abaninzi abaqinisekisayo ukuba ngala magunya amatsha engingqi bagqiba ukukrwitsha isixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán de basivalela konke ukufikelela kwiindlela zorhwebo.
Ukufuduka okwenzeka emva kokuwa
Okwangoku kusekho iingxoxo-mpikiswano malunga nemvelaphi yamaqela athwele i-ceramics yase-Coyotlatelco, kodwa abaphandi basaphikisana ukuba ukubonakala kwala maqela kunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokuhla kwesixeko, kunye nemeko emaxongo yesixeko ihamba kunye nokufuduka kwabantu abaninzi. zenzeka zaza zalahlwa ezaqala ngonyaka wama-500 emva kukaKristu.
Oku kwaqinisekiswa ngobungqina bezinto zakudala ezifunyenwe kumantla welizwe laseMorelos, apho ubukho babahlali baseTeotihuacan abahlangene nabahlali bendawo kwaye baphulukana nenkcubeko yabo yaseTeotihuacan kwamiselwa, njengeqhinga lokusinda kwingcinezelo efunyenwe yidolophu yaseTeotihuacan.
Ukuqhekeka kweTeotihuacan okwasekwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kude nesixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán, oku kwaqinisekiswa ngexesha leMetepec eyayiphakathi kweminyaka engama-550 no-650 emva kukaKristu.
Ngeli xesha isixeko saseTeotihuacán njengesixeko esikhulu sasilawula emantla echibi laseMexico, kodwa iidolophu ezazisemazantsi eMesoamerica kunye nezo zazisentshona zazingenanxibelelwano nempembelelo yesixeko, kuba uphando apho kugqamayo ukuba bekungekho unxibelelwano nezinye izixhobo ezisuka kwezinye iidolophu ezikwezo ndlela.
Ngale ndlela, kwimpuma ye-Anahuac, ukuya emantla eState of Morelos kunye nentlambo yaseTlaxcala kunye nentlambo yaseToluca, kwafuneka bathathe abantu abaninzi baseTeotihuacan emva kokulahlwa kwesi sixeko, xa amaqela athwala Inkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan yayikwisitya.
Phakathi kwe-Azcapotzalco kunye ne-Ecatepec kukho abantu abaninzi abasebenzisa olu hlobo lwe-ceramic ekusebenziseni izinto kwi-Toluca Valley, kukwakho nelinye iqela labemi bomthonyama ababekwi-basin ye-Chalco-Xochimilco. Kwaye iqela lesithathu kunye nelona likhulu laligxile kwiPortezuela elahlala kwixesha le-Epiclassic phakathi kwe-650 kunye ne-950 emva kukaKristu.
Iqela lokugqibela leCoyotlatelco lihambelana naleyo yahlala kwisixeko sakudala saseTeotihuacán kwaye yakwazi ukuhlala kwizakhiwo ezishiyiweyo nezichithakeleyo ezaziyiTula, iCacaxtla, iCholula kunye neXochitécatl kuba yayingamanqaku acwangcisiweyo awayengaphandle kwesixeko saseTeotihuacán kwaye kufutshane kakhulu. isitya saseMexico, kodwa izinto ezenziwe ngodongwe lweCoyotlatelco nazo zafunyanwa apho, nangona kuncinci.
Urbanism yesixeko saseTeotihuacán
Kubalulekile ukubonisa ukuba xa isixeko saseTeotihuacán saqala ukucwangciswa, iprojekthi yedolophu eyakhiwe kakuhle kakhulu yayiqhutywa malunga ne-axial axs ezimbini, i-Calzada de los Muertos, eyayiphakathi kwe-axes esenyakatho-esezantsi, ngelixa i-axial axial axes, i-Calzada de los Muertos, eyayiphakathi kwe-axes esenyakatho-esezantsi omnye umgaqo owaqala eNtabeni kwaye umi phakathi kwempuma nentshona.
Ke ngoko, uMlambo iSan Juan kwafuneka ujike indlela yawo yendalo ukuze uwele iCalzada de los Muertos ngokuthe ngqo. Ngala ma-axes amabini aphambili, igridi yazotywa esebenza njengesiseko sokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zokuhlala kunye neetempile, ukongeza kwiipiramidi.
