Abemi bommandla wekhofi baneengcambu zabo kwisazisi sePaisa. Babalasele kububele babo, ukukhuthala kwabo, umoya wabo wokurhweba kunye nomnqweno wabo wokuzonwabisa. Amasiko ayo, i-gastronomy yayo, indlela yayo yokunxibelelana kunye nembali yayo yenza ukuba paisa inkcubeko enye yezona zityebi eColombia.
paisa inkcubeko
E-Colombia, umntu ozalelwe kumntla-ntshona welizwe, ngokukodwa kumasebe ase-Antioquia, eCaldas, eRisaralda naseQuindío, eyaziwa ngokuba yiPaisa. Ukongezelela, imimandla ethile yesebe laseValle del Cauca (ngasentla) kunye neSebe laseTolima (entshonalanga) zichongwa ngenkcubeko yePaisa. Izixeko eziphambili kwingingqi yasePaisa yiMedellin, Pereira, Manizales kunye neArmenia.
Unyango
I-Paisa yi-apocope ye "countryman" esetyenziswa kwiindawo ezininzi zaseMelika, eColombia ichaza iqela elichazwe ngokwenkcubeko kunye neelwimi, eyaziwa ngokuba yi "mountaineer" okanye "antioqueño", ngokubhekiselele kwi-Antioquia yamandulo, eyayiquka namanye amaphondo. de Paisa, eyayiyiqumrhu elilodwa lolawulo kwaze kwaba yilapho kudalwa i-State of Caldas kwi-1905). Ngokolwimi, ibhekisa kwi-intonation (isivakalisi) esiqhelekileyo samasebe e-Antioquia, Caldas, Quindío, Risaralda, emantla nasempuma yeNtlambo, nakumantla-ntshona eTolima.
Imfuza
Ngokwemigaqo yofuzo, iPaisas ngabantu ababodwa. Uhlalutyo lwe-DNA lubonisa ukuba inani lokuqala le-paisa laveliswa ikakhulu ngumxube wamadoda asuka kwi-Peninsula yase-Iberia kunye nabasetyhini base-Amerindian, emva koko ngexesha lokufuduka okuqhubekayo ukusuka kwi-peninsula yadibana nabantu abasele bemisiwe, benyusa icandelo laseYurophu, oku kubangele ukuba Inani labemi bepaisa langoku linemvelaphi yaseYurophu.
Abantu baseSpain abavela e-Extremadura bangookhokho abakhulu bePaisas, njengerhuluneli yokuqala yommandla kwikoloni yaseGaspar de Rodas. Iidolophu ezininzi, izixeko, neendawo ezikummandla wasePaisa zithiywe ngeedolophu, izixeko, iindawo, okanye abalinganiswa, umzekelo: iMedellín yeMedellín de Badajoz; Cáceres kwiphondo laseCáceres; IValdivia yokoyisa uPedro de Valdivia.
Historia
Ngonyaka we-1537 umoyisi uFrancisco Cesar wakhokela uhambo olusuka eUrabá ukuya kumlambo iCauca eDabeiba, ekhatywa ngamajoni phantsi komyalelo wenkosi uNutibara. Ngowe-1540 uMarshal Jorge Robledo waseka isixeko saseCartago. Lo mmandla wawubekwe wodwa kulo lonke ikholoni kuba, ngaphandle kwento yokuba iintaba zase-Antioquia zazinomtsalane kwimigodi yegolide kunye nokufuya iinkomo, zazingekuko ukudalwa kwamaziko amakhulu abantu anje ngeCartagena de Indias okanye iSanta Fe de Bogotá. .
Oku kuzihlukanisa kuyo yonke ikoloni sesona sizathu siphambili sesazisi senkcubeko ye-paisas ngaphakathi kwimeko yesizwe saseColombia. Ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX ukuya ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, iintsapho ezininzi zasePaisa zafudukela emazantsi ommandla we-Antioquia kwindawo ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yibhanti yekofu yaseColombia.
Oku kufuduka kwangaphakathi kwaziwa kwimbali yaseColombia njenge "Colonization of Antioquia". Ngeli xesha, uninzi lwezixeko kunye needolophu ezikuloo ndawo zasekwa, ezinje ngeCaldas, iRisaralda, iQuindío kunye nezinye iidolophu ezikumantla eValle del Cauca nakwintshona yeTolima.
Ngomhla wesi-1616 kuMatshi, ngo-XNUMX, undwendwe uFrancisco de Herrera Campuzano waseka idolophu yaseVilla de San Lorenzo del Poblado eValle de Aburrá, eyakuthi kamva ibizwe ngokuba yiVilla de Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria de Medellín, kamva yathatha igama elichanekileyo leMedellin. .
IMedellín yamiselwa njengekomkhulu lephondo laseAntioquia ngowe-1826. Ngowe-1849, kufuphi neNevado del Ruiz, kwasekwa iManizales. Ngo-1856 ilizwe lase-Antioquia ladalwa lavelisa ezinye iimfazwe zamakhaya phakathi kwenkululeko kunye nama-conservatives. Ngowe-1863 kwasekwa isixeko sasePereira. Kwi-1886, kunye noMgaqo-siseko wezoPolitiko ophakathi, iSebe lase-Antioquia ladalwa.
Ngowe-1889 kwasekwa iArmenia. Kwi-1905, phantsi korhulumente kaGeneral Rafael Reyes, iSebe laseCaldas ladalwa kunye nenxalenye esemazantsi yeSebe le-Antioquia. Kwi-1966, iSebe laseCaldas lahlulwa libe ngamacandelo amathathu: iCaldas, iQuindío kunye neRisaralda.
ITerritorio
Akukho candelo lolawulo apho "ingingqi ye-paisa" ikhona, kodwa endaweni yoko liziko apho inkcubeko ye-paisa ikhona, nangona kunjalo kuyenzeka ukuseka iindawo ezithile njengendawo yendalo yabantu be-paisa:
Isebe lase-Antioquia elinendawo yeekhilomitha ezingama-63.612 kunye nabemi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezithandathu, ngokwezibalo ze-2005, nangona kunjalo, ayinakuqwalaselwa ukuba yonke imimandla yayo ibandakanyiwe kwinkcubeko yasePaisa. I-subregion kwiSebe le-Antioquia Urabá kunye nomntla wesebe idityaniswe ngakumbi kwingingqi yeCaribbean yelizwe.
I-Paisas ifumaneka, ngaphakathi kweSebe lase-Antioquia, ngokukodwa kwindawo yeentaba, embindini nasezantsi, kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi "Montaña Antioqueña". Ikomkhulu yiMedellin, ebizwa ngokuba sisiXeko seNtwasahlobo kanaphakade kwaye ithathwa njengeziko lesibini ledolophu kunye nelemizi-mveliso laseColombia. KwiMetropolitan Area yaseMedellín kukho ezinye izixeko ezibaluleke kakhulu njengeRionegro, La Ceja, Santafé de Antioquia, Puerto Berrío, Yarumal nezinye. Umzantsi-ntshona weSebe lase-Antioquia yinxalenye yoMmandla weKofu waseColombia.
Isebe laseCaldas lasekwa ngo-1905 kunye nommandla oziikhilomitha ezingama-7.888 kunye nabemi abangaphezu kwamakhulu alithoba amawaka, ngokwezibalo zamawaka amabini anesihlanu, ikomkhulu layo, iManizales, yasekwa yi-Antioquians ngo-1849 kwaye. ibizwa ngokuba sisiXeko samacango avulekileyo.
Ngomnyaka we-1966, iSebe laseRisaralda lasekwa kummandla weCaldas kunye nommandla we-4.140 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha kunye nabemi abangaphezu kwamakhulu asibhozo amawaka abahlali, ngokwezibalo zendawo yekofu yonyaka wamawaka amabini. ezintlanu, yayo Ikomkhulu yiPereira, eyasekwa ngo 1863 kwaye yaziwa ngokuba La querendon, ebusuku isikhova kunye Morena.
Isebe lincinci eColombia liSebe laseQuindío elineekhilomitha ezili-1.845 zeekhilomitha, lasekwa ngo-1966 kunye nesixeko saseArmenia, iLa Ciudad Milagro, njengenkunzi, ngokobalo lwabantu ngokubanzi lwe-2005 inabemi abangaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu amawaka. abahlali.
Izixeko zeSebe laseTolima ezikwinkcubeko yePaisa zisentshona yesebe kunye neRoncesvalles (eyasungulwa yi-Antioquians kwi-1905); Herveo (eyasungulwa ngo-1860); ILebhanon (yasekwa ngowe-1849); iCasabianca (eyasekwa ngowe-1886); UMurillo (owasekwa ngowe-1871); Armero (eyasungulwa ngo-1895) kunye neVillahermosa (eyasungulwa ngo-1887).
Iidolophu kunye nezixeko ezisenyakatho yeSebe laseValle del Cauca nazo zinemvelaphi yazo kwinkcubeko yasePaisa: iSeville (eyasungulwa yi-Antioquians kwi-1903); IAlcalá (eyasekwa ngowe-1819); iAlgeria (eyasekwa ngowe-1904, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-“Medellincito”); Bolivar (eyasungulwa ngo-1884); ICalcedonia (eyasungulwa ngo-1910) iCartago (eyasungulwa ngo-1540), i-El Águila (eyasungulwa ngo-1905); Umanyano (owasekwa ngowe-1890); IVersalles (eyasungulwa ngowe-1894) neTrujillo (eyasekwa ngowe-1922).
Ulwimi lwengingqi
I-Castilian ethethwa yi-paisas yaziwa ngokuba yi-Antioquian Spanish kwaye iyimpawu ngaphakathi kwe-Colombia, iyakhawuleza kwaye ngaxeshanye ithambile, kunye ne-Colombian ezininzi kunye neengingqi zayo ezingaziwa ngamanye amaxesha kwezinye iingingqi zelizwe.
Olunye lweempawu ezibalaseleyo zokusetyenziswa kweCastilian yinkcubeko yePaisa yivoseo kwintetho yencoko. I-Paisa isebenzisa i-vos endaweni ye-tu, i-tú isetyenziswe kunxibelelwano olusemthethweni, nangona iqhelekile ukuyisebenzisa phakathi kosapho kunye nabahlobo. Nangona kunjalo, i-vos ithintelwe kusetyenziso lwe-colloquial kwaye ayifane isetyenziswe kumaxwebhu asemthethweni okanye kumaphephandaba njengoko kwenzeka kwezinye iingingqi apho i-voseo isetyenziswa khona.
Ababhali abaliqela basebenzisa i veseo kwiincwadi zabo ukomeleza igama labo njengoPaisas, phakathi kwabanye uTomás Carrasquilla, uFernando González, uOchoa Manuel Mejía Vallejo, uFernando Vallejo kunye noGonzalo Arango.
Njengoninzi lweelwimi zezizwana zaseMelika kwisiCastilian, iipaisas azihlukanisi isandi se "s" ukusuka ku "z" okanye "c" ethambileyo. Kwingingqi yePaisa kukho ukubiza kakhulu kweleta "s", ichazwa njenge-apicoalveolar "s̺", isandi esiguqukayo phakathi kwe "s" kunye ne "f", efana nesandi esithi "sh" njengasembindini kwaye kumantla eSpeyin nakumazantsi kuMbindi Merika. I'apicoalveolar' yaphenjelelwa ziiBasques, Catalans kunye ne-Extremadurans, kwaye i-seseo yaphenjelelwa ngama-Andalusi kunye namaCanarians.
IGastronomy
I-Paisa cuisine ichatshazelwa kakhulu yimeko yendawo yasemaphandleni. Ibonakala ngobuninzi bayo beengqolowa, irayisi, ingqolowa, ingulube, inyama yenkomo, iziqhamo zengingqi, iitapile kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemifuno.
I-Paisa Tray sisitya esimele kakhulu kulo mmandla kwaye ithandwa kakhulu kwiindawo zokutyela zaseColombia eMzantsi Melika, eYurophu nase-United States. Ngokuqhelekileyo yenziwe nge-carne asada okanye inyama yenkomo, i-ngulube yengulube, irayisi, iimbotyi zezintso, i-avocado, i-plantain ethosiweyo, iqanda elithosiweyo, i-corn corn arepa, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha i-chorizo.
I-Sopa de mondongo yisuphu eyenziwe nge-cubed tripe (isisu senkomo okanye sehagu) efakwe kwimifuno efana nentsimbi yepepile, itswele, iminqathe, ikhaphetshu, iseleri, itumato, i-cilantro, igalikhi, kunye nemifuno yeengcambu.
I-Antioquia empanadas zilungiswa kunye nencasa, i-seasoning kunye nezithako eziqhelekileyo zokusetyenziswa e-Antioquia. Ibonakaliswa yintlama encinci kakhulu kwaye izaliswe kakuhle kakhulu. Ukuzaliswa okuqhelekileyo yinyama, okokuqala, kunye namazambane.
I-Mazamorra e-Antioquia ihlala ihamba ne-panela kwaye sisidlo esisecaleni esithandwa kakhulu kwizidlo ezifana ne-paisa tray. Isiselo sidla ngokuquka iinkozo zombona, ezicolwe ngodaka, zaza zafakwa emanzini, ekugqibeleni zivuthwe de zithambe. I-Mazamorra ixhaphake kakhulu kwisidlo sasemini kunye nesidlo sakusihlwa nangaliphi na ixesha lonyaka. I-Mazamorra kukutya okuqhelekileyo kwaseColombia okwenziwa njengesitya esisecaleni okanye njengesitya esikhulu, esiqhelekileyo okanye esingaqhelekanga.
Ezinye izitya kunye neziselo eziqhelekileyo ziimbotyi zaseAntioquian, iimbotyi ezinempuphu, iAntioquian sancocho, iAntioquian black pudding, isoseji yaseAntioquian, inyama eyojiweyo ngamalahle okanye eyojiweyo, iPosta okanye inkwenkwe ebilayo okanye «sudao», Hogao, Calentao paisa, Arepa paisa okanye Arepa de Tela, Pelao corn, shredded, isiteketiso, muleteer, chocolo kunye itshizi Antioquian, Peto, Antioquian sisi, Antioquian, Ilentile, Antioquian tamale, Antioquian empanadas, Arequipe paisa nge brevas, Marialuisa kunye confectionery, Piononos, Panderos, Pandeyuscas Parvande chocolate Parvande chocolate Parvande, Parvandequescas kunye Parvande chocolate Parvande. , Custard.
umculo
Iindidi zomculo ezahlukeneyo ziyalinywa kwingingqi yePaisa, kubandakanywa neentlobo zemveli, zale mihla kunye nezisuka kwamanye amazwe okanye kwamanye amazwe. Izixhobo ezikhethwayo zokutolikwa kwezitayile zomculo ezahlukeneyo, ngakumbi eso sisiqhelo, sisihloko kunye nesiginkci.
I-El Pasillo luhlobo lomculo wesintu kunye nomdaniso wemveli yaseColombia, yayidume kakhulu kwimimandla eyayisenza iViceroyalty yeNew Granada ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Yazalelwa eColombia kwaye yasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kulo lonke ummandla, ngakumbi i-Ecuador (apho ithathwa njengesimbo somculo wesizwe) kwaye, kancinci, kwimimandla yeentaba yaseVenezuela nasePanama. Abantu baseVenezuela babhekisela kolu hlobo lomculo njenge "valse".
Ngaphakathi kwenkcubeko yePaisa iye yagxininiswa kakhulu ukuba uMnyhadala weHolo yeSizwe uhlelwe minyaka le kumasipala waseAguadas kwisebe laseCaldas. UCarlos Vieco Ortiz ngomnye wabaqambi bePaisa abaneempawu ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amabini anamashumi asixhenxe eepaseji eziqulunqiweyo, kuquka iipaseji zeqela lakhe kunye neepaseji zakhe ezicothayo, enye yezona ndawo zidumileyo yipaseji ethi “Towards Calvary”.
Umculo wemoto sisitayile somculo odumileyo waseColombia werumba kunye netheko elaqala kwingingqi yaseAntioquia, ikwabizwa ngokuba ngumculo wecantina okanye umculo weguascarrilera okanye ngokulula iguasca. Abalimi bommandla bamamele iintlobo ezininzi zomculo ezahlukeneyo ezivela eMexico, e-Ecuador, ePeru naseArgentina ezifana ne-rancheras yaseMexico, i-corridos kunye ne-huapangos, i-tangos, i-waltzes, i-tonadas, i-zambas kunye neepaseji zase-Argentina, kunye neepaseji zase-Ecuador nasePeruvia kunye ne-boleros.
Aba balimi be-paisa, ngeminyaka yoo-XNUMX kunye no-XNUMX, bagqiba ekubeni batolike zonke ezi ntlobo ngesitayela sabo, bevelisa umculo we-guasca, wabalimi kunye nowasezintabeni owavela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba njengomculo wendlela.
I-Paisa trova okanye i-copla isimbo somculo esaveliswa kwiSebe lase-Antioquia, kwaye iqulethe iimvumi ezimbini ezikhuphisanayo kunye neendinyana eziculwa kunye nezicengcelezo. I-Paisa trova ilula ngokomculo kunye nesingqisho sokubini okanye se-ternary apho okubaluleke ngokwenene kukuphucula oko kuthethwa kunye nobuchule be-counterpointing troubadours. Ngokuvumelana ngokubanzi, uSalvo Ruiz kunye noÑito Restrepo de Concordia bajongwa njengabadali bePaisa trova.
I-tango evela eArgentina nase-Uruguay yaduma kakhulu kwinkcubeko yePaisa yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. UCarlos Gardel, othathwa njengenkosi ye-tango, wasweleka kwingozi yenqwelomoya kwikomkhulu lengingqi yasePaisa, eMedellín, ngonyaka wamashumi amathathu anesine. Kwindawo yaseManrique yaseMedellín yi "Tangovia" apho kukho isikhumbuzo sokuhlonipha uCarlos Gardel kunye noMnyhadala weTango ubanjelwa khona.
Umboniso weentyatyambo
Rhoqo ngonyaka umboniso weentyatyambo ubanjelwa kwisixeko saseMedellin, eyona mbhiyozo ibalulekileyo yeso sixeko, kwaye iluphawu olumele inkcubeko yePaisa. Kwimeko yolonwabo eqhelekileyo yecarnival, kuboniswa iintlobo ngeentlobo zemisitho engahambelaniyo neentyatyambo, kubandakanya ukhuphiswano, iiparadi zeemoto, iPaso Fino parade kunye neekonsathi ezingenakubalwa.
I-Flower Fair yokuqala yaququzelelwa ngu-Arturo Uribe Arango, ilungu leBhodi ye-Ofisi yoPhuhliso lwaseMedellín kunye noKhenketho ngoMeyi XNUMX, XNUMX, ukubhiyozela usuku lweNtombi Enyulu uMariya. Lo mnyhadala uthabathe iintsuku ezintlanu kunye nomboniso weentyatyambo oboniswe kwiCathedral yeMetropolitan, owawuququzelelwe yiMedellín Gardening Club kunye neMonsignor Tulio Botero.
Ukusukela kunyaka weshumi elinesithoba elinamashumi amathandathu anesibhozo, ihlobo latshintshwa laba yinyanga ka-Agasti ukubhiyozela ukuzimela kwesebe lase-Antioquia kunye nokuphakamisa nokuqhubela phambili amaxabiso enkcubeko yePaisa. Umboniso weentyatyambo ngumfuziselo wokubhiyoza okuchulumancisayo kwamasiko nohlanga nobomi bommandla uphela.
Lo mnyhadala ubonisa amakhulukhulu eziganeko ezigcwele umbala kwaye zigqunywe sisiqhumiso esivezwa yintyatyambo yengingqi, kubandakanywa imisebenzi efana neMules kunye neFondas, iSilleteros Parade kunye ne "Cavalcade" kunye nezigaba zomculo kuzo zonke iingingqi zesixeko.
Esinye seziganeko zeMedellin Flower Fair yiParade yeSilleteros. I-silleteros okwangoku ihlela iisali zabo zibe ziindidi ezine: Iisali zemifuziselo ezinomyalezo wokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha okuhle ngokusetyenziswa kweempawu zelizwe okanye inkolo okanye imbeko yomlinganiswa obalaseleyo.
I-Monumental Silleta yeyona inkulu, imalunga neemitha ezimbini ukuya kwezimbini, inombala omninzi kunye nokubonakala okukhulu, uyilo luphefumlelwe ngumbhali walo usebenzisa izithupha ezipheleleyo zeentlobo ezine zeentyatyambo ezinesithsaba seentyatyambo embindini ongqongwe yigladioli. kunye nezikhonkwane.
Isali yesiNtu yindlela yokwenza iisali ezisetyenziswa ngabalimi kuhambo lwabo lokuya kwisixeko saseMedellin ukuza neentyatyambo. Ubungakanani bayo bumalunga namashumi alithoba namashumi asibhozo eesentimitha kunye neendidi ezimalunga nekhulu zeentyatyambo zesintu ezisuka kwingingqi.
I-Silleta yorhwebo igunyaziswe liziko lorhwebo elifuna igama layo lidityaniswe njengomxhasi we-Medellin Flower Fair.
Iimpawu zenkcubeko yePaisa
Ubuni benkcubeko yePaisa isekelwe kwimbali yobukholoniyali kunye nesazisi "se-paisa", evelele ngenxa yobubele bayo, ukukhuthala, umoya woshishino kunye nomnqweno wokuzonwabisa. Oku kukhokelele kuphuhliso lommandla apho ukulima ikofu kuyeyona injini yentlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho.
iponcho
I-poncho yinxalenye yempahla eqhelekileyo yabalimi bemimandla ebandayo yesebe lase-Antioquia kunye ne-espadrilles ye-cabuya, i-Aguadeño hat, i-machete, i-Carriel kunye ne-zurriago. Ilizwi phakathi kwabemi bommandla ukuba i-poncho ifanekisela ukwamkelwa kwentsapho yakwaPaisa.
I-Paisa poncho yenziwe ngoboya obusulungekileyo kwaye idla ngokuba nemibala emnyama kwaye enzulu. Mandulo zazihonjiswa ngemigca ebomvu netyheli kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha uyilo lwazo lwenziwe lula. Okwangoku ezona poncho zixhaphakileyo zimnyama, zikwamnyama bhulowu okanye zingwevu zifikelela kumnyama.
Ngokutsho kwe "El testamento del Paisa" ngu-Agustín Jaramillo Londoño, imilinganiselo ye-ponchos kufuneka ibe: «...Lowo umnikazi wayo anayo ukusuka kwiminwe yesandla esinye ukuya kwiminwe yesinye ngeengalo ezivulekileyo». Ezinye iiponcho namhlanje zinekhola, kodwa oku kuvela kumaxesha amva nje.
I-Aguadeño Hat
Isigqoko se-Aguadeño sisiqwenga esenziwe ngesandla esiye saba ngumqondiso wenkcubeko yePaisa kunye nommandla wonke. Umnqwazi we-Aguadeño ulukwe ngesandla kunye nosinga lwesundu sase-Iraca (Carludovica palmata) kumasipala waseAguadas, kwisebe laseCaldas.
Ngaphambili, ezi zigqoko zazinesithsaba esiphezulu, kodwa azenziwanga ngaloo ndlela, ngoko ke le mizekelo ixabiswa kakhulu ngabaqokeleli. Kule mihla zenziwe ngekomityi esezantsi, inomphetho omfutshane okanye unomphetho obanzi kwaye ngokungaguquguqukiyo eyokugqibela imhlophe ngokupheleleyo kwaye ngaphandle kwekomityi ineribhoni emnyama. Umnqwazi we-Aguadeño wokuqala kunye nowokwenyani wenziwe ngefiber ekhutshwe entliziyweni yesundu sase-Iraca kwaye kulapho ubumhlophe beempawu buvela khona.
Imbali ithi ummi wase-Ecuador ogama linguJuan Crisóstomo Flores nguye owazisa lo mnqwazi kulo mmandla ngowe-1860 waza wafundisa abantu indlela yokuwenza. Abavelisi bokuqala babengamadoda onke, kamva abasetyhini babeza kujoyina imveliso yabo.
I-fiber yesundu ye-iraca ixhomekeke kwi-vapors yesulfure, emva kokupheka kunye nomisiwe emthunzini, ukunika umbala omhlophe owubonakalisayo, ngoko ke abachwephesha abanobuchule baya kugqiba umsebenzi ngokunika umnqwazi ukuguquguquka kunye nokuma. Kumasipala waseAguadas, kwiSebe laseCaldas, ishishini lokuvelisa i-iraca hat lifikelele kwi-capital value, de libe likratshi lendawo, njengoko iindinyana zombongo "Aguadas, ngumbongi uAurelio Martínez Mutis.
“Ukuluka iminqwazi, ukuluka iingoma, i-Iraq isebenze amantombazana akho anyanisekileyo, njengabo bahambayo, imihla ngemihla yokuluka. Kwaye abaluki bakho bacula ngenkani ngothando, uvuyo, ukuzola; Izandla ezithobekileyo zabafazi abadaya amalaphu asontiweyo ngesalfure bakwenze ukutshona kwelanga kwakho kwaba tyheli kwaza kwakusasa kwakho kube mhlophe.”
uloliwe
I-carriel okanye i-guarniel luhlobo lwengxowa yesikhumba okanye i-wallet yokusetyenziswa kwamadoda okuqhelekileyo kwinkcubeko yasePaisa yaseColombia ukususela kumaxesha obukoloniyali. Le yingubo esetyenziswa phantse ngokukodwa ngabemi bengingqi yePaisa kwaye iyahlula iinkosi zase-Antioquia. I-carriel yayisetyenziswa kakhulu ngabadlali be-muleteer. Enye yeempawu zayo ezahlukileyo linani elikhulu leepokotho kunye namagumbi anawo, amanye awo anokuba "yimfihlelo".
Xa iSebe lase-Antioquia laliyindawo yezolimo kuphela, i-carriel yayiyingubo yokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi, kodwa njengoko inkqubo ye-urbanization yommandla iqhubela phambili, yayishiywe ukusetyenziswa kwabalimi, nangona kunjalo, isiqwenga sommeli, yaba ngumqondiso. ummandla kunye nayo yonke inkcubeko yePaisa.
Kukho iingcamango ezininzi malunga nemvelaphi yegama elithi carriel okanye i-guarniel, enye yazo ithi isuka kwigama lesiFrentshi elithi Cartier elithetha ibhegi yomzingeli, enye ingqikelelo ibonakalisa ukuvela kwebinzana ngolwimi lwesiNgesi. intsingiselo yokulayisha yonke into. Enye into enokwenzeka kukuba imvelaphi yayo ivela kulwimi lwesiHebhere elithi Carr-I-El, “ukuthwala okanye ukuthwala” okanye iGuarni-El (guarniel), “ukugcina”.
Isigqubuthelo okanye umphambili okanye i-facade ye-carriel yenziwe ngesikhumba sesilwanyana esingahluthwanga, ukuba ibe yi-paisa carriel yokwenyani kufuneka ibe noboya kwaye kufuneka idityaniswe ngokugqibeleleyo, iingxowa ezingenazo iinwele ziyimifuziselo engenanto yengubo ye-paisa yasekuqaleni.
I-Antioquia carriel yasekuqaleni yenziwe nge-otter enkulu okanye isikhumba se-tigrillo, zaye zasetyenziswa, ngakumbi ukwenza ulusu lwengonyama (puma) okanye ingwe (jaguar), kodwa mva nje ngenxa yezizathu zendalo, ukuphepha ukuzingela kunye nokufezekisa ukugcinwa kwendle. iintlobo, i-facades ye-carriel yenziwe nge-calfskin, egcina umboniso wokuqala.
I-carriel inentambo okanye umtya, oza kuxhonywa ukusuka egxalabeni, malunga neesentimitha ezine ububanzi, owenziwe ngesikhumba esincinci kwaye ugqunywe ngesikhumba selungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza. Ezinye iileyili ezintle kakhulu zinemihlobiso eyenziwe ngamacwecwe esinyithi okanye i-eyelets kunye nemizobo eyinkimbinkimbi eyenziwe ngemisonto eluhlaza, etyheli kunye nombala obomvu.
Ekuqaleni iipaisa carrieles zazinamacandelo amabini okanye amathathu kuphela, la asanda ngokuthe ngcembe de aneepokotho ezilishumi elinesibhozo. Iireyili zanamhlanje zineepokotho ezisithoba ezibandakanya ii-crests ezintathu okanye iipokotho ezifihlakeleyo ezifihlwe phakathi kwee-linings.
IMachete
Ucelemba sisixhobo somsebenzi esintlangothi-nye esinokuthi ngamanye amaxesha siphinde sisetyenziswe njengesixhobo esifutshane, imela lifana nemela kodwa linencakuba ende nenzima umlimi adla ngokuyincamathelisa kwinxalenye yasekhohlo yesinqe sakhe. . Isongelwe kwisingxobo sesikhumba esihonjiswe kakhulu, esikholisa ngokuba mdaka ngombala. I-peinilla ifana ne-machete kodwa i-double edge kunye ne-blade encinci.
Ucelemba owawusezandleni zomfama wasePaisa wawungesosixhobo koko wayesiya ngaso entabeni ukuya kumxhwila ngeenzame nokubila umhlaba awayeza kuwulima nalapho wayeza kwakha khona imizana yokuqala eyathi ngokuhamba kweminyaka yaba . izixeko ezikhulu. Ucelemba owawusezandleni zikapaisa wawungesosixhobo sokhubekiso koko wawusisixhobo sokwakha amaphupha enkqubela-phambili yomhlaba ohlumayo.
Ivesi ye "Romance al arriero" nguGuillermo Córdoba Romero: Ifaskoti yeseyile iyavakala / ijinga esinqeni; / isingxobo sekama / ngokuchasene nomlenze ubetha / kwaye, mdaka. Phezu kwamagxa / imeyile isongiwe.
IiMuleteers
Kunokuthiwa i-muleteers yimbonakaliso ye-quintessential yenkcubeko yePaisa. Kunjalo ukubaluleka kwayo ukuba i-muleteer, uJuan Valdez, ube ngumfanekiso weColombia kwihlabathi. Iimeyile ngabona bazinikeleyo ekuqhubeni iimeyile ukuthutha izinto ezithengiswayo, iimpahla, izilwanyana kunye nokutya ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye ngenjongo yokwanelisa iimfuno zezi mveliso kwiidolophu ezincinci. Ngokubanzi, i-muleteers yayingamadoda arhabaxa, engenazo okanye izifundo ezimbalwa kakhulu, enezixhobo ezininzi kwaye ekrelekrele kakhulu.
Ukuze benze umsebenzi wabo, aba bameli kwakufuneka bajamelane neendlela eziyingozi nezingamaqhina, bebandezeleka ngenxa yemozulu embi ekwiintaba eziphakamileyo. Ngenxa yomzamo wabo omkhulu, abakwazanga nje ukuphucula imeko yabo kunye neyentsapho yabo, kodwa nokudibanisa enye yemimandla ekwanti yejografi yaseColombia kunye nelizwe lonke.
I-muleteers baqala kulo msebenzi besebancinci kakhulu, besenza owona mgangatho usezantsi imisebenzi kwaye ngeminyaka yomsebenzi nokuzincama bakwazile ukwakha amandla obuntu kunye nobuntu obuzingisileyo obuya kubanceda ukumelana neemfuno zomsebenzi kwaye ngaloo ndlela banyuke izikhundla. yonke indlela ukuya kwizikhundla zobunkokeli nokuba nezabo izilwanyana.
Iimbaleki zibe negalelo kwinkqubela phambili yezoqoqosho lwalo mmandla, ngokuwunxulumanisa nelizwe liphela, ngokwenza iindlela ezintsha ngeemela eziya kukhokelela kwiindawo ebezingafikeleleki kude kube ngoko, kodwa elona galelo labo kukudala inkcubeko yePaisa, amasiko abo, indlela yokuphila, iindlela zabo zokuthetha kunye nokudala isazisi sePaisa.
I Chapolera
ULa Chapolera ngumhlali waseColombia ongumhlali kwiNgingqi yeKofi kwingingqi yePaisa kwaye ozinikele ekuvuneni ikofu kumasebe eCaldas, eRisaralda, eQuindío, kunye nabanye oomasipala kuMntla weValle del Cauca. I-chapolera yahlulwe ngesinxibo sayo semveli kunye nesiqhelo sommandla kunye nomsebenzi wayo. Igama elithi chapolera balinikwa libhabhathane elaziwa ngegama elithi Chapola elifudukela kwiifama zekofu ngexesha lokuvuna.
Ngokwesithethe, inkosikazi yasePaisa yazinikela kwimisebenzi yasekhaya, kwaye kwaba, kumaxesha amva nje, emva kokoyisa ucalucalulo lwamadoda kwaye wafumana inkululeko yakhe apho abafazi balo mmandla bakwaziyo ukuzinikela ekuvuneni ikofu, umsebenzi owathi. Ngenxa yobume bayo, ineempembelelo zokuhamba phakathi kwemimandla eyahlukeneyo kunye neefama zikhangela apho zibonelela khona ngeenkonzo zazo njengomqokeleli.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, iingubo ze-chapoleras zinesikhafu esinamaqhina entloko kunye nomnqwazi we-palm braid phezulu. I-cotton blouse imhlophe kunye nemikhono emifutshane, ene-neckline ephezulu kunye ne-bolero, ngokuqhelekileyo inemihlobiso equkethe i-embroidery, i-ruches, i-saddlebags kunye neentambo ezahlukeneyo, xa i-blouse igqoke ngemikhono emide le ayinayo nayiphi na imihlobiso, i-lace kuphela kwi-lace. ingqiniba .
Iingubo zide, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-intshi ezisibhozo ngaphezu kwe-ankle, ezenziwe ngekotoni eprintiweyo kabini, ukuprintwa ngokuqhelekileyo kubonisa iintyatyambo kwaye zihlotshiswe nge-lace trims. Kwinxalenye engezantsi unxibe i-boleros enye okanye ezimbini kwaye uhlala enxibe i-petticoats, i-skirt incediswa ngokusetyenziswa kwe-apron yokukhusela. Njengezihlangu ii-chapolera zisebenzisa i-espadrilles. Ngaphantsi kwesikhafu iinwele zifakwe kwi-braids eboshwe ngeerebhoni, kunye neentambo ezide, iicandonga okanye amacici kunye nentyatyambo enkulu kwizinwele.
Ufakela isinxibo sakhe ngebhaskithi ephothiweyo ngerattan ebhityileyo eneendlebe ezimbini ezisetyenziselwa ukudityaniswa esinqeni, le bhasikithi isetyenziselwa ukuqokelela ikofu ngokuthe ngqo kumasebe omthi wekofu ize iyise kwindawo yokugcina.
Njengombulelo kumfazi wasePaisa kwaye encoma amaxabiso oluntu, ezentlalo, ezenkcubeko kunye nosapho awameleyo, minyaka le ngo-Okthobha uLawulo lweLa Chapolera lubanjwa kwimibhiyozo yesikhumbuzo yesixeko saseArmenia.
Iintsomi, iintsomi kunye neenkolelo zenkcubeko yasePaisa
Kwinkcubeko yePaisa kukho iinkolelo ezingapheliyo, ezihluka ukusuka kuluntu ukuya kuluntu, kuba kukho ukuhlukahluka okukhulu; kunjalo, abaninzi kubo zixhaphake kakhulu kulo lonke ummandla Paisa enkulu. Ezinye zezona ziqhelekileyo yijethi yamehlo amabi; i-opals ukususa amakhubalo; uphondo lwe-unicorn, i-fang ye-morrocoy, isikhonkwane serhamncwa elikhulu, i-fang ye-alligator, iliso lenyamazane, isidleke se-macuá, i-congolo kunye ne-covalonga kunye nezinye izinto zomlingo zenhlanhla.
Izihluzi zothando zedolophu yaseRemedios zinodumo olukhulu kwaye ziye zaduma kwiSebe laseAntioquia. Iintsomi ezininzi ezithandwayo, okanye oothixo abakhuselayo beentaba, imilambo, iidolophu kunye namasimi aqhelekileyo abahlali base-Antioquian kunye nenzala ye-Antioquian colonization.
Iintsomi zabantu bentaba ziveliswa ukusuka kubunzima bamahlathi, kwimithombo yemilambo kunye nemilambo, kwimiqolomba kunye neendawo ezizimeleyo zeentaba, uninzi lwezi ntsomi zivela kwixesha lobukoloniyali be-Antioquia kwaye ukuvela kweenkolelo zoluntu lwabaphambukeli.
Phakathi kwezona ntsomi zixhaphakileyo kunye namabali yiMadremonte, eyingcwele yeentaba kunye namahlathi ase-Antioquia nase-Old Caldas; Ngokwenkolelo, ilawula imimoya, iimvula kunye nendalo yonke yezityalo. ULa Patasola, unguthixokazi wobunzima behlathi elinyulu kunye neencopho eziphakamileyo zeentaba, ubonakala engumfazi onomlenze omnye ophela kwimpuphu yenkomo, kodwa unokutshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko.
I-Hojarasquín yamahlathi, ifanekisela amahlathi, avela kwimizobo eyahlukeneyo, ekwazi ukuba ngumntu okanye njengesilwanyana, ehlala egqunywe ngemidiliya kunye neeferns okanye ethatha ukubonakala komntu womthi ekuhambeni. Umama woMlambo yinymph ebonakala kwimilambo, imilambo, amachibi kunye nolwandle kunye nokugxotha abantwana.
Ezinye iintsomi ezikhoyo kwinkcubeko yePaisa zibhekisa kubalinganiswa abaye baduma ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye babonakala njengeziporho emaphandleni nasezidolophini: la Llorona, el Patetarro, María la Larga, la Rodillona, la Colmillona, la. I-Mechuda, i-Lady Green, i-Meneses, i-embers, intombazana evela kwileta, uMaría Inés, uMaría Pimpina, uMareco, i-Guando okanye i-Barbacoa del Muerto, eyaziwayo, amagqwirha, i-goblins, i-Mohán kunye nabanye abaninzi.
Ezinye iziporho zineentlobo zezilwanyana okanye zimela izilwanyana zasentsomini ezifana nezi: inja emnyama, ihagu yehagu iGuaca, iimeyile enemilenze emithathu, ibhabhathane elimnyama nezinye.
Kukho neengcamango ngaphakathi kwenkcubeko yePaisa esekelwe kumanani embali afana neengcamango zeNtloko uNutibara kunye nomntakwabo uQuinunchú; intsomi kaMaría Centeno, umama wemigodi eAntioquia; intsomi yentsapho yakwaCastañeda; UBawo uLópez, umfundisi odumileyo nabanye.
Umama
I-Madremonte ikwabizwa ngokuba yiHoneysuckle, ingumlinganiswa wentsomi yenkcubeko yasePaisa kodwa ikwafumaneka kwimbali yazo zonke iiColombia, ngakumbi eAntioquia, kumbindi nakwintshona yeAndes yaseColombia, kunye neentlambo zaseMagdalena naseCauca. . Inkolelo yakhe ivela kwizithixo zabantu bamandulo bemveli apho wayemele uMama woMhlaba.
Inkcazo enikiweyo ngaye iyaguquguquka kakhulu, njengesidalwa esisifazana esoyikekayo esigutyungelwe ngokupheleleyo ngamasebe e-mossy adityanisiweyo kunye nemidiliya, enamehlo aqaqambileyo, ezinye iinkcazo zithi ungumfazi omhle kakhulu, onobukhazikhazi obuhle kwaye unxibe kakuhle kakhulu. isithsaba esenziwe ngamasebe kunye nezityalo. Ukwachazwa njengexhegokazi elithobileyo, elinamathambo namalungu amade kakhulu enxibe ilokhwe eyenziwe ngamagqabi.
Ngokutsho kwezinye iinguqulelo, ibonakala kwimigxobhozo okanye enzulwini yeentshinyela xa kukho izaqhwithi ezinkulu ize ikhuphe izikhalo ezoyikekayo eziviwa ngaphezu kwengxolo yeendudumo. Ngokwenkolelo yabakhweli beentaba, xa amanzi omlambo okanye omlambo eba namafu, kungenxa yokuba iMadremonte ihlamba kuwo.
ILa Madremonte inomsebenzi wokukhusela amahlathi, ukunyamekela iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana. Ingcungcuthekisa abazingeli, abalobi nabagawuli beenkuni, kuthiwa ikwatshutshisa amadoda angathembekanga, kwanabo baphikisana nemida yezinto. Iphuma kamnandi inyamekela iintaba namahlathi xa litshona ilanga kwaye iingoma zeentaka zasemini azisaviwa. Xa ewothusa umntu ongawuhloniphiyo ummandla ahlala kuwo, uyachwechwela kuye aze amncwase aze amtsalele kwintshinyela yehlathi apho aqwenge khona.
Isimilo sakhe nesinxibo sakhe siyathakatha nabani na obajongileyo aze azilahlele enzulwini yehlathi. Itsala abantu abadala kunye nabantwana. Ukuhlamba emilanjeni kutyhefa amanzi awo yaye kusasaza izifo. Inokugatywa ngokujongana nayo ubuso ngobuso, ngaphandle kokubonisa uloyiko kunye nokuyibetha ngamasebe ecuba.
I-Madremonte inxulunyaniswe nesithixo sikaDabaibe seCatío, Nutabae kunye neChocoe, kwiintaba zengingqi yaseAntioquia, iyafana nePachamama yaseAndes yasePeru naseBolivia, iintsomi zikaMaría Lionza kunye neCapu eVenezuela. , uthixo wasemanzini uYara ovela kummandla weAmazon, noCaa Yurí eBrazil.
Umkrweli wamagqabi weNtaba
I-Hojarasquín del Monte isidalwa se-anthropomorphic ngokubonakala komntu, intloko yomntu kunye ne-guayacán trunk, ehlanganiswe ne-chamizos, i-lichens yasendle kunye ne-ferns. Abanye bathi ibonakala ngathi ngumthi ohambayo. Abanye bathi sisigulo esinentloko ye-esile kunye nomzimba womntu, kukho nabathi yinkawu enkulu, enoboya obukhulu kunye nomzimba ogqunywe ngamagqabi omileyo kunye nobulembu.
I-Hojarasquín del monte ijongene nokunyamekela iintaba, izityalo zazo zasendle kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala kuzo. Ngokunkcenkceza kweenkonjane zomlambo, uye afunde xa umntu oneenjongo zokwenzakalisa indalo esondela, yaye uyazi ukuba makenze ntoni ukuyikhusela. I-Mountain Scratch inokwenza abahambahambayo ehlathini, kodwa xa umntu ohambahambayo eneenjongo ezintle, i-Scratch Leaf imbonisa indlela yokubuya.
Intsapho yaseCastaneda
Kwimibhiyozo yemimandla emininzi yaseColombia kwaye ngokukodwa kummandla wase-Antioquia, kukho isiko elinxulumene neNtsapho yaseCastañeda efuzisela umanyano lwentsapho, ukubuyela kwilizwe apho bazalelwa khona kunye namasiko amaninzi amiliselwe kwisithethe. . Eli qela le-carnival lidityaniswe kakhulu nenkululeko yamakhoboka eyaqala e-Antioquia phakathi kwekhulu leshumi elinesibhozo, apho i-Castañeda Family yayibandakanyeka kakhulu.
USejini uDon Ignacio Castañeda kunye nenkosikazi yakhe uDoña Javiera Londoño ngoncedo lweqela labo lamakhoboka baqala ukuxhaphaza umgodi wabo abawubiza ngokuba yi "Aventaderos de Guarzo" e-El Retiro kwiSebe laseAntioquia. Abayeni bakwaCastañeda nabakwaLondoño babedume ngokuwaphatha kakuhle amakhoboka abo, babewaphatha ngothando nangothando, besoloko beqinisekisa impilo-ntle yawo yasemzimbeni nempatho engenamkhethe.
UDon Ignacio noDoña Javiera beza kwisigqibo, ngokuvumelana, ukunika amakhoboka abo inkululeko, abayishiya ngokubhaliweyo, beyichaza ngokuthanda kwabo. Ekuswelekeni kukaSajini uDon Ignacio Castañeda kwisixeko saseRionegro, umhlolokazi wakhe, uDoña Javiera Londoño de Castañeda, wamkhulula amakhoboka alikhulu elinamashumi amabini anesixhenxe. Lo msitho wenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo kokokuqala usenzeka kulo lonke elaseMelika.
Abantsundu abalikhulu elinamashumi amabini anesixhenxe abakhululwayo bafumana ifani yabanikazi babo bangaphambili, uCastañeda, kwaye ukususela ngaloo mzuzu bazibophelele ekubhiyozeleni umthendeleko weVirgen de los Dolores minyaka le. Ekupheleni konyaka ngamnye abo babesakuba ngamakhoboka beza kubhiyozela inkululeko yabo abayifumeneyo baze bakhumbule ngovuyo usuku lwabo “loMhlala-phantsi” wabo ebukhobokeni nokwamkelwa njengamadoda akhululekileyo okwesihlandlo sokuqala.
Abantsundu abakhululekileyo bafika bevela kwezona ndawo zikude kwijografi yommandla kwaye benza iCastañeda Family. Ngothando, ikratshi kunye nombulelo, baxelela ngomlomo into eyayisele iyintsomi, ibali likaDoña Javiera Londoño de Castañeda, owokuqala ukunika inkululeko kumakhoboka kuyo yonke imbali yaseMelika.
Le ntlanganiso yamakhoboka afikelela enkululekweni yawo yosapho lwakwaCastañeda e-El Retiro yiyo eyavelisa iFiesta de los Negritos, ethi njengesithethe ibhiyozelwa rhoqo ngoDisemba nangoJanuwari.
I Patasola
Ngokwenkolelo yenkcubeko yePaisa eqhelekileyo yabalimi be-Antioquia colonization kwintshona yeColombia. Sisidalwa esoyikekayo, esinedemon nesoyikeka esibonakala kwezona mbombo zixananazileyo zamahlathi, kwihlathi lentombi enyulu nakwiintaba zeentaba zommandla obizwa ngokuba yiAntioquia Grande.
I-Patasola yinto yamahlathi abonakala enomlenze omnye ophela kwinkomo yenkomo okanye kwinqila yebhere eshiya umzila obekwe phezulu ophazamisayo kwaye uphazamise izilwanyana ezitshutshiswayo. Ngomlenze wayo kuphela ihamba ngokukhawuleza. Kulo mzimba unipedal, amathanga amabini ahlangene abe ngumlenze omnye. Ngumbono ombi, onoburhalarhume obufana nobo bomsindo wentsomi yaseYurophu. Ungumhlobo wezilwanyana zasendle azikhuselayo kubazingeli nakuye nabani na ofuna ukubenzakalisa.
Banga uloyiko phakathi kwabagawuli, abahambahambayo, abasebenzi basezimayini kunye nabahlali. I-patasol inokutshintsha ukubonakala kwayo ngokweemeko. Ngamanye amaxesha uthatha inkangeleko yowesifazane onebele elinye kuphela esifubeni sakhe, amehlo aqhumayo, umlomo omkhulu, amazinyo abukhali, impumlo eboshiweyo, iinwele eziphothiweyo, imilebe egcweleyo kunye nenyama, iingalo ezinde kwaye zihlala zinomlenze omnye.
Ngamanye amaxesha uguqula abe ngumfazi omhle kwaye onomtsalane okhohlisayo abangalumkanga, ubamema ukuba bamlandele kwaye ubakhokelela kwiintshinyela kwaye uyabaphazamisa. Ngelo xesha, uyaphela yintsini kwaye wathatha inkangeleko yakhe yokuqala. Amanye amangqina athi ayivile iPatasola ngesikhalo esoyikekayo esifana nesomfazi olahlekileyo ze athi akumfumana ajike abe lirhamncwa elizibizela kuye.