Kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kunye neentlambo zoluhlu lweentaba ezisempumalanga yeColombia, yazala impucuko ebizwa ngokuba yiMuisca okanye iChibchas, eyaziwa ngokuba ngabaseki bentsomi ka-El Dorado. Okulandelayo, siyakumema ukuba ufunde ngakumbi malunga ne Inkcubeko yeMuisca, amasiko abo, inkolo, indawo kunye nokunye.
Inkcubeko yeMuisca
Inkcubeko ye-Muisca okanye i-Chibcha ngabantu bomthonyama ababehlala kwi-plateau yaseCundiboyacense kunye nommandla osemazantsi we-Santander (kwingingqi yangoku yaseColombia), phakathi kwenkulungwane yesithandathu ngaphambi kwexesha lethu. Noko ke, ebudeni bonyaka we-1600 uloyiso lwaseSpeyin lwayilawula le dolophu; Okwangoku, inzala yabo esondeleyo ihlala kwiidolophu kwisithili saseBogotá njengeSuba neBosa, nakwabanye abamelwane abanje ngeCota, iChía kunye neSesquilé.
Igama elithi muyska limele "abantu" okanye "abantu" ngolwimi lwaseMuisca. Inkcubeko ye-Muisca idibaniswe nabemi benkcubeko yeChibcha, eyaseka i-commonwealth ye-Muisca. I-Muisca yakha iingqekembe zegolide isebenzisa ubuchule be-tumbaga, obubandakanya ukusebenzisa umlinganiselo ophezulu wobhedu kwi-alloy yegolide.
I-axis yommandla namhlanje omele iRiphabhlikhi yaseKholombiya, neyayifudula ibizwa ngokuba buBukumkani obutsha baseGranada, yayihlala abantu bomthonyama abanoxolo nabasekiweyo, i-agronomists kunye nabavelisi belaphu, iindlalifa zomnombo wolwimi lwesiChibcha osuka kuMbindi Merika. abazibiza ngokuba zii-“muiscas” okanye “iimpukane”. Ilizwe lakhe lalingamathafa achumileyo:
- Zipaquira
- nemocon
- Ubabe,
- I-Chiquinquirá
- Tunja
- Sog future
Ibandakanyiwe phakathi kwemithombo yeminye imirhumo efana ne: i-Upía, eyehla i-Orinoco; eChicamocha, eSuárez, eOpón, naseCarare, ebhekisa emantla; yeNegro Cundinamarques kunye neFunza imilambo esuka kumntla-mpuma ukuya kumzantsi-mpuma ilandela iMagdalena.
Historia
I-epic ye-pre-Columbian ye-Muisca ngokwenene inqabile, ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwezinto ezininzi ezivumela ukwakhiwa ngokutsha, ngenxa yokungqingwa kweSpeyin ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Yintoni eyaziwayo malunga naba bantu bangaphambi kwe-Columbian kukugcinwa kwebali lomlomo, amabali amakholoni kunye nemisebenzi ye-archaeological eyenziwa ngokukodwa emva kokuzimela.
I-muicas, ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-muixcas okanye i-moxcas ngamakholoniyali aseSpain, yayihlala kwindawo ekumbindi weKholombiya yanamhlanje; kunjalo, amazembe labemi bayo babe kwintlambo eziphakamileyo Sierra Oriental kufutshane Bogotá and Tunja.
Ukumba okwenziwa kwindawo ephakamileyo yaseCundiboyacense kushiya ubungqina bentshukumo enkulu yabantu kule ndawo ukususela kwixesha le-Archaic, oko kukuthi, ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-10.000 edlulileyo ekuqaleni kweHolocene; oku kwaphela ngengcinga ethathwa njengesebenzayo ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, ngokutsho kweMuiscas yayingabemi bokuqala baseAltiplano.
I-Colombia nayo ineyona ndawo indala ye-archaeological kwizwekazi, i-El Abra, enokuthi yabhalwa emva kwiminyaka eyi-11.000 ngaphambi kwexesha lethu. Ezinye iintsalela ze-archaeological ezinxulumene ne-El Abra zimisela inkcubeko yezolimo ebizwa ngokuba yi-Abriense. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-artifacts yaseTibitó Abriense esusela kwiminyaka engama-9740 ngaphambi kwexesha lethu lifunyenwe, kwaye kwiSabana de Bogotá kwindawo yokusabela yaseTequendama, ezinye izixhobo zamatye ezenziwe emva kwewaka leminyaka, kamva zenziwa ngabazingeli abakhethekileyo.
Phakathi kwezona zinto zithandwa kakhulu zifunyenwe ngamathambo abantu apheleleyo, aqala emva kwiminyaka engama-5000 ngaphambi kwexesha lethu. Uhlalutyo lubonise ukuba i-Abrienses yolunye uhlanga oluhlukileyo kwi-Muiscas, luphelisa i-hypothesis yokuba bahlala kwindawo eyinkangala.
Xa amaSpanish afika malunga nomnyaka we-1536, inkcubeko ye-Muisca yayinabemi abamalunga nesiqingatha sesigidi sabemi bomthonyama. Abemi bomthonyama baseCota babeseBogotá, enye yeendawo ezine ezihlangeneyo ezenza umbutho wezopolitiko we-Muisca. Abantu bomthonyama batyala umbona baza bazingela amaxhama; Ezi ntshukumo zancediswa kukwenziwa kwempahla eyolukiweyo. Umbutho wayo wesiqhelo wentlalontle wawulawulwa ngumzekelo wokuhlala kwimatrilocal; Baziqhelanisa ne-consanguinity kunye ne-matrilineality.
Ngomnyaka we-1538 emva kweemfazwe zokuqala ezixhobileyo, uGonzalo Jiménez de Quesada wakwazi ukuqhekeza umfelandawonye okhoyo phakathi kweenkokheli ze-Muisca, ngaloo ndlela zithobisa ngokulula. Uhlaselo lwaseSpain kuyo yonke inkulungwane ye-XNUMX lukhokelele ekuweni kwemibutho yezentlalo nezopolitiko yenkcubeko yeMuisca. Ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, isiyelelane sesi sixeko saphelelwa sisimo saso saza sagxothwa siSpanish; Noko ke, ezinye iilwimi zasekuhlaleni ziye zasinda kwimimandla esezintabeni.
Ngokomgaqo, abanqobi babeka iinkosi ze-Muisca kwinkqubo ye-encomienda kwaye kamva, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-1841, kwinkqubo yogcino. Indawo yokugcina iCota yachithwa ngo-1876, yaze yaphinda yamiselwa ngo-2001 ngokuthengwa komhlaba. Namhlanje, uninzi lwabemi baseMuisca lugxininise kumasipala waseCota, ogama lakhe lokugcinwa kwegama elifanayo lachithwa yi-Incora ngo-XNUMX.
Okwangoku, kukho intsalela esasazekileyo yolu luntu kuwo wonke ummandla abathi imvelaphi yabo yobuhlanga. Iziseko ezahlukeneyo zenkcubeko yenkcubeko ye-Muisca zigcinwa kuluntu lwabalimi baseBoyaca naseCundinamarca.
Indawo yejografi
Ummandla wejografi wabemi bomthonyama wenkcubeko yaseMuisca ubandakanya iidolophu zaseCundinamarca, iBoyaca kunye nenxalenye yezantsi kweSantander; imozulu iyatshintsha ukusuka kwingqele eqhaqhazelis’ amazinyo yeparamo enesaqhwithi saseSumapaz ngokutyhutyha amathafa apholileyo, ukuya kwiinduli zokuqala zeSierra Nevada del Cocuy.
Indawo esembindini yendawo yi-plateau yaseCundiboyacense, eyenziwe ngamatyathanga ethafa, iintlambo kunye neenduli, ezidityaniswe ngamadipozithi agcwele amanzi awela imilambo kunye nemifula okanye afakwe kumakhulu amachibi, imigxobhozo kunye nemigxobhozo.
Ekubeni imiphakamo isusela kuma-2.500 2800 ukusa kuma-4000 1000 eemitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, neentaba ezinokudlula iimitha ezingama-XNUMX XNUMX kwezinye iindawo, imozulu iyabanda yaye ipholile phantse unyaka wonke. Iimvula azifane zibe ngaphezu kweemilimitha ezili-XNUMX kumyinge wonyaka. Ngaphandle kweentaba-mlilo okanye iintaba ezigqunywe likhephu, amanzi ebeyeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekubumbeni imbonakalo-mhlaba.