Ucwangciso lwedolophu yesixeko saseTeotihuacán lwafumana uhlobo olubalaseleyo malunga nenkulungwane yesithathu emva koKristu, xa inqanaba lesine lesixeko lalisele lakhiwe, elaliyiphiramidi yeNyanga, iCitadel kunye nephiramidi yeLanga. yacwangciswa eCalzada de los muertos kwaye kwi-Avenida Este kunye ne-Oeste zachazwa kwinqanaba legama leTzacualli, elisusela malunga no-1 ukuya kwi-150 AD. c.
I-Calzada de los Muertos yindlela enkulu ewela isixeko kwaye iqala ePlaza phambi kwePiramidi yeNyanga kwaye iqhubeka iikhilomitha ezimbini ukuya emazantsi kufuphi neentsalela zezakhiwo zokuhlala ezibizwa ngokuba yiTeopancazco. I-avenue ijongiswe phakathi kwe-15º kunye ne-30' ngokumalunga ne-astronomical north.
Kodwa oku kuphambuka kuyafana nokuba kubonwa kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezazenziwe kwisixeko saseTeotihuacán, kwi-avenue enkulu kukho izakhiwo ezibalulekileyo zokuhlala kunye nezikhumbuzo zesixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán, eyona misebenzi yenkolo yayisenziwa nakwindawo yokuhlala. Indlela yabafileyo yayiyiphiramidi yeLanga ecaleni kwetempile yezilwanyana zasentsomini kunye netempile yaseQuetzalcóatl.
Intliziyo yesixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán senziwe zizakhiwo ezikhankanywe ngasentla kunye nezinye ezizinikele ekunquleni kwaye zisondele kakhulu kwizakhiwo yayizizakhiwo zokuhlala eziphakamileyo zesixeko, njengebhotwe laseQuetzalpapálotl kunye nezakhiwo zokuhlala ezivela eYayahuala. , Tetitla, Xala and Zacuala.
Iindawo ezihlala kuzo zaziyi-strata ephantsi kweso sixeko zahlelwa malunga nommandla ophakathi kweso sixeko kwaye zenziwe ngabasebenzi bezolimo kunye namagcisa, kunye nabarhwebi kunye nabangaphandle, ngokutsho kwedatha ukuba uphando olwahlukileyo lwenziwe.
Isixeko sakudala saseTeotihuacan sasinamagumbi okuhlala amalunga namawaka amabini kolona suku lwaso lukhulu kwaye oku kwenzeka phakathi kwenkulungwane yesi-20 neye-25 emva koKristu, ekubeni izakhiwo zazisandiswa rhoqo ngelixa zazilungiswa ukuze zihlangabezane neemfuno zabemi. isixeko safikelela 30 km square kwisigaba Tzacualli, kwaye abemi bafikelela XNUMX ukuba XNUMX abemi.
Kodwa kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuba isixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán sasinenkqubo enkulu yeenkonzo zasezidolophini eziphezulu kakhulu apho ulawulo lwamanzi asetyenziswa ngabantu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi amdaka lubalaseleyo, kuba yayinothungelwano olukhulu lwemijelo ehambisa amanzi amdaka enceda ukukhupha amanzi amdaka. acoca imekobume yesixeko esikhulu namawakawaka abemi ababehlala kuloo ndawo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhiwo okwenziwa kwisicwangciso sedolophu yesixeko saseTeotihuacán sisondelelene nembono yehlabathi yoluntu oluyidalileyo kunye nokusingqongileyo apho yayikhona. Ewe, ubume bedolophu esinaso isixeko buphawulwe ziindlela ezimbini ezahluke kancinane, ezibe zisiphumo sokudityaniswa kweendlela ezininzi zenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi kunye neyomhlaba.
Embindini wesixeko, iCalzada de los Muertos ibandakanyiwe, apho ulwalathiso luhlengahlengiswa lusiya kwiphiramidi yelanga, ngelixa ummandla ojonge emazantsi ujonge ngasemazantsi eCitadel kwaye ezo zakhiwo zimbini ziphawula ukuphuma nokutshona kwelanga. ngemihla ethile yonyaka. Ekubeni babevunyelwe ukusebenzisa ikhalenda ukujonga inkqubo yezolimo kunye nemisitho.
Inyani yokuba zombini izikhokelo ziya kuqhutywa zezamaqela aphezulu asasazeke kakhulu kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica kuba inokucaciswa kuphela ngokusebenzisa iireferensi zeenkwenkwezi elundini.
Iphiramidi yelanga nayo yakhiwe ukuze ihambelane neCerro Gordo ukuya ngasentla, oku kuthetha ukuba xa indawo yokwakha iphononongwa, izinto ezininzi zithathelwa ingqalelo, ngaphezu komqolomba owenziwe phantsi kwepiramidi, emele a Indawo ebaluleke kakhulu kwinkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan nayo ibaluleke kakhulu ubudlelwane obukhoyo phakathi kwezona zakhiwo zibalulekileyo zesixeko kunye neefom zentaba yePatlachique ejikeleze intlambo yonke yesixeko saseTeotihuacán.
Uyilo lwesixeko samandulo
Kwinkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan kubalulekile ukugqamisa ulwakhiwo lwesixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán, kuba kwindlela enkulu inomgama weemitha ezingama-40 kwaye itenxile kancinci ukuya kumntla-ntshona we-15º 30' ngokubhekiselele kumantla ejografi. Ecaleni kwesitrato zezona zakhiwo zibalulekileyo kunye neetempile, kunye nebhotwe kunye nezindlu zezona mpawu ziphezulu zexesha.
Phakathi kwazo zonke ezi zakhiwo kukho iiphiramidi ezimbini, iNdlu yababingeleli kunye nebhotwe iQuetzalmariposa (Quetzalmariposa), ecaleni kwebhotwe lejaguar kunye nesakhiwo esikhulu semibhobho enemibhobho, itempile yaseQuetzalcóatl, inqaba kunye nezakhiwo ezininzi kunezo. ngemihla yabo yayintle kakhulu.
Kwenye yemigangatho yeetempile zazakhiwe ngamacandelo amabini angama-XNUMX cm amashiti atyebileyo awathi kamva agqunywa ngetezontle. Umkhenkethi onqwenela ukucamngca ngalo mdla uya kukwazi ukuwubona nanini na ebuza umlindi wendawo ebiyelweyo.
Iphiramidi yelanga: sesona sakhiwo sikhulu esakhiweyo esixekweni kwaye sesinye seempawu zenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan kwaye yipiramidi yesibini ngobukhulu kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica, kuba eyona inkulu yiphiramidi yeCholula engaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-400 ukuphakama, kodwa iPiramidi ye. Ilanga linemilinganiselo emikhulu enokubonwa kude kodwa liziimitha ezingama-63 kuphela ukuphakama, kunye nesicwangciso esimalunga neemitha ezingama-225 kwicala ngalinye.
IPyramid yeLanga ihlala ithelekiswa naleyo yeCheops eGiza ekwilizwe laseYiputa. Ukwakhiwa kwephiramidi yeLanga inemizimba emihlanu edibeneyo ye-frustoconical kunye nesakhiwo esiqhotyoshelweyo semizimba emithathu engafikeleli ekuphakameni kweqonga lokuqala. Kwibhendi esempuma, iPiramidi yeLanga ibekwe kufutshane neCalzada de los Muertos, ngokwenyani kumgca ojikelezayo.
Ubuyiselo lwenziwa phakathi kwe-1905 kunye ne-1910 ngumvubukuli uLeopoldo Batres, kuba yayisikhumbuzo seNkulungwane yenkululeko yaseMexico kunye nezakhiwo ezininzi zaguqulwa zaba ziindawo zabakhenkethi, nangona oku kubuyiselwa kwagxekwa kakhulu kuba kwakusenziwa kwindawo enkulu. indlela engxamisekileyo kwaye yayingaphelelanga kwaye iingqikelelo zokwakha zaseYiputa zathathwa endaweni yenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan.
Ekuqaleni kwesixeko saseTeotihuacán, indawo apho iphiramidi yeLanga yayiza kuba khona ihambelana nohlobo oluthile lodonga olunesiseko se-slope, kwaye aluzange ludibaniswe nezinye izakhiwo, okwangoku akukho ngxelo yendlela. wasebenzisa iPiramidi yeLanga Nangona abaphandi abaninzi baye bacebisa ukuba yayiyindawo engcwele, isakhiwo sakhiwe ngokwamanqanaba amabini, kwesokuqala sagqitywa de safikelela kuyo yonke imilinganiselo esinayo.
Inqanaba lesibini lenze uhlengahlengiso olungephi kunye nezongezo ezithile, kodwa ukusetyenziswa okunikezelwe kwesi sakhiwo sikhulu asikaziwa eluntwini, ngowe-1971 i-archaeologist kunye nomphandi uJorge Ruffier Acosta, wenza umsebenzi wakhe, wafumana itonela phantsi kwePiramidi yePyramid. Ilanga kunye nokufikelela kuvela phambi kweqonga eliqhotyoshelweyo.
Itonela yayinegama elingumqolomba ongcwele emva kophando oluninzi kuloo ndawo, abembi bezinto zakudala baye bacingela ukuba yayisetyenziselwa ukwenza iinjongo kunye nezithethe, kwaye oko kuchaza injongo yesakhiwo esikhulu kangaka, ubungqina bufunyenwe ukuba umqolomba wawusetyenziselwa ukwenza izithethe namasiko. zembiwa ngabantu.
Nangona itonela luphawu olufana kakhulu namangcwaba angaphantsi komhlaba afumaneka eNtshona kwaye ukufikelela kunomgama weemitha ezi-6,5 kwaye umngxuma uqhubeka ude ufikelele malunga neemitha ezingama-97, apho uhambelana nombindi wesakhiwo, kukho indawo enkulu. igumbi elineentsimbi ezine ezinokuba lingcwaba lasebukhosini.
Iphiramidi yeNyanga: Sesinye sezona zakhiwo zindala kwesi sixeko kunye nomfanekiso wenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan Ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, iPiramidi yeNyanga yaziwa ngokuba yiMeztli Itzá Cual, igama elithi uManuel Orozco y Berra aliqokelele emsebenzini wakhe, nangona imilo yalo ekugqibeleni yafunyanwa emva kwezigaba ezisixhenxe zokwakha, kukho into ebizwa ngokuba yi-hypothesis yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba yokuba iTeotihuacán yayisisixeko saseToltec.
Ineplani yesikwere esilinganisa i-45 yeemitha kwicala ngalinye. Incinci kunePyramid yeLanga, kodwa iiphiramidi ezimbini zinobude obufanayo njengoko yakhiwa kwindawo ephezulu, kodwa inobude obuziimitha ezingama-45 kuphela, ecaleni kwale phiramidi kukho isithixokazi sezolimo esicaciswe ngabaphandi ukuba. ivela kwixesha leToltec yamandulo.
Iphiramidi yeNyanga isondele kakhulu kwipiramidi yeLanga kwaye ngasenyakatho yidolophu yaseTeotihuacán kwaye ukusuka ethafeni iqala indlela eyaziwa ngokuba yiVía okanye indlela yabafileyo.
Iphiramidi Yenyoka Eneentsiba: Sisakhiwo sesithathu esibekwe kwisixeko sakudala saseTeotihuacán kunye nomqondiso omkhulu wenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan, isakhiwo sakhiwe ngemizimba esixhenxe okanye itafile ye-talud, kwaye ihonjiswe ngemifanekiso eqingqiweyo emininzi emele iNyoka enentsiba, enye yezona zindala kunye nezona zinkulu. oothixo bamandulo ebalulekileyo yenkcubeko Teotihuacan.
Isakhiwo safunyanwa kwi-1918, ngexesha lokumba izinto zakudala ezenziwe nguManuel Gamio, lihlanganiswe kwiqonga eliqhotyoshelweyo. Ngokwezifundo, yakhiwe phakathi kwe-700 kunye ne-750 AD kwisigaba seMetepec. Kodwa imifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyayisemacaleni etempile yatshabalalisa ngabom yaye ingaphambili lavalwa ngesakhiwo esitsha esasivumela ukulondolozwa kwesakhiwo.
Xa kwakunokwenzeka ukuba bangene etempileni ukuze baqhube izifundo ezifanelekileyo, abantu abangaphezu kwamakhulu amabini bafunyanwa ababewubingelele kwaye kukho amangcwaba amabini awayephangiwe ngexesha langaphambi kweSpanishi, oko kukuthi, xa kwafika iSpanishi.
Emva kokwenza izifundo ezininzi kwisakhiwo, iingcali zafumanisa ukuba iphiramidi yenyoka eneentsiba ngumfanekiso weTonacatepetl, intaba engcwele ekuthethwa ngayo kwintsomi yaseMesoamerican apho iziko lendalo lenziwe kunye nokugcinwa kwezilwanyana kwabonelelwa. . .
Ngo-2010, ngoNovemba, abaphandi abavela kwiZiko leSizwe le-Anthropology kunye neMbali babeka irobhothi ebizwa ngokuba yiTlaloque I kwaye iyilwe yiNational Polytechnic Institute, ukukhangela itonela eliziimitha ezisibhozo ubunzulu kunye nekhulu leemitha ubunzulu. bafika kanye ezantsi kwetempile.
Xa besebenzisa i-georadar, iingcali zagqiba kwelokuba itonela ikhokelela kumagumbi amathathu, kwaye kucingelwa ukuba iintsalela zamanani abaluleke kakhulu enkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan zifunyenwe. Ngokutsho komembi wezinto zakudala uVerónica Ortega, wade wathetha oku kulandelayo:
Ibhotwe laseQuetzalpapalotl: Liguqulelwe kwiSpanish lithetha iButterfly-quetzal, ifeather butterfly, ibhabhathane elixabisekileyo.Sisakhiwo esakhelwe abantu abanezikhundla eziphezulu kwinkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan.Ngokwabembi bezinto zakudala, yayilikhaya labefundisi baseTeotihuacan.Ifumaneka kwikona ekumzantsi-ntshona wesixeko, apho i-Plaza de la Luna ikhona, ukuze ungene kwibhotwe laseQuetzalpapálotl kufuneka unyuke izitebhisi ezigadwe zijaguar.
Kwiqonga apho kwakhiwa khona isakhiwo, unokufikelela kwibala eliphakathi kwebhotwe, apho lijikelezwe ngamaplanga amaninzi afaka iingcango zokungena kumagumbi angaphakathi ebhotwe, iintsika zebhotwe ziqingqwe ngemifanekiso eyahlukeneyo yamabhabhathane. Iquetzal, eli bhotwe libalulekileyo lakhiwa malunga nonyaka wama-450 nowama-500 emva kukaKristu.
Ngexesha apho ibhotwe laseQuetzalpapálotl lalisebenza, iikholomu kunye ne-reliefs yayiyi-polychrome, iindonga kunye neendonga zazihonjiswe ngezinto ezihambelana nenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan kwaye inobuThixo ngamanzi, kukho isakhiwo sebhotwe ehlotshiswe ngayo. imizobo eyahlukeneyo yeejaguar ezinxibe iiplume kunye neentsiba zequetzal.
Indlu: kwiindawo zokuhlala kwisixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán, nangona kungekho zifundo malunga noyilo lwezindlu ekubeni yonke into yayisekelwe kwisixeko, kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuba isixeko sasihlala ngamaqela ahlukeneyo ababingeleli, amagcisa, ababumbi kunye nababumbi. abasebenzi abo Bakha isixeko saseTeotihuacán.
Indlu eyenziwe ngabantu baseTeotihuacán yayiyi-orthogonal, kwaye ezininzi zezindlu zenziwe ngepatio ephakathi kwaye zinamagumbi amaninzi kwinqanaba elilinganayo ngokubhekiselele kuyo, kuba yayinomsebenzi wokukhanyisa kunye nokufaka umoya wendlu kwaye kwakhona. ukuqokelela umsele wokuwukhupha ngenkqubo ekhoyo yokukhupha amanzi ezidolophini.
Umzobo oseludongeni: kwinkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan imelwe njengenye yezixeko zangaphambi kwe-Hispanic ezigcina umzobo wezodongeni, kukho imizekelo emininzi enokufumaneka njengeTepantitla, iTetitla, i-Atetelco, iLa Ventilla okanye kwiMyuziyam ye-murals yangaphambi kwe-Hispanic.
Ilivo: Intsomi kwinkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan ithatha ixabiso elibaluleke kakhulu kuba zazisekwe kwezi ntsomi ukudala amabali abo ekudalweni kwezulu nomhlaba, kuba ineepiramidi ezimbini ezinikezela kuzo iiphiramidi ezimbini ezinomfanekiso. kwaye enye yezona ntsomi zixhaphakileyo zenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan yile ilandelayo:
“Ngaphambi kokuba kubekho imini, oothixo badibana eTeotihuacán baza bathi, Ngubani na oya kukhanyisa ihlabathi? Uthixo osisityebi (Tecuzitecatl), wathi ndithatha uxanduva lokukhanyisa ihlabathi. Ngubani oya kuba ngomnye?, yaye njengoko kungekho bani uphendulayo, bayalela omnye uthixo owayelihlwempu nobuboso (Nanahuatzin).
Emva kokumiselwa, aba babini baqalisa ukwenza izono nokuthandaza. Uthixo osisityebi wanikela ngeentsiba ezixabisekileyo zentaka ebizwa ngokuba yiquetzal, iibhola zegolide, amatye anqabileyo, ikorale nesiqhumiso secopal.
I<em>buboso (eyayibizwa ngokuba nguNanauatzin), yanikela ngeentonga eziluhlaza, iibhola zefula, i<em>maguey spines ezaliswe ligazi layo, yaye endaweni yecopal, yanikela ngokhoko oluphuma kwii<em>bubas zayo. Ezinzulwini zobusuku yaphela isohlwayo zaza zaqalisa iinkonzo.
Oothixo banika uthixo osisityebi iintsiba ezintle nebhatyi yelinen, waza uthixo olihlwempu weba iphepha. Emva koko babasa umlilo baza bathi uthixo osisityebi makangene. Woyika ke, warhoxa. Waphinda wazama waphinda wabuyela umva, kanje ukuya kutsho kane.
Emva koko yayilithuba likaNanauatzin owavala amehlo akhe waza wangena emlilweni watshisa. Xa isityebi sambona, samxelisa. Emva koko kwangena ukhozi, nalo lwatshiswa (yiyo loo nto ukhozi lunentsiba ezimnyama, ezimnyama kakhulu okanye negrestina, ezimnyama); kwabe kungena ingwe yaculwa yachachamba imnyama namhlophe.
Oothixo ke bahlala phantsi ukuze balinde ukuba yeyiphi na indawo eyayiza kuphuma kuyo uNanauatzin; bajonga ngasempumalanga balibona ukuphuma kwelanga libomvu kakhulu; abakhange bakwazi ukumjonga wadubula imibane yonke indawo. Bajonga emva eMpuma bayibona iNyanga iphuma. Ekuqaleni aba thixo babini babekhazimla ngokulinganayo, kodwa omnye wabo babelapho waphosa umvundla ebusweni bothixo osisityebi waza ngaloo ndlela walinciphisa elitha.
Bonke bema ngxi emhlabeni; emva koko bagqiba kwelokuba bafe ukuze baphile iLanga neNyanga. YayinguMoya owaba noxanduva lokuwabulala emva koko kwaqalisa ukuvuthuza noKuhamba koMoya, kuqala iLanga neNyanga kamva. Yiyo loo nto iLanga liphuma emini kwaye iNyanga iphuma kamva, ebusuku.
Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku malunga nenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan ibalulekile, ndikumema ukuba undwendwele la makhonkco alandelayo: