INtlambo yaseMexico yayiyindawo enkulu esembindini welizwe eyayilikhaya lempucuko yabantu abaninzi bomthonyama, ababelwela ukuba negunya phakathi kwabo kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi. Malunga ne-1100 kwakukho elinye iqela elahlala kulo mmandla kwaye lalilawula i-Oaxaca. Inkcubeko yeMixtec!
Inkcubeko yeMixtec
Eli qela lenkcubeko lenziwe linani elikhulu lezizwe ezithetha iilwimi ezahlukeneyo ze-Otomanguean, kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuba sisiphi isizwe, igama laso. lwimi Lathi: Bantu bemvula.
IiMixtec, ezizibiza ngokuba ziNuu Savi, lelinye lawona maqela makhulu abantu baseMexico abamalunga nama-500.000 abantu. Ikhaya labo, elaziwa ngokuba yiMixteca, ligubungela malunga nezikwekhilomitha ezingama-40.000 kwaye ligubungela isiqingatha esisentshona sephondo laseMexico iOaxaca, lidlulela kwiphondo laseGuerrero nasePuebla.
Ngokwejografi, iMixtec yokuhlala yahlulahlulwe yangamacandelo amathathu: iMixteca Baja, iMixteca Alta, kunye neMixteca de la Costa. Kuqikelelwa ukuba abemi beMixtec ngokusemandleni abo banokufikelela kwisigidi sabemi, besenza impucuko yokubaluleka okungaphaya kwimbali yemveli.
Njengoninzi lwabantu bomthonyama, iiMixtec zazihlonela izinto zendalo ezikhoyo kwiinkonzo zabo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemikhosi kwaye zigcine ulwahlulo lwentlalo oluphawulweyo kwiiklasi okanye iiklasi. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwinkcubeko ye-Mixtec kukuyilwa kwenkqubo yokubhala i-logographic, eyavumela ukucaciswa kweekhowudi ezahlukeneyo ezifana Codex Bodley kunye Codex Vindobonensis okanye Yuta Tnoho.
Indawo yejografi yenkcubeko yeMixtec
Abantu bakwaMixtec bahlala kumazantsi elizwe ngoku elibizwa ngokuba yi-United Mexican States, kwintsimi ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yiLa Mixteca. Lo mmandla uphakathi kwelizwe elisemazantsi ePuebla, empuma yeGuerrero kunye nentshona ye-Oaxaca. Kuqikelelwa ukuba i-Mixteca ithatha ngaphezu kwamashumi amane amawaka eekhilomitha zeekhilomitha, kule ndawo zonke iidolophu ze-Mixtec zazibekwe, ezahlulahlulwe zaba ziindawo ezintathu ezinkulu zejografi:
- Mixtec Baja (Ñuu I'ni)
- High Mixtec (Ñuu Savi Sukun)
- Coastal Mixtec (Ñuu Andivi)
Inkcubeko yeMixtec: Ulwimi nokuBhala
Ulwimi lweMixtec lwalufana nolwimi lwaseZapotec, kodwa inkqubo yokubhala yeMixtec yayingahambelani nakweyiphi na inkcubeko. Ezi ndawo endaweni yokusebenzisa umbhalo okanye oonobumba, zasebenzisa iiglyphs ezineempawu kunye nemifanekiso ebonisa ulwimi. Bakwasebenzisa imizekeliso efuzisela iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ezinjengeemfazwe, ukufa kwabantu ababalulekileyo nokuthweswa isithsaba kweenkokeli zabo ezintsha.
Eyona nto ibalaseleyo malunga nenkcubeko ye-Mixtec yinkqubo yayo yokubhala yelogographic-pictorial style, bacacisa iicodices ezidumileyo, imizobo kunye nemifanekiso ebalisa amabali, iintsomi, iintsomi kunye neenyani ezahlukeneyo. Ngoyilo oluncinci, babalisa ngemvelaphi yasentsomini yolu luntu, kunye neenkolelo zabo zobuthixo kunye namaxesha abalulekileyo.
Ngokomzekelo, iCodex Zouche-Nuttall ichaza amabali amaqhawe aphikisana namandla phakathi kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini neyeshumi elinesithathu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iCodex Vindobonensis Mexicanus, enye yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ixelela amabali eentsomi zabantu beMixtec.
Umbutho wezopolitiko
I-Mixtec yayingengobantu abahlelwe phantsi kwemigaqo yorhulumente omnye ophakathi, ngokuchaseneyo, babeyingqokelela yabantu abathi kwiimeko ezininzi babe neengxabano zangaphakathi. Kwisihlandlo sokuqala, balawula kakhulu kwiintlambo zohlanga lwama yucuñudahui, ethe yakhululeka yi Yucuita njengeqela elilawulayo, nangona kunjalo, kamva inani le Wowu.
Umtshato wawusetyenziswa njengendlela okanye isixhobo sokuseka ubudlelwane phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo inyamakazi, evumela ukuba babonise amandla kunye namandla ngakumbi ekulweni nabanye abantu abangabamelwane, nokuba yiMixtecs.
Impucuko nezizwe zomthonyama bezizininzi kwaye zinemilo emandla rhoqo. Iinkcubeko zangaphambi kwe-Columbian eziye zahlala ixesha elide zezo zigcina umkhosi owomeleleyo kwaye odibeneyo, okwazi ukulwa nokubamba ixesha elide.
Kwimeko yeeMixtecs, baye baphuhlisa iindlela ezininzi zokulwa, ezinjengohlaselo oluxhobileyo ukusuka kude okanye uhlaselo lwe-melee olwaluqhelekile kwezi zizwe. Omnye wamajoni akhe abalaseleyo ngokutsho kwe Codex nuttal, yayisaziwa ngokuba yi Nkosi Sibhozo Deer. igama lakhe lalingu Uzipho lweJaguar.
Uqoqosho lwenkcubeko ye-Mixtec
Njengazo zonke iinkcubeko zemveli zaseMesoamerican, ezolimo yayiyeyona nto iphambili yezoqoqosho eyenziwa ngabantu bakwaMixtec.
Esona sityalo sibalulekileyo kulo mmandla yayingumbona, owawumela ukutya okusisiseko kwabemi bomthonyama bale mimandla. Ukongeza, iintlobo zeembotyi, itshili kunye nethanga zavunwa. I-Mixteca inejografi engafanelekanga kwezolimo, ngoko ke olu luntu lwavelisa iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zokunkcenkceshela kwaye lwakhetha ukulima umhlaba ukuze lutyale izityalo.
Umbutho wentlalontle
Onke amaqela eentlanga kunye nempucuko yemveli yelo xesha yacwangciswa kwinkqubo yolawulo, eyenziwe ngamaqela okanye iiklasi, kwaye iMixtec yayingenjalo. Njengoko ayeyeka ukuba ngabantu abahambahambayo, ahlala kwiindawo ezazineendidi ezahlukeneyo zokuhlala.
Ilali nganye yaseMixtec yayikhokelwa yingcuka enendlela yayo nesimbo sokwenza oko, nangona kunjalo, into ephantse yadityaniswa luluntu lonke kukuba inkokeli yabo yayisoloko ikhatshwa liqela lezidwangube, udidi lwentlalo olusebenzisa imisebenzi ethile kunye neqela leendwalutho. imisebenzi encinci karhulumente. Abasebenzi, amafama ngokubanzi, yayingabona baboneleli baninzi nabaphambili bezibonelelo, kuquka namagcisa azinikele kwiseramikhi, iibhaskithi kunye namalaphu.
Isiseko sephiramidi yentlalontle sasihlala ngabakhonzi kunye namakhoboka, ngokubanzi amabanjwa emfazwe. Iintsapho zeMixtec zidla ngokuba ngoosolusapho kwaye umsebenzi wahlulwe ngokwesini, umzekelo, amadoda alima isiza sosapho kwaye namhlanje ahlala efumana imisebenzi ehlawulwayo ngaphandle kwelali ukuze abonelele iimfuno zosapho.
Kwelinye icala, abafazi benkcubeko yakwaMixtec basebenza ikakhulu ekhaya nasemasimini xa amadoda osapho engekho ngenxa yeminye imisebenzi.
Izindlu zabo zizakhiwo ezixande ezineefestile ezincinci kunye nomnyango omnye othi, endaweni yokuvula esitratweni, ukhokelela kwipatio. Njengoko amalungu osapho ekhula, ahlala nosapho lonyana, olunokuthi luhlale iinkedama abantakwabo okanye abatshana, efuna indlu enkulu ukuze isebenze njengekhomponenti yosapho kwiimeko ezinjalo.
Ukuziphatha kunye nemvakalelo yokuba nembopheleleko kuluntu kubaluleke kakhulu kuluntu lweMixtec, kubalulekile ukubulisa umntu ngembeko xa udlula okanye utshintshiselana amagama ambalwa amnandi nomhlobo ngexesha lokudibana okungaqhelekanga, kungenjalo uthathwa njengomntu okrwada kakhulu .
AbakwaMixtec bakwabambelela kwisithethe samandulo sokusebenzela uluntu olubizwa ngokuba yiTequio, ebandakanya umsebenzi apho amalungu elalini kufuneka anikele ngezinto eziphathekayo okanye asebenze ukuze enze igalelo kuwo, umzekelo, isitalato, isikolo, iqula. , njl. Ukuhlawula le nkonzo yetyala kubaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba amalungu osapho ahlala ngaphandle koluntu abuyele ekhaya ukuze alihlawule.
Ukutya
IMixtec ubukhulu becala ngamafama, ngoko ke bakhulisa ukutya kwabo okusisiseko, ikakhulu umbona, iimbotyi, ingqolowa, ikonofile, itswele, neetumato, apho lo mhlaba ungachumiyo ubavumela khona. Kwezinye iindawo basenokulima iintlobo ngeentlobo zeziqhamo, eziquka ama-apile, amapere, iipesika neeavokhado. Abanye bafuya iigusha kunye neebhokhwe, nangona kunjalo ukutyisa amadlelo amakhulu kunzima. Bakwaphila ngokuqokelela imifuno yasendle namakhowa, ukuzingela nokuloba iicrustaceans, amasele, intlanzi, imivundla kunye namaxhama.
Baphinde basebenzise izinambuzane, ezibhekwa njengento enomdla kunye nesondlo esinomsoco, ngakumbi iintethe eziqokelelwa kusasa ngo-Oktobha, ngoNovemba nangoDisemba, xa izinambuzane ziqokelelana kwiimfumba ezinkulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukupheka kwezi zinambuzane kulula kakhulu, iintethe ziqokelelwa kwaye zishiywe ukuba ziphumle usuku lonke ukuze zikwazi ukwetyisa ukutya kwaye zikhuphe isisu. Emva koko, zihlanjwe kakuhle kwaye ziyekwe ukuba zikhuphe amanzi.
Xa zomile, zigqunywa ngejusi yelamuni esandul’ ukukhamiswa zize zifefe ngetyuwa, zishiyeke zisemanzini kulo mxube. Kwipopu enebhotela, gazinga iintethe kude kube mdaka wegolide kwaye uhambe nazo kunye ne-corn tortillas kunye ne-sauce.
inkolo ye-mixtec
Namhlanje inzala yenkcubeko yamandulo yakwaMixtec ngamakholwa amaKatolika, kodwa kumaxesha angaphambi koloyiso kunye namathanga ayenenkolo yawo. Njengamanye amaqela omthonyama aseMesoamerican, iMixtec yayinoothixo abaninzi abahlukeneyo abaxhomekeke kwinyama negazi lemibingelelo yabantu neyezilwanyana ukuze bahlale banelisekile.
AbakwaMixtec banqula ilanga kunye namanye amandla endalo ehlabathi, ubomi nokufa, umhlaba emva kokufa, njl. Babenabanye oothixo ababemele imfazwe, ukuchuma, imvula kunye nezinye izinto zendalo. Ayesenza amadini egazi ukuze abonise ukunyaniseka koothixo bawo, kodwa anikela ingqalelo ngokukhethekileyo kwizinto ezinjengeendlebe, ulwimi, yaye maxa wambi nentliziyo.
Babengamachule amahle kakhulu kwaye uninzi lweziqwenga zabo ezintle zeceramic zazisetyenziselwa imibhiyozo yenkolo, umzekelo, iiglasi kunye neembiza zokuqokelela igazi ezindlebeni kunye neelwimi njengeminikelo kwizithixo zabo. Ukulandela ikhalenda yabo, babenezithethe zomlilo zokubhiyozela ukuhamba kwexesha kunye nokuqala kwexesha elitsha lenkolo. Sithetha nje inzala kaMixtec iqhelisela indibanisela yonqulo lweminyanya yabo engqina ukuba zonke izinto kwindalo zinomoya, uqheliselo olwaziwa ngokuba yi-animism nobuKatolika.
Kubomi bosapho lomntu ngamnye, imitshato, ubhaptizo kunye nomthendeleko wokuqala kubhiyozelwa. Kwiindawo zoluntu, owona mnyhadala mkhulu ubandakanya umbhiyozo weentsuku ezininzi womxhasi wedolophu, amatheko olonwabo aquka iziqhushumbisi, amatheko nemidlalo, kwakunye nezihlwele zonqulo.
Baphinde babhiyozele njengelizwe lonke uSuku Lwabafileyo, apho iintsapho zihlonipha umfi ngezibingelelo zasekhaya, zisitya ukutya okuthandayo komfi, kwaye zihombisa amangcwaba abo ngamakhandlela neentyatyambo.
Imvelaphi yasentsomini yenkcubeko yeMixtec
I-Mixtec yayinemvelaphi efanayo yentsomi njengabanye abantu baseMesoamerican, abathi baphila kwixesha leSihlanu leLanga kwaye ngaphambi kokuba le Era, oothixo badale kwaye batshabalalisa ihlabathi ngezihlandlo ezininzi.
Indalo ichazwa kwiCodex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I, apho baphinda bakhankanye ngokufika koothixo babo kunye namanye amabali asentsomini. Ibali leMixtec lokudalwa kwehlabathi likhetheke kakhulu kwaye lisinika umbono wombono wabo wayo yonke into ebangqongileyo. Izithixo ezimbini zazingowokuqala, ooyise abadali beplanethi kunye noothixo abane abadali:
“Ngonyaka nangemini yobumnyama nobumnyama, ngaphambi kokuba kubekho imihla, okanye iminyaka, ihlabathi lisebumnyameni obukhulu, ukuba yonke into yaba sisiphithiphithi nesiphithiphithi, umhlaba wawugutyungelwe ngamanzi, kwakukho ibhilidi nodaka kuphela phezu komhlaba. Umphezulu womhlaba
Ngelo xesha, amaIndiya athi uthixo wabonakala ngokubonakalayo ogama lakhe laliyi ‘xhama’, nangesiteketiso ‘inyoka yejaguar’ kunye nothixokazi omhle kakhulu nomhle kakhulu, ogama lakhe laliyi ‘ixhama’ nangesiteketiso ‘inyoka yejaguar’. Cougar'. Aba thixo babini bathi babesisiqalo sabanye oothixo ababenabo amaIndiya.
Xa bobabini oothixo sele belungele umhlaba kwaye abantwana babo abane bazalwa, omnye wabo owaziwa ngokuba yiNine Winds wakhulelwa iMixtecs yokuqala kwiplanethi kunye nomthi we-Apoala. phakathi kwabo uDzahuindanda, umtoli welanga.
Ukubonakaliswa kobugcisa
Iinkcubeko zemveli zaseMesoamerican zishiye ilifa elihle lobugcisa, elivumele, phakathi kwezinye izinto, uphononongo oluthe kratya ngabo, kunye nenkcubeko yeMixtec ayifani. AbakwaMixtec bavelisa amabinzana ahlukahlukeneyo obugcisa, begxininisa ngokukhethekileyo kwizinto ezenziwe ngodongwe namalaphu, nto leyo ebonisa kuzo uninzi lweenkolelo zabo zonqulo. Ukongeza kuloo nto, sifumana imifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyahlukeneyo yale mpucuko, apho basebenzisa amatye anjenge-jade kunye ne-turquoise.
Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, uninzi lwemizobo yeMixtec namhlanje ibandakanya imveliso yelaphu, kubandakanya ukuluka amalaphu ewulu kunye nomqhaphu, kodwa iyagqwesa ekulukeni amagqabi esundu kwiibhaskithi kunye neminqwazi.
Eyona nto idumileyo kunye neyomfanekiso yale nkcubeko yi-Mixtec huipil, i-blouse ehonjiswe ngobuchule kwimibala emininzi enxitywe ngabafazi be-Mixtec. Le mihla imveliso yeekeramics ayisekho rhoqo, nangona kunjalo, ookhokho beMixtec benza izitya zodongwe ezintle, ezihonjiswe ngokutyebileyo ezazisetyenziswa kwizithethe zonqulo.
Umsebenzi owenziwe ngesinyithi uphuhliswe kade, kodwa yayingengomda wokuchaza imifanekiso eqingqiweyo emangalisayo kunye nokuboniswa ngegolide, nokuba nobuchule obukhulu ekwenziweni kwezacholo, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwii-metallurgists ezigqwesileyo. Ekuqaleni ukusuka kwiNtlambo yaseMexico, iziqwenga ezintle zegolide kunye ne-turquoise zifunyenwe ukuba i-Mixtec isetyenziswe njengeentsimbi zomqala kunye neependants. Ubhedu lwalusetyenziselwa ukwenza izinto zemihla ngemihla.
i-mixtec decadence
Phakathi kwempucuko yentlambo yaseMexico, ukongamela ummandla ngokuqhelekileyo kwakuthabatha ixesha elifutshane kakhulu, ngenxa yesi sizathu elinye iqela elilawulayo lanikezela kwelinye ngokufuthi kakhulu. Zazifudula ziziimpucuko ezithanda imfazwe ezisoloko zihlasela yaye zilawulana.
Nangona i-Mixtec yayilawula ummandla we-Oaxaca, ixesha labo njengenkokeli epheleleyo yayifutshane xa kuthelekiswa nobunye ubukhosi. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwenkcubeko yabo yahlala kulo mmandla njengoko ngandlel' ithile yamkelwa ngabo boyisileyo.
Malunga nonyaka we-1400 ama-Aztec aqala ukoyisa kunye nokulawula le ntlambo kwaye kancinci kancinci impucuko ekhoyo yawa. Ama-Aztec afuna ukuba zonke izikumkani ezaziboyisile zibanike imali, ukutya, nabantu ngabanye njengemibingelelo.
Nangona kunjalo, iMixtec ayizange inikezele ngokulula kwaye ukhuselo lwabo olunamandla lwaqhubeka iminyaka embalwa, de kube malunga ne-1458. Emva kokuba ama-Aztec eyoyisile ngokupheleleyo kwaye oyisile iMixtec kunye neZapotec, bakha inqaba enkulu kwinduli engaphezulu kwe-Oaxaca, ukuya. gcina iliso kuwo omabini amaqela.
Ngo-1521, ama-Aztec oyiswa ngumkhosi wasemzini, ngokubonakala kunye nezixhobo ezingaziwayo kubemi baloo mmandla. Yayingabantu baseSpain, abafika ngokukhawuleza kumhlaba we-Mixtec, behlola intlambo kwaye bekhangela igolide enqwenelekayo.
Imishini yayisele iqalile ubuKristu beMixtecs kunye namanye amaqela kwingingqi ye-Oaxaca, malunga ne-1528. Nangona kunjalo, ukufika kwabaseYurophu akuzange kuzise nje ukholo olutsha, ukuphathwa kakubi kunye nezifo ezitsha zaseSpain zabulala abaninzi abantu bomthonyama, kuquka iMixtec yamandulo. inkcubeko. Okwangoku kusekho iiMixtec kwiNtlambo yaseOaxaca nakwiindawo zaseGuerrero nasePuebla, eyaziwa ngokuba yiLa Mixteca.
Ukuba eli nqaku belinomdla kuwe, qiniseka ukuba ujonga amanye amakhonkco ebhlog:
- Inkcubeko yaseMesoamerican
- Indawo yenkcubeko yeMixtec
- Uqoqosho lweMixtecs