Onke amathafa amakhulu zizihlalo zamachibi akudala exesha le-Pleistocene elenziwe ngokukhululeka kwentlenga ngaphezulu kwamashumi amawaka eminyaka. Elona thafa likhulu lelo laseSabana de Bogotá, elineekhilomitha ezingaphezu kwe-1200 ezithe tyaba ngokupheleleyo kwaye ziwela nguMlambo iBogotá (owokuqala ubizwa ngokuba “nguMlambo iFunza”).
Okwangoku, lo mmandla ngowona unoxinezeleko oluphezulu lwabemi eColombia, kwaye yonke into ibonakala ibonisa ukuba yayikwangomnye ngexesha lokoyiswa kweSpain. Izixeko ezibini eziphambili kulo mmandla yiBogotá, ikomkhulu laseColombia, neTunja, ikomkhulu lesithili saseBoyaca; Zombini iindawo zaqale zadalwa yiMuiscas.
Ukukhululeka kwendawo ehlala kuyo i-Muiscas yayiyintaba, nakwindawo ephakathi elawulwa yimimandla ephakamileyo yaseSimijaca, e-Ubaté naseBogotá. Malunga nesibini esithathwini somphezulu wawo wenziwe ngeendawo eziphakamileyo nezingamaqhina, kwaye elinye icala ngumphezulu ogudileyo ngokulandelelanayo nongaqhelekanga. I-landscape yenziwe ngokuphakama okukhulu okudityaniswa ngokumangalisayo omnye komnye okwenza iintlambo, iinduli, amathambeka athambileyo okanye ukusika okubukhali emaweni; iinguqu zemozulu zixhomekeke kubude.
Kangangeminyaka eyiwaka, amanzi ebehamba kwimiwonyo emxinwa apho ulwelo luhamba ngokukhawuleza. Ngamanye amaxesha iyawa yenze iingxangxasi ezinkulu kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ityibilika ngokucothayo kwiintlambo, inokutyisa amachibi okanye ngamanye amaxesha itshayele amanxweme angabamelwane; ikwazi nokuqulatha ize emva koko iphuphume, itshabalalisa yonke into esendleleni yayo.
Izixhobo
Abantu bomthonyama benkcubeko ye-Muisca kwaye baseluluntu lwe-agro-ceramic kunye nemveliso, malunga nommandla wase-Andean osemantla oMzantsi Melika. Umzekelo wokusasazwa kwabo kwezopolitiko wabaguqula baba liqela lenkcubeko elixhathisayo neliqeqeshiweyo. Igalelo lenkcubeko ye-Muisca ekuzichongeni kweColombia ngoku ayinakuphikiswa, ngokusisiseko ngenxa yokuba i-commonwealth ye-Muisca yayingeyonto ingaphezulu kwezopolitiko-umbutho wokumelwa kwenkcubeko kunye nosapho olukhulu lweelwimi.
Ngelishwa, abantu baseMuisca bahlupheke ngenkqubo ekhawulezayo yokukhula, ebonakaliswe ekunciphiseni imiba esemthethweni yenkcubeko; namhlanje, abanye abantu bomthonyama balwela ukuhlangula amanye amasiko kunye neengcinga zehlabathi, kwinkqubo efuna ukubuyisela uluntu kubukhazikhazi bexesha elidlulileyo.
Umbutho wentlalontle
Isiseko sombutho weMuiscas, yayilusapho. Ngokuqhelekileyo imitshato yayibhiyozelwa phakathi kwabantu besizwe sakowabo; iinkokeli zazinelungelo elilodwa lokuba namaqabane amaninzi. Uluntu lwahlulwa lwaziindidi ezahlukeneyo:
- Ephezulu okanye i-usaques.
- Ababingeleli okanye iishekh.
- AmaQuechua okanye amaqhawe.
- Abarhwebi kunye nabantu abanxulunyaniswa nemisebenzi efana namafama, abasebenzi basezimayini kunye namagcisa.
Ababingeleli okanye iinkokeli zazingoogqirha nabakhafuli; ukuze afumane esi sikhundla, lo mthonyama kwakufuneka afunde iminyaka emininzi.
Umbutho wezopolitiko-zolawulo
Ngokukhula kwabemi, inkcubeko ye-Muisca iphumeze indlela yokulawula ebizwa ngokuba yi-Muisca Confederation, eyakhiwe ziidolophu ezininzi ezizimeleyo zaseMuisca kwaye zilawulwa yi-cacique. Ngapha koko, i-Confederation yadityaniswa ibe ngamazwe amabini:
Zipazgo
Yakha iManyano yaseMazantsi ebekwe kwindawo esembindini yeCundinamarca ikomkhulu layo laliyiBacatá, okwangoku iBogotá, ekhokelwa nguZipa. Kwakhona yayibunjwe ziinkosi ezintlanu: iBatacá, iGuatavita, iUbaque, iFusunga, iUbate, kunye nezixeko ezininzi phantsi koxanduva lwayo; Ngoloyiso, uninzi lwezi ndawo zenza iSanta Fe de Bogotá.
zacango
IManyano yaseMantla yayikoomasipala bangoku baseLenguazaque kunye neVillapinzón enekomkhulu eHunza, ngoku eyiTunja, kunye neZaque njengenkokeli yayo. Ukongeza kwezi zithuba zomanyano, kwakukho abathetheli ababini abakhulu, abanenjongo yonqulo nengcwele ngakumbi ebizwa ngokuba yiZybin, ezi zezi:
- Irakh: Ikomkhulu layo iSuamox, ngoku iSogamoso, yonganyelwe ngumfundisi okanye i-Iraca, ethathwa njengelandela iBochica.
- Tundama: Isekwe eDuitama, kwaye ikhokelwa ngumfundisi okanye uTundama, owayenguye yedwa owachasa ngokuqinileyo abanqobi baseSpain.
Kwakukho abantu abahlukeneyo abazimeleyo baseMuisca okanye base-Uta, abamelwe yiTybaraüge, ababengekho phakathi kwenkosi enye:
- Soboya,
- Charala,
- Chipata,
- Ulandelelwano,
- tacasquira,
- Tinjaca.
Indlela yokuphila
Ngethuba lokuphuhliswa kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, abantu baseMuisca bamkela indlela yokuphila yelizwe; Le yindlela okwathi shwaka ngayo oko kwakufanelekile nesithethe, oku: ulwimi lwezizwana, isinxibo namasiko amaninzi emveli. Ngokumiselwa kobuKatolika, inkolo kaMuisca yatshabalala; nangona kunjalo, ezinye zeempawu zayo ezikhethekileyo zisaqhuba ngokuhambelanayo kwaye zinxulunyaniswa ngakumbi neenkolelo zeenkolelo.
Ingubo
Imveliso yelaphu yeMuisca iguqule iindidi ezininzi zeentsinga; ngakumbi ezo zomqhaphu kunye nefique. Ngokwesiko likaChibcha, uBochita, isithixo sempucuko kaMuisca, wayalela amakholwa akhe ukuba avuthe aze ajikelezise imicu. Kwizindlu zabo bonke abantu bomthonyama kwakungasweleki intambo yokuluka, intambo yokuluka, intambo yokuluka nemisonto yokwenza awabo amalaphu.
Ngokutsho kwabanye abahlali, iilali zomthonyama zazinxibe iimpahla ezinemibala eyahlukeneyo ngezihlandlo ezahlukeneyo ezikhethekileyo. Isinxibo sasiquka uhlobo lwengubo kunye nengubo eboshwe ekupheleni kwegxalaba, eyenziwe ngamalaphu ashinyeneyo ekotoni, ahonjiswe ngemigca enemibala.
Abona bantu babalulekileyo babenxibe iilayile ezincinci zemithunzi eyahlukeneyo, amalaphu agxininiswe ngeempawu zemifuno kunye nendalo yamaminerali, basebenzisa iisilinda kunye nesitampu se-porcelain; babengazinxibi zihlangu. Bazipeyinta imizimba yabo nge-achiote, besebenzisa iintsiba zeentaka ezimibalabala entloko; banxibe nezacholo zegolide ezenziwe kakuhle, iintsimbi zomqala, imisesane yempumlo, neepectoral.
Umsebenzi wezoqoqosho
Ekuqaleni, eli qela lobuhlanga likwazile ukuphuhlisa imisebenzi yezolimo, abakhandi begolide kunye neempahla. Balima umbona, iitapile, iquinoa, umqhaphu baza benza izinto ezenziwe ngodongwe neengubo, baza bazithengisa kwizixeko ezikufutshane; kamva, kunye neMuisca Confederation, baxhaphaza izibonelelo zezimbiwa ezifana: igolide, i-emeralds, ubhedu, amalahle kunye netyuwa.
Imarike yayiyingongoma yoqoqosho lwaseMuisca, indawo yokuthengisa okanye ukutshintshiselana ngempahla kunye needolophana. Phakathi kwezokuqala kwakukho: iCoyima, iZorocota kunye neTurmequé.
Enye ingongoma ebalulekileyo kwaba bantu bomthonyama kukuba basebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwengqekembe ebunjwe ngegolide, isilivere okanye ubhedu; ixabiso lemali le, linikwe ngobukhulu balo, lilinganiswe ngeminwe okanye intambo.
Ukongeza, baseka inkqubo yezolimo ebizwa ngokuba yi-micro-vertical model, enezindlu zethutyana kwindawo nganye kwaye isebenze umhlaba ngokwemozulu; oku kumela isisombululo sokulima ngokuchasene neemeko zemozulu ezithintelayo kulo mmandla.
Unqulo neenkolelo
Ubume benkolo beli qela lobuhlanga kukuba kucingelwa ukuba imimoya idityaniswe nendalo, yiyo loo nto bezingcwalisela iindawo ezininzi ezingcwele ukuba, ngokweemfundiso zabo, ziphawulwe nguthixo, phakathi kwazo sinazo:
- Imithi Engcwele: zazingcwele yaye ngoko ke zazingafanele ziphenjelelwe nangayiphi na indlela, zishukunyiswa yinkolelo yazo yokusikelelwa koothixo.
- Izityalo ezingcwele kunye nemithi: njengetijiqui, icuba, iblueberry, walnut kunye neguayacán.
- amachibi angcwele: Ichweba laseIguaque neChibi Tota, kwanabo babekwisiphaluka somsitho wonqulo wokwenza umhlaba usebenze, njengalezi: Ubaque, Teusacá, Guaiaquiti, Tibatiquica, Siecha, Guasca neGuatavita, ababekhenketha abo babenenxaxheba kuhambo ngezonqulo.
- Umhlaba ongcwele waseSuamox: Kuqikelelwa njengendawo esikelelekileyo, kuba uBochica wafela apho.
- iindlela ezingcwele: zezo ndlela uBochica wayehamba kuzo, akukho mntu wayenokuhamba kuzo, ngaphandle kwakwimisitho ethile yonqulo.
- Iitempile: Iziseko ezisazinge ezinophahla lwengca kunye neendonga zemethi. Phakathi kweentlobo zeetempile, enye yahlula i-tchunsua yendalo yelanga, i-qusmhuy ye-lunar essence kunye ne-cuca apho i-chyquy ezayo yayifundiswa khona.
Ingcwele yeLanga, eyona ndawo inkulu yonqulo, yakhiwa eSogamoso, ummandla owakhethwa nguBochica ngenjongo yokubonisa imbeko nozuko kuthixo welanga; bazinika imizimba yabo banikelwa khona.
Kwakhona ayenqula uthotho lwezithixo zasentsomini ezinjengoBachué (izibulo laloo dolophu), uBochica (unyana wezulu), uChaquén (obebejongwe zizityalo), uChibchacum (uthixo weengcibi zegolide nabarhwebi), uChiminigagua (isithixo esiyindalo), UChía (uthixo wenyanga) noSua (uthixo welanga).
I-Muisca okanye ababingeleli be-chiky bakhokela ubomi benkolo bokungatshati, ubunyulu kunye nokuzimela kwiindawo ezingcwele ngokuzila ukutya rhoqo; aba babenenkqubo enzima yokufundisa kwasebuntwaneni babo, ukuba bakuba begqityiwe bafakwa namacici egolide namakhonkco empumlo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba isixeko ngasinye sasine-chyquy yaso. Kwelinye icala, ama<em>mohanes ayengabefundisi abangekho sikweni ababesezela umgubo we<em>iodine baze bagqume iinwele zabo ngothuthu.
Izithethe kunye nemisitho
Njengazo zonke iinkcubeko zangaphambi kwe-Columbian, i-Muiscas yenza iminikelo eyahlukeneyo koothixo babo, phakathi kwayo i-tunjos yavela. Babeyimifanekiso ye-anthropoid okanye izilwanyana zegolide, isilivere okanye ubhedu; ezinye iindlela zokunyuswa koothixo yayiziintonga zesiqhumiso, imibingelelo yezilwanyana neyabantu, njengaleyo yeentombi ezibingelelayo, zaziqabela amatye ngegazi lazo ukuze zinikele elangeni.
Ngokwenene, imikhosi yenkcubeko ye-Muisca yayinxulumene nemijikelezo yezolimo kunye nobomi; ezi ziqulathe imibhiyozo yokulima kunye nokuvuna, ii-caiques, ukwakhiwa kunye nokuvulwa kweecingo.
Zothutho
Ngothungelwano lweendlela ze-Andean kwiilali zomthonyama zaseColombia, abantu, iimpahla kunye neemveliso zahanjiswa ngeenyawo nangasemva, kusetyenziswa iindlela ezinkulu, iibhulorho zentambo kunye namaphenyane okanye izihlenga zamaplanga.
NoNxibelelwano
Ngamaxesha angaphambi kweColumbian, abemi bomthonyama babebhengeza inkcazelo ethile ehanjiswa nge<em>chasquis, eyayinxibelelana yaye ihambe imigama emide ngeenyawo, ithutha inkcazelo phakathi kwebutho labantu okanye inkqubo yemiqondiso esetyenziswayo ababekwazi ukunxibelelana nayo bekude.
Amayeza
Imeko yempilo ifumana ukumelwa komlingo kunye nezizathu zayo kufuneka zilwe ngugqirha ongumfundisi womthonyama, ngobuchule bomlingo; Umlingiswa womlingo ophonswe kwi-shaman okanye i-sheikh ibonakaliswa ngokusetyenziswa kwezinto ze-hallucinogenic kunye nokulawulwa ngokuchanekileyo kwe-coca powder okanye iodine, ephathwa kakhulu yi-Muiscas.
Ixesha kunye nendawo
Abemi bomthonyama benkcubeko ye-Muisca babala ixesha nge-almanac efana nale esiyiqhelileyo namhlanje; nangona kunjalo, iintsuku zazilawulwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Loo mini yayibizwa ngokuba yi-sua.
- Iqela leentsuku ezintathu lalibizwa ngokuba ziisuna.
- IiSuna ezilishumi zenza inyanga, zazimela njenge-sunata.
- Unyaka ububunjwe ziinyanga ezilishumi elinesibini zesuna ezilishumi inye.
I-Architecture
AbakwaMuiscas baphakamisa amakhaya abo besebenzisa iintonga kunye nodaka njengezona zinto ziphambili, ekugqibeleni benza iindonga ze-bahareque. Izindlu eziqhelekileyo zinemizekelo emibini: i-conical kunye nexande. Zichazwe ngezantsi:
- izindlu ezinqabileyo: yayiquka udonga olusisangqa olwakhiwe ngeepali ezingcwatywe njengeentsika eziqinileyo ekuxhaswe phezu kwazo ukuphinda-phinda ukusuka kwelinye icala ukuya kwelinye phakathi kwelaphu lengcongolo neliphakathi kwalo lizele ludaka; uphahla lwaluyi-conical kwaye lugqunywe ngeendiza ezibekwe kwiipali, ubuninzi bezo zakhiwo ezinqabileyo kwi-savannah yaseBogotá, wazala uGonzalo Jiménez de Quezada enika eli thafa igama elithi Valles de los Alcázares.
- izindlu ezixande: zazisekelwe kwiindonga ezihambelanayo nazo kwi-bahareque, njengangaphambili, kunye nophahla olunamaphiko amabini angama-rectangular.
Izakhiwo ze-conical kunye ne-rectangular zineengcango kunye neminyango yobukhulu obuncinci, ngaphakathi kwefenitshala yayilula kwaye ihlala ngokuyinhloko kwiibhedi ezenziwe ngeengcongolo okanye iintonga ezibizwa ngokuba yi-barbecues, apho kwaphuhliswa ubuninzi beengubo; izitulo zokulala zazingonelanga njengoko abantu bomthonyama babedla ngokugqushalaza phantsi.
Ngaphandle kweendawo zokuhlala eziqhelekileyo, kwakukho ezinye iindidi ezimbini zeendawo zokuhlala: enye yeenkosi ezibalulekileyo, mhlawumbi inkosi yesizwe nentsapho yayo, kunye nezinye iinkosi zemibutho yamaMuisca, njengamazacques namaZipa.
Iiceramics
Kwakukho izakhiwo ezasetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kwezinto ezenziwe ngodongwe, njengeTunja, iTinjacá, iTocancipá, iSoacha neRáquira. Benza izitya zezipho kwizindlu ezingcwele, imifanekiso ye-anthropoid emele izithixo zabo ezibakhuselayo nabantu ababalulekileyo, kunye neenqanawa ezinkulu zokurhweba.
Benza ingqayi yabo ngokubumba udongwe ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokwenza imiqulu yodongwe ejikelezayo; umhlobiso osetyenzisiweyo wawuyipeyinti ebomvu nemhlophe kwii-shades ezahlukahlukeneyo, le mibala ifunyenwe kwi-oxides yamaminerali.
Ezinye iinqanawa zazihonjiswe ngokusetyenziswa kwe-pastillage kunye ne-incisions, ubuchule abavelisa ngayo i-anthropoid kunye ne-geometric design. Umhlobiso weCeramic wawumpofu, ngaphandle kokuba idizayini yayinomfanekiso womlingo-wenkolo kunye neenyoka kunye namanani abantu.
impahla
Ukuveliswa kwempahla yengubo kwakunexabiso elikhulu kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kunye nezibandayo zaseCundinamarca naseBoyaca. Umbhali uFray Pedro Simón, uchaza into yokuba iiMuiscas zasebenzisa iingubo zemibala ebomvu njengembonakaliso yokuzila, amaNdiya aseLenguazaque ayezisebenzisa ngemibala eyahlukeneyo kunye neenkundla zaseTunja zivuya kakhulu kwaye zihonjisiwe; Iisugamoxies zajikeleza izidumbu zookhokho babo kwiingubo zomqhaphu.
Uluhlu olukhulu lweepateni zejometri, ezibonakala zifuzisela, zapeyintwa kwezi ngubo, kwaye ngenxa yokuphononongwa kuka-Eliécer Silva Celis, kuyaziwa ukuba iingubo zomama ziyilaphu zekotoni, amalaphu e-mesh kunye nezikhumba zezilwanyana.
Ishishini lokuluka lalibaluleke ngendlela engaqhelekanga kumaIndiya; zonke iziganeko zobomi zazibhiyozelwa ngeengubo. Ukuzihombisa, basebenzisa izityalo ezininzi njengemibala, basebenzisa idayi yemvelaphi yamaminerali okanye iintlobo zodongwe ezinombala osemhlabeni.
umkhandi wegolide
I-Goldsmithing igqitywe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nezintsonkothileyo zetsimbi, ezifana nokusebenza nge-tumbaga kunye ne-wax elahlekileyo.
Siyakwazi ukwahlula ukubonakaliswa okuhle kwe-anthropoid kunye ne-zoomorphic ye-tunjos okanye iminikelo yokucamagushela kwizithixo.
Iintlobo-ntlobo zezivatho zegolide zeenkosi neenkosi, nezihombiso zezindlu zaziyimiboniso yobuhle obukhulu; Basebenzisa nobhedu, ukucaciswa kwamanani e-anthropomorphic kunye neengqungquthela zemibhiyozo, kwaye benza amakhonkco, amacici, iipectoral kunye nezinye izinto zobhedu.
Intsomi ye-El Dorado
IGold Route yayisesona sizathu siphambili sokuba abahambi baseSpain bafikelele kwimihlaba engazange ihlolwe kwaye iphantse yangenakoyiswa, baseka izixeko ezisendleleni ezisahlala ezomeleleyo ezineenkulungwane ezintlanu zembali emva kwazo.
I-El Dorado yayingengomfanekiso omangalisayo kuphela, kodwa yayiyinjini eyakhokelela ekufumaneni imihlaba emitsha kunye nesixhobo sokubulala esatshabalalisa imikhosi yasekuhlaleni kunye namaqabane abo.
Bachaza ukuba intsomi ka-El Dorado yayikhankanywe ekuqaleni kuhambo lweVasco Núñez de Balboa kwaye bafikelela kuvuthondaba ngokufunyanwa koLwandlekazi lwePasifiki, ngakumbi kwinto echaphazela indawo yasePanama.
Kungelo xesha, apho abantu bomthonyama baloo mazwe bakhankanya iikholoni zaseSpain malunga nendawo enegolide eninzi, ubukhulu bayo bukhulu kakhulu kangangokuba babethelela ukuba yayingenakuphela kwaye yayingasentshona, kwinto esiyiyo ngoku. fowunela iColombia.
U-El Dorado ukhuthaze ukuhlanganiswa kwamajoni aseSpain asuka kwimimandla ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yiPeru neVenezuela, kwaye oko kwaba nendibano yentlanganiso yabaphathi-mkhosi abathe umcimbi wabo wakhokelela kwisiseko sezixeko ezibalulekileyo zaseColombia zaseCali naseBogotá.
Zonke ezi ndalo ezimangalisayo zabemi bomthonyama kunye nabaseSpeyin ngokwabo babebizwa ngokuba yi "Dorado" kwaye eyokuqala iphononongwa yileyo yentlambo yaseTayronas kwiinduli zedolophu yaseSanta Marta kunxweme lweCaribbean yaseColombia; nangona kunjalo, yayingenabo i-expanses yendawo ebizwa ngokuba yigolide eyathi ngamabhongo yamfamekisa abantu abaninzi abavela macala onke.
Ummandla apho intsomi ka-El Dorado yakhiwa khona njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yesiko yeyaseCundinamarca, ummandla onxulumene nomnombo omkhulu we-Muiscas okanye iChibcha, kummandla okhoyo ngoku weRiphabhlikhi yaseColombia. Kuloo ndawo, eCundinamarca, apho isithethe sabhaptizwa ngabantu baseSpain njengaleyo yegolide yaseIndiya, eyayiyimvelaphi yenkolelo yobukumkani begolide.
Kangangexesha elingenammiselo, abantu bomthonyama baye banqula uhlobo lwenyoka engcwele evele emanzini echibi laseGuatavita, kwaye ngokwesithethe somlomo iCacica nentombi yakhe yaphoswa kweli chibi emva kokuba uCacique amtyhola ngokungathembeki kwaye wayalela ukuba abanye abantu bomthonyama ukuba bacule iingoma ezinxilisayo ezinxulumene nokukrexeza kwakhe, inkosi ayizange iphinde inyamezele le ntlungu kwaye yagqiba ekubeni ibuphelise phantsi kwamanzi ayo.
I-cacique yawela kumnyama wokuphelelwa lithemba kwaye ababingeleli, ukuzolalisa intlekele yakhe, bamqinisekisa ukuba akholelwe ukuba enzulu kwichibi laseGuatavita umfazi wakhe nentombi yakhe yayisekho kwaye bahlala kwibhotwe elimangalisayo. Ngoko oku kuhlanjwe ngokupheleleyo luthuli lwegolide, kwathwalwa ngesihlenga yaye embindini wechibi, waphosa izinto zegolide esulungekileyo njengeminikelo kwintsapho yakhe.
Abaninzi bebesoloko bekuthandabuza ukuchana kwayo nantoni na enxulumene nale nkolelo, kodwa kwanaxa ubunyani bayo buthandabuzeka, ezi ziganeko ziquka enye yeentsomi ezinzulu zoluntu kwaye ziphembelela umoya wokuzamazama wabantu baseYurophu abazizityebi.
Ukuba ufumene eli nqaku linomdla Inkcubeko yeMuisca, siyakumema ukuba wonwabele ezi ezinye: