Iinkcubeko zomthonyama zaseMelika ziye zashiyelwa izizukulwana ezilandelayo amasiko amahle kunye namasiko, afanele ukukhunjulwa kwaye agcinwe ixesha elide. Injalo imeko yeminyaka eliwaka Inkcubeko ye-Otomi, evela kumazwe aseMexico kwaye kweli nqaku siza kuchaza ngokweenkcukacha. Ungayeki ukuyifunda!
Inkcubeko ye-Otomi
Le nkcubeko yamandulo yemimandla ephakathi yaseMexico igcina izithethe kunye nezithethe zayo ziphila kuzo zonke iindleko, zikhangele iindlela zokuzigcina ixesha elide. Eyaziwa ngokuba yi-gastronomy kunye noonodoli babo abahle abenziwe ngesandla phakathi kwezinye izinto, bafanelwe umdla wehlabathi lonke.
Kodwa ngoobani iOtomi? Sazi njengo-Otomí uluntu lwakudala oluhlala lubizwa ngokuba yi-ñähñu okanye "abo bathetha otomi” nabaye bahlala kumazwe akumbindi weMexico kangangeminyaka emininzi.
Noko ke, imvelaphi yegama layo ikwanxulunyaniswa negama lesiNahuatl otocac, eguqulela kulwimi lwethu njenge ohambayo kunye ne-mitl, utolo. Ingakumbi inxulumene nobuchule ababenabo amalungu ezi dolophu ekuzingeleni yaye ngokukodwa kuba kwakubandakanya ukuhamba imigama emide ngezaphetha neentolo ukuze bafumane amaxhoba.
Noko ke, kwafunyaniswa ukuba igama elithi otomitl lalisetyenziswa ngokulandelelana kwawo ngama-Aztec ngendlela ekhubekisayo nebonisa indelelo, kuba oko kubonakala kungcolile, kuphazamisekile yaye okonqena. Eli gama lisuka kwisiNahuatl, ekuqaleni elalibhalwe ngokuthi otomitl (isinye) kunye ne<em>otomí (isininzi), kulwimi lwethu zahlulwa njenge<em>otomí (isinye) ne<em>otomíes (isininzi).
imbali yale nkcubeko
Le nkcubeko, imvelaphi yayo ibuyele kumawaka eminyaka, yahlala kwintsimi yaseMesoamerican emva kokuba umsebenzi wezolimo uphuhlisiwe, ukwandisa kuyo yonke ijografi kwaye kwaqala ukuvela kweelwimi ezahlukeneyo kunye nokwahluka kolwimi.
Baphembelela ukukhula kunye nophuhliso lwabantu kwindawo yeentlambo ezisembindini kunye neTeotihuacán, apho bahlala khona de kwawa, besiya kwindawo yeTlaxcala kunye neSierra Madre Oriental. Kwade kwafika abahloli bamazwe baseSpain, le nkcubeko yacwangciswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Emantla: kwiNtlambo yaseMezquital kunye neQuerétaro, apho impembelelo yeenkcubeko zaseMesoamerican kunye nommandla ongasentla wema.
- Emazantsi: ekwilizwe laseMexico, apho bamkela amasiko aseMesoamerican.
Abaninzi bathi i-Otomi kunye ne-Olmec yayiyintlalo efanayo, eyathi kamva yahlukana yangamaqela ahlukeneyo ngeelwimi ezahlukeneyo, umzekelo, I-Otoponics, i-Mixtecs, i-Popolocas, i-Amuzga, i-Zapotecs, i-Chinantecs kunye ne-Chiapaneca-Mangue.
Le nkcubeko yavelisa kamva, njengeMazahua, iTlatilca, iToltec, iTeotihuacan, iCuicuilca, iChichimeca, iPame, iMatlatzinca, iTriqui kunye neTlahuica. Kwinkqubo yokoyisa kunye namakholoni, njengezinye izizwe, babelawulwa ngamaSpanish, ngakumbi ngokusekwa kwemishini kunye nokuguqulwa kwabo kwinkolo yobuKristu, eyenziwa ngabathunywa bevangeli.
Abantu abaninzi ababejamelene nohlaselo lwaseSpeyin nempembelelo eyaba nayo kwindlela yabo yokuphila, bazama ukufudukela kweminye imimandla yaloo mmandla, njengeGuanajuato neQuerétaro.
Indawo yeendawo
Yayiluluntu oluthe saa kwindawo yaseMexico kwaye ngexesha lokufika kwabahlaseli baseYurophu bahlala kwezi ndawo zinokwenzeka:
- Intlambo yaseNzuhni (eToluca)
- IPhondo laseMadenxi (Xilotepec)
- Mamehny (Tula)
- ISierra of the Crosses (Kuauhtlalpan)
- Texcoco, Tlacopan (Tacuba)
- IsiAtlakuuiuayan (Tacubaya)
- Koyoakan, Axochko (Ajusco)
- eTeocalhueyakan (Tlalnepantla)
- eTeotlalpan
- 'Batha' Bot'ähi (Intlambo yeMesquital)
- Imetztitlán
- I Huaxteka
- ISierra yasePuebla
- akolhuacan
- tlaxkallan
- Batha Puebla
- michoakan
- kouixko
- Guanajuato
- Kolyma
- Kuliakan.
Okwangoku, iqela lesizwe sama-Otomí, elingaphantsi kakhulu ngenani kunangaphambili, lihlala kwezinye iindawo zala maphondo alandelayo esizwe saseMexico: iState of Mexico, Querétaro, Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz and Tlaxcala. Kwilizwe laseGuanajuato kukho uluntu oluthile lweqela lesizwe, kodwa alusebenzisi ulwimi olufanayo.
Ukuya kummandla weSithili soMdibaniso, abantu abathile abathetha isi-Otomi bazinza, kodwa oku kwakubangelwa yinto yokufuduka. Ngokufanayo, kwezinye iindawo zelizwe babelana ngendawo kunye namaqela ezizwe kunye namaqela afana neMatlatzincas, iMazahuas, amaNahuas kunye ne-Ocuiltecos, kunye nezinye izinto ezifanayo kwiinkcubeko zabo ngenxa yokuhlalisana.
Okwangoku inani labantu beqela le-Otomi kunye nabathetha ulwimi lwabo lehle kakhulu, nangona kunjalo, nangona inguqu yanamhlanje kunye neenguqu eziye zachaphazela amasiko, uluntu kunye nenkolo yabo, bahlala benxibelelene ngokusondeleyo kwinkcubeko yabo, bezama ukuyenza. ukoyisa ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Kangangokuba uninzi lwabahlali kwezi ndawo, naxa bengaluthethi olu lwimi, bazibiza ngokuba ngamaOtomi. Kwelinye icala, kukho oomasipala kumazwe athile anoluntu lwase-Otomi, ngenxa yemeko yokufuduka. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ngoku bangaphezu kwekhulu lamawaka abantu abathetha ulwimi lwesiOtomi.
Ulwimi lwenkcubeko ye-Otomí
Ulwimi lwezi ngingqi yiOtomí, ebunjwe ubuncinane zizizwana ezilishumi ezahlukeneyo, kuba ngenxa yokufuduka kwabantu, ulwimi lwesiOtomanguean lwahluka phakathi kweendawo ezahlukeneyo. Ezona lwimi zaziwayo ziziyelelane zeTexcatepec, Huehuetla kunye neTenango.
Ngoku kukho izithethi zeOtomí kumazwe asibhozo aseMexico; Guanajuato, Querétaro, Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz, Michoacán, Tlaxcala and Mexico. Ukuba semngciphekweni wokunyamalala, nangona kunjalo, maninzi amanyathelo azama ukuyihlangula kunye nokukhuthaza ukufunda nokufundisisa kwayo.
Iimpawu zenkcubeko ye-Otomi
Iinkcubeko zemveli ngokubanzi zineempawu ezikhethekileyo kunye nomtsalane othile ozenza zahluke kwaye zibe nomdla emehlweni ehlabathi. Imiba eyahlukileyo, eyahlula omnye komnye, nangona babelana ngendawo efanayo yendawo, le yimeko yenkcubeko ye-Otomí.
Njengayo nayiphi na inkcubeko yabantu bomthonyama, amasiko abo ajikeleza imbono yabo yehlabathi, iinkolelo zabo zonqulo kunye nesikhundla somntu ngokunxulumene nabo. Yonke into ehambelana nemibhiyozo yayo, iimpahla, intlangano yentlalo kunye nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho, ihambelana ngokusondeleyo nehlabathi lomoya kwaye isibonisa indlela eyahlukileyo ngayo.
Ukuchaza inkcubeko ye-Otomí ngokupheleleyo kunzima, nangona kunjalo sinika isishwankathelo esifutshane sezona mpawu zibalaseleyo nezibalulekileyo zale nkcubeko yamandulo:
Imizi
Indlu apho intsapho yase-Otomi ihlala khona ngamaxesha amandulo yayakhiwe ngamagqabi e-maguey, athobekile kakhulu kwaye amancinci, aneendonga eziphantsi ezingenazo iifestile, kodwa umnyango wokufikelela.
Imile okwexande yaye inesithuba esincinane kakhulu, zaziqelelene yaye zisithelwe kwindalo. Okwangoku basengamakhaya athobekileyo, kodwa ngohlengahlengiso oluninzi, ngakumbi ngokubhekiselele kwizinto eziphathekayo, ubugcisa bokwakha, imilo, indawo kunye nokuhanjiswa.
Ukwandiswa kwezixeko kunye nokuphucula, ngandlela-thile, kuye kwachaphazela kwaye kwanyanzeliswa uluntu lwase-Otomi ukuba lwenze utshintsho oluninzi kwindlela yabo yokuphila, ngokukodwa ekwakhiweni kwezindlu ezincinci, ezikhululekile kwaye zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala khona.
Ukuba kukho into engazange itshintshe ubomi kuluntu lwase-Otomi, yintlupheko eyandayo eye yabalandela ixesha elide kwaye kubonakala ukuba akukho mntu unamandla okusombulula imeko onomdla wokujika abone. Uluntu lwaseOtomi luya lusiba luncinci, njengoko imfuno, idityaniswa nomtsalane wezixeko ezinjengePuebla, iToluca, iSixeko saseMexico kunye neSantiago de Querétaro, ziye zakhuthaza ukufuduswa kwabemi abaninzi bemvelaphi yaseOtomi ukuya kubo, bekhangela umgangatho ongcono ubomi bonke.
isinxibo esiqhelekileyo
Izinxibo zabo ziyabohlula kulo naluphi na uhlanga, oku kuxhaphake kakhulu kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo zelizwekazi lethu. Impahla yabantu baseOtomí ihambelana ngokusondeleyo nendlela yabo yokubona kunye nokuqonda yonke into ebangqongileyo kunye nendalo yonke ngokwayo, nangona kunjalo, namhlanje kuphawulwe ukuba kuye kwaphenjelelwa ngendlela ethile ngokudibana kwehlabathi kunye nobuchwepheshe.
Nangona kunjalo, uluntu oluninzi lwe-Otomi lusasebenzisa iimpahla zabo zemveli ngokuziqhenya kwaye rhoqo, kwaye zikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwazo phakathi kwabanye abantu abaninzi, abangeyonxalenye yolu luntu.
Abafazi benkcubeko ye-Otomí badla ngokunxiba i-skirt, phakathi kwabo eyaziwa ngokuba i-chincuete, inde, ibanzi kwaye imnyama. Iqhele ukwenziwa ngoboya obumnyama, obumfusa okanye obuzuba, oku kuxhomekeke kwindawo abahlala kuyo, nayo ayisweli kubumnyama boboya, eminye imigca enemibala eqaqambileyo efana neorenji kunye netyheli.
Ihempe emhlophe enemikhono emifutshane kunye ne-embroidery eyonwabileyo, kunye ne-quechquémitl okanye i-poncho igqibezela le mpahla. Impahla inokuba ne-motifs yendalo, ingaba ziintyatyambo okanye izilwanyana, izibalo zejometri kunye nokudibanisa zombini.
Zonke ezi ziqwenga zenziwe ngokubanzi ngesandla, kunye nezixhobo eziqhelekileyo zommandla ezifana nomqhaphu kunye noboya. Le mihla, ukongeza kwezi zindwangu, kunokwenzeka ukufumana iziqwenga ezenziwe kwi-artisela okanye kwintambo ye-rayon. Abanye abafazi abavela kumaqela ahlukeneyo e-Otomi bancedisa isambatho sabo kunye nezixhobo, iminqwazi yeentyatyambo, iintyatyambo okanye iiribhoni.
Amadoda, kwelinye icala, anxibe iihempe ezihonjisiweyo, ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphambili kunye nakwimikhono, kwaye zidibanise ne-overcoat enemibala. Kuqhelekile phakathi kwabo ukunxiba umnqwazi we-straw okanye i-pochtli engaphantsi nangaphantsi, equka ukusika zonke iinwele ngaphandle kokutshixa ixesha elide kwindawo ye-nape yentamo.
i-millenary gastronomy
EMexico, i-Otomí gastronomy yaziwa kakhulu, kuba ingaqhelekanga. Badume ngokuthatha ithuba kuninzi lwezityalo nezilwanyana zemimandla yabo, iindawo eziyimiqwebedu ngokubanzi kumbindi welizwe. Ukuba luluntu oluthobekileyo ngokufanelekileyo, injongo ephambili yokutya kwe-Otomi kukugcina impilo kunye nokuphilisa izifo, ngaphezu kokuqinisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwamalungu entsapho kunye noluntu.
Izithako ezinomdla, eziya kuba ngumnqa kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela, zenza izinto ezibalulekileyo nezibalulekileyo kwiiresiphi zazo ezisukela kumaxesha amandulo, kunye neendlela zokuzilungiselela. Inkcubeko ye-Otomí inombona njengeyona nto iphambili ekutyeni kwayo ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo, njengoko kunjalo nakwezinye iindawo ezininzi zomthonyama kumazwe aseMexico.
Aba bantu bomthonyama baziqhelanisa nokuzingela nokuqokelela imibungu namaqanda ezinambuzane ezirhubuluzayo nezihlala kwizityalo, izilwanyana ezanyisayo, iintaka, iziqhamo, iintyatyambo, amagqabi, iimbotyi nemifuno. Ukusetyenziswa kwezityalo ezifana ne-quelite, i-garambullo, intyatyambo ye-mezcal okanye i-golumbo ixhaphake kakhulu, edla ngokuba yinxalenye ye-stews, i-stews kunye nokutya okuthosiweyo.
Ikhitshi kwinkcubeko ye-Otomi yinkcubeko, isazisi kunye nomanyano, indawo kunye nento evumela ukuqinisa iingcambu zayo kunye nothando lwangaphambili, okwangoku kunye nexesha elizayo.
Ezinye zezona zitya ze-Otomi zidumileyo zezi: i-phaxy, i-ndho, i-ximbo, i-tamales, i-mole enembewu yethanga kunye nezinye ezingaqhelekanga ezifana ne-chicharras kumagqabi e-avocado kunye ne-walnut cream, ikhekhe le-nopal, intyatyambo ye-aloe vera. nge shrimp, coyote eyosiweyo okanye i-skunk efakwe izinambuzane. Ngokuqinisekileyo isidlo esimnandi kufuneka sikhatshwe sisiselo esimnandi, kubo i-mead kunye ne-pulque yayingaphezu kokungcwele.
izithethe nemibhiyozo
Izithethe kunye nezithethe kwinkcubeko ye-Otomí zinendima ephambili kwaye zidibene ngokusondeleyo neenkolelo zabo zonqulo, umbono wabo wendalo yonke kunye nehlabathi, indalo kunye nendalo, kunye nendawo yokuhlala apho bahlala khona.
Yonke imibhiyozo nemibhiyozo inxulumene neziganeko zendalo kunye neenzuzo abazinika umntu ngesisa, ukongezelela ekuhlonipheni izithixo zabo kunye nokunikela imbeko kookhokho babo nookhokho babo, besoloko bethandazela izizukulwana zangoku nokuba nokwenzeka kokuqhubeka. ixesha elidlulele.
Unyaka wonke kukho iminyhadala eyahlukeneyo, imikhosi kunye nezithethe, ezininzi ezinxulumene namanzi, ezimele enye yezona zinto zixabisekileyo kule nkcubeko. Abanye bagxile ekuhloneleni umfi kunye nobugorha namandla eOtomi.
Ngokuqhelekileyo imibhiyozo yonqulo iqhutyelwa kwizindlu zecawa okanye kwiindawo ezibekelwe bucala okwexeshana ukwenzela esi sithethe. Yonke le mithendeleko kunye nezithethe zinenjongo ephambili yokubhiyozela, ukunqula kunye nembeko, oku kuyinxalenye yesiseko se-Otomi, indlela yokuphila nokubakho, kwabo benza le nkcubeko yamandulo.
Ukubhiyozela i-Otomi yindlela yokubulela umhlaba kunye noothixo ngokuthanda kwabo kunye nendlela yokubonisa ukuzingca ngemvelaphi yabo, imbali yabo kunye namandla abo.
Eminye imibhiyozo enemibala kwaye eyaziwayo yenkcubeko ye-Otomí yile: Usuku lwabafileyo, iCarnival kunye nemidaniso emidala kakhulu kunye nemidaniso efana neNegritos, i-Acatlaxquis, iMoros kunye neMatachines, njl.
Nakubeni ixesha lihamba notshintsho olwenzeka ngokucacileyo, olu luntu lusawabethelela ukubaluleka amasiko nezithethe zawo, ekubeni inxalenye enkulu yabahlali inganikezeli xa ijongene nomsebenzi onzima wokugcina iinkolelo zabo. , inkolo, izithethe nezithethe ziphila.
Zive ukhululekile ukujonga amanye amanqaku amnandi kwibhlog yethu: