Fumana nathi lonke ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga ne Inkcubeko yaseMesoamerican eyavela ukususela kumaxesha amandulo kwilizwekazi. Ungayeki ukuyifunda! yaye uya kufunda ngeentlobo ngeentlobo zezizwe ezikuloo mmandla.
Iinkcubeko ezili-10 eziBalulekileyo zaseMesoamerican
Iinkcubeko zaseMesoamerican yayiluthotho lwempucuko yabantu bomthonyama eyaphuhliswa eMexico nakuMbindi Merika ngaphambi kokufika kweSpanish ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Ngexesha lokufika kwamaSpanish, iinkcubeko ezingaphezu kweshumi elinesibini zaziseMesoamerica: Olmec, Mayan, Mexica/Aztec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Purépecha, Huasteca, Tlaxcalteca, Totonac, Chichimec. Kweli nqaku, siza kugxininisa kwezona zibalulekileyo.
Ngokutsho kwabembi bezinto zakudala, kukho ubungqina bokuba iMesoamerica ihlaliswe ngabantu ukusukela kwi21,000 BC. Aba bantu bamandulo baseMesoamerican babengama-nomads.
Nangona kunjalo, ngonyaka wama-7000 a. C., ukunyibilika komkhenkce kwavumela uphuhliso lwezolimo, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba aba bantu bomthonyama baqalise ukuhlala phantsi.
Ngokuphuculwa kweenkcubeko, iziseko zokudalwa kwempucuko ziye zomelezwa. Ukususela ngowama-2300 BC. C., imisebenzi yobugcisa efana neeseramikhi kunye noyilo lwaphuhliswa.
Ekuqaleni, kwakukholelwa ukuba iinkcubeko zaseMesoamerican zivela ngexesha elifanayo. Nangona kunjalo, abaphengululi balo mmandla baye babonisa ngobungqina bezinto zakudala ukuba ezi mpucuko zavela ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Ngokufanayo, badibana nesiphelo sabo kwiminyaka eyahlukeneyo.
Inkcubeko yeOlmec
Olu hlanga lubizwa ngokuba yi-Olmec lwavela kumzantsi-mpuma weMexico phakathi kweminyaka ye-1600 kunye ne-1400 BC. C. kwaye kukholelwa ukuba yanyamalala malunga nonyaka wama-400 a. c.
Aba bantu bomthonyama babeka iziseko ezivumela ukuphuhliswa kwezinye iinkcubeko zaseMesoamerican kwaye zaphembelela kakhulu impucuko yamaMayan nama-Aztec.
Kuthathwa njengonina wazo zonke iinkcubeko zaseMesoamerican, kuba yenye yeyokuqala ukubhalwa, igama layo ngolwimi lwesiNahuatl lithetha "abantu abavela kumhlaba werabha" kwaye, enyanisweni, i-latex yakhutshwa kwimithi "ye-elastic castile". »kulo mmandla.
Inkcubeko ye-Olmec inikwe amandla ngokusungula umdlalo webhola wesithethe, ukubhala kweMesoamerican kunye ne-epigraphy, ukuveliswa kwe-zero, kunye nekhalenda yaseMesoamerican. Owona mqondiso wakhe ubalulekileyo ziintloko ezinkulu.
Imbali
Imbali yayo yahlulwe yaba ziindawo zamakomkhulu ayo amathathu:
San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan 1200 BC C. Kude kube ngowama-900 a. C., indawo yayo emathafeni omlambo eyayithanda imveliso ephezulu yombona, eyaphembelela ukuba ibe yeyokuqala impucuko eMelika. Yayinabantu abaninzi abathi babenenkcubeko esulungekileyo.
Iziko lokuthengisa lomsitho Emva kwe900 BC C. Ukurhoxa okuvela eSan Lorenzo kwarekhodwa. Utshintsho ekuhambeni kweminye imilambo lubonisa ukuba utshintsho lwendalo luchaphazela le nyaniso, nangona ukutshatyalaliswa kweSan Lorenzo kwi-950 a. C. ucebisa ukuba kwakukho imvukelo yangaphakathi de 400 a. c.
Yayisisazulu sale mpucuko, ixesha apho kwakwakhiwa iPiramidi Enkulu kunye namanye amaziko emisitho.
ii-sapotes ezintathu, Ukususela kwi-400 a. Malunga ne-200 BC, nangona esi yayisisigaba sokugqibela se-Olmec, kwakusekho inani labantu kwinqanaba le-post-Olmec kwaye namhlanje kukho imikhondo emininzi yempembelelo yabo kwiVeracruz yanamhlanje.
Qoqosho
IiOlmec zavelisa ukutyalwa nokuvunwa kombona, iimbotyi, iipepile ezishushu, iipepile eziswiti, iiavokhado kunye nesquash. Zonke iinkcubeko zisekho kwinkcubeko yaseMexico.
Bavelisa nenkqubo yokunkcenkceshela ezenzekelayo eyenza ukuba amanzi aziswe kumhlaba ochumileyo, ukuze abe nemveliso. Ukuloba nokuzingela zezinye izenzo zoqoqosho eziveliswa yi-Olmecs. Ngokufanayo, le mpucuko yayisaziwa ngokukhulisa ii-turkeys, ezixabisekileyo kuzo zombini inyama kunye neentsiba.
Inkolo
Inkcubeko yama-Olmec yayingokobuthixo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba urhulumente wayephantsi kwamagunya enkolo nawonqulo-zithixo. Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo neyokwakha yayiziimfundiso ezithobela imikhwa yonqulo; Izibingelelo zeOlmec, iitempile kunye nezithixo zibubungqina boku. Phakathi kwezinto zabo zonqulo, i-jaguar mhlawumbi yayiyeyona ibalulekileyo, eyayibhekwa njengothixo woMhlaba.
Amadoda eJaguar nawo ayebaluleke kakhulu. Eminye imifanekiso eqingqiweyo ibonisa izithixo ezinesiqingatha somntu, isiqingatha sejaguar. Ezinye izithixo yayinguthixo womlilo, uthixo wengqolowa, uthixo wokufa, nenyoka eneentsiba. Kwinkcubeko ye-Olmec, kwakukho umzobo we-shaman, ojongene nokulawula amasiko enkolo kwaye kuye kwachazwa amandla okuphilisa.
Ubugcisa
Umzobo sesinye sezona zinto ziqhelekileyo zobugcisa beOlmecs. Izikhumbuzo zayo ezintle zibizwa ngokuba "iintloko ezinkulu", imifanekiso eqingqiweyo ematyeni (ininzi i-basalt kwaye ihlotshiswe nge-jade), enokulinganisa ukuya kwi-3,4 yeemitha.
Namhlanje, kukholelwa ukuba zenziwe ngokuhlonipha abathetheli abadumileyo, amaqhawe kunye nookhokho bempucuko. Intloko yokuqala yafunyanwa ngo-1862 kumzantsi weVeracruz.
Kukho izinto ezimbini eziphindaphindiweyo kwimiboniso yobugcisa be-Olmec: ukusetyenziswa kwe-jade kunye nesimboli se-jaguar. Le yokugqibela yayithathwa njengophawu lwamandla kungekuphela nje ngenkcubeko yeOlmec kodwa nangezinye iinkcubeko zomthonyama kuMbindi Merika.
Mexica / Aztec inkcubeko
I-Mexicas, ekwabizwa ngokuba ngama-Aztec, yayingabantu abahambahambayo abafika eMesoamerica ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Esi sizwe besiya kugqalwa njengabaphantsi kwezinye impucuko yakuMbindi waseMelika kuba sasihambahamba.
Noko ke, ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, ama-Aztec ayesele ezamkele izithethe eziwangqongileyo aza abeka isiseko sokwakha oko kamva kwakuza kubizwa ngokuba buBukhosi bama-Aztec.
Baziqhelanisa nemekobume ababefanele bahlale kuyo; benza amaphenyane ukuze bakwazi ukuphila ngokuloba kumanzi akufutshane; Basebenza umhlaba ukuze uchume kwaye ube nemveliso, kwaye bakha amadama kunye neenkqubo zokunkcenkceshela.
Bathi bakumiselwa ngokupheleleyo, baqalisa ukwenza ubukhosi ngokuthi boyise ezinye izizwe ezincinane. Ezi zizwe zoyisiweyo zazifanele zinike imbeko kuma-Aztec.
Ngale ndlela, babeqinisekisa omnye umthombo wokutya neempahla (ezifana nezacholo, iimpahla), kunye namabanjwa abingelelwa ukondla izithixo.
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, impucuko yama-Aztec yayigqalwa njengeyona inamandla eMesoamerica kwaye yayiquka umbindi nomzantsi weMexico, kunye nemimandla yaseNicaragua neGuatemala.
Imvelaphi kunye nendawo
NgesiNahuatl, igama elithi Aztec lithetha "abantu abavela eAztlán." Ngokutsho kwentsomi yaseMexico, abantu bayo bayishiya iAztlán de bayifumane indawo entsha ngokwakha isixeko saseTenochtitlán. Baye bagqiba ukubiza le ndawo ngokuthi iMexihco, oku kuthetha ukuba "kwinkaba yenyanga", apho iMexico ivela khona.
Ngoko ke, umahluko osisiseko kukuba ama-Aztec aya kuba ngabaya kufuduka, kodwa xa sele esekiwe, babizwa ngokuba yiMexica. Kwelinye icala, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba le mvelaphi yaseAztlán yintsomi. Indawo yaseMexico yanabela embindini nakumazantsi eMexico yanamhlanje. Imvelaphi yayo ibuyela kwimihla emva kokuwa kobukumkani baseToltec, phakathi kwe-XNUMX kunye ne-XNUMXth inkulungwane.
Ubunyani bemvelaphi yaseMexico yayiquka ukufuduka okukhulu kwamaqela athetha isiNahuatl ukusuka kumntla weMexico yangoku-Chichimeca-, eyayikhukulisa i-plateau yaseMexico, malunga neLake Texcoco. Babephakathi kwabemi bokugqibela ukufika kulo mmandla, ngoko banyanzelwa ukuba bahlale kwindawo engumgxobhozo ngasentshona yechibi.
Inkolelo yabo yonqulo kwintsomi yokuba abantu abanamandla baya kuvela kwindawo engumgxobhozo apho kwakukho i-cactus kunye nokhozi oluqwenga inyoka, yinto eyabavumela ukuba bajinga kwaye baphumelele kuloo ndawo. Esi siko siyaqhubeka namhlanje kwaye sinokubonwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kwiibhili kunye neengqekembe zaseMexico. Ngowe-1325, baseka iTenochtitlán, ekwindawo ngoku eyikomkhulu laseMexico.
Kummandla okufuphi nechibi elisecaleni komlambo, benza inkqubo yezitiya ebizwa ngokuba zii<em>chinampas, ezazizinkuni ezibekwe phezu kwentlabathi eyayisenza iziqithi ezingengowamvelo. Iindlela kunye neebhulorho zakhiwe ukuze zikhuphe amanzi kwindawo kwaye zidibanise nelizwe.
Ebukhazikhazini bayo, kwakukho amaphondo angama-38, kodwa awona maphondo akude alwela ukuzimela kwawo, ngoko ke adibana noHernán Cortés kwaye ngelishwa aququzelela ukunyamalala kwabantu base-Aztec.
ZoLimo
Ezolimo zazisisiseko soqoqosho lwaseMexico. Bahlakulela ukulinywa kombona, okona kutya kubalulekileyo, kunye neepepile, iimbotyi, icuba nekoko.
Baziqhelanisa nenkqubo yokusika nokutshisa, nto leyo eyavelisa iziphumo ezilungileyo. Bakha nemijelo yokunkcenkceshela eyayibavumela ukuba batyale kwiindawo ezichumileyo.
imfundo
Abantwana baseMexico bafundiswa ekhaya ukusuka kwiminyaka emithathu. Ootata bafundisa amakhwenkwe ngelixa oomama befundisa amantombazana. Kwiminyaka eyi-15, amadoda amancinci angaqala izifundo zawo kwisikolo saseTenochtitlan, eCalmecac.
Esi sikolo siqeqeshe abantu abatsha abazizityebi kwiinkalo zobugqirha, inzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi, icalculus, ukubhala, imbali, uncwadi, ifilosofi, umthetho, ulawulo loshishino lweqhinga likarhulumente nelasemkhosini.
Ulutsha olukudidi oluphakathi lwaya kwiSikolo saseTelpochcalli, apho lwafunda ukusebenza ngamatye, ukukrola, nokuba ngamagorha.
Kwelabo icala, amabhinqa aselula afundiswa njengabefundisi yaye afunda ukuluka, ukusebenza ngeentsiba nokwenza izinto zonqulo.
Umgaqo wokuziphatha
Inxalenye efanelekileyo yemfundo yaseMexico nendlela yokuphila yimigaqo yokuziphatha efundiswa kuzo zonke izikolo yaye iyinxalenye yomthetho obhaliweyo. Ukwaphulwa kwayo nayiphi na le migaqo kunokuhlawulwa ngobomi.
Nalu uluhlu lweminye yemithetho yekhowudi yokuziphatha:
1- Musa ukuhlekisa ngabantu abadala.
2- Musa ukwenza intlekisa kwabagulayo.
3- Musa ukumphazamisa xa omnye ethetha.
4- Musa ukukhalaza.
Inkolo
Unqulo lwaluyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkcubeko yaseMexico. Ayenqula oothixo abaninzi kuba ayenqula oothixo noothixokazi abahlukahlukeneyo ababemela ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Abanye babo nguthixo weLanga nothixokazi weNyanga, uThixo wemvula kunye noThixo wokuchuma.
Iinkolelo zabo zonqulo zenza ukuba iMexico igqalwe njengabanxanelw’ igazi kuba babebingelela ngabantu ukuze banelise imfuneko yegazi labantu ababenayo abanye oothixo. Ngokomzekelo, uHuitzilopochtli, uthixo welanga, kwakufuneka aqhubeke ezondla ngegazi; kungenjalo, Bendiya kuyeka ukuphuma yonke imihla.
Unqulo lwalunxulunyaniswa nazo zonke iinkalo zobomi bomthonyama. Ngokomzekelo, baqalisa iimfazwe nxamnye nezinye izizwe ukuze babe nothotho lwamabanjwa awayenokunyuswa ngawo nanini na oothixo bethanda. Ngokufanayo, unqulo lwalunxibelelene ngokusondeleyo nezakhiwo. Ngaphezu kweepiramidi, ama-Aztec akha iitempile zokunqula oothixo bawo nokwenza amadini.
oothixo baseMexico
Ezinye zezona zithixo zibalulekileyo zazi:
-Quetzalcóatl: nguthixo wendalo, kuquka umhlaba nesibhakabhaka. Igama lakhe lithetha "inyoka enentsiba".
-Chalchiuhtlicue: nguthixokazi wamanzi, amachibi, iilwandle kunye nemilambo.
-Chicomecoatl: nguthixokazi wombona.
-Mictlantecuhtli: nguthixo wokufa. Udla ngokuboniswa enokakayi kwindawo yobuso.
-Tezcatlipoca: unguthixo wesibhakabhaka kunye nomoya wasebusuku. Ngokuqhelekileyo inxulumene namatye amnyama afana ne-obsidian.
Inkcubeko yamaMaya
Inkcubeko yamaMaya, ephuhliswe kwintsimi ngoku eyahlulahlulwe phakathi kweMexico, iGuatemala, iBelize, iHonduras kunye ne-El Salvador, kusenokwenzeka ukuba yenye yezona mpucuko ziqaqambileyo nezinempumelelo. Olu dumo lubangelwa kukuba baye bavelisa iinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zolwazi, kuquka inzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi, ukubhala nezibalo.
Ulimo lwalubalulekile kuqoqosho lwaseMaya, umbona usesona sityalo siphambili. Kwakulinywa nomqhaphu, iimbotyi, icassava nekoko. Ubuchule bayo be-textile bufikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu lophuhliso.
Utshintshiselwano lwezorhwebo lwesi sixeko lwalusenziwa ngeembotyi zekoko kunye neentsimbi zobhedu, izinto ezazisetyenziselwa imisebenzi yokuhombisa. Njengegolide, isilivere, i-jade, phakathi kwabanye.
Amanxuwa anqabileyo asePalenque, eMayapán, eCopán, eTulún naseChichén Itzá, phakathi kwamanye amaninzi, asivumela ukuba sazi ngokuqinisekileyo uhlobo lwezakhiwo ezazisetyenziswa ngelo xesha, ezichaza iindlela ezintathu: uMlambo iBec, iChenes kunye nePuuc.
Ukusasazwa kwezixeko kwakusekelwe kwizakhiwo zepiramidi ezinyathelweyo ezigqunywe ngeebhloko, ezithweswe isithsaba yitempile kwaye ngeenxa zonke kuzo kwakukho iiplaza ezivulekileyo.
Qoqosho
AmaMayans alungelelanisa ezolimo. Iintsalela ze-archaeological zingqina uphuhliso olukhulu ngokumalunga nale ndawo; Kukho imijelo kwiNtlambo yaseGuatemala ebonisa ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokunkcenkceshela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo.
Kwangaxeshanye, kwimimandla ephantsi, inkqubo yamanzi yayisetyenziselwa ukulima iindawo ezinomgxobhozo. Njengezinye impucuko zaseMesoamerica, baye bahlakulela ukulinywa kombona, iimbotyi, amathanga namandongomane aswiti. Babeqhelisela ukusika nokutshisa.
I-Architecture
Impucuko yamaMaya yakha iitempile kunye namaziko emisitho; Iiphiramidi yeyona nto iphezulu yokumelwa koyilo lwezakhiwo. Kwizakhiwo zabo, basebenzisa amatye. Ubukhulu becala ikalika, izinto eziye zakrolwa ukwenza i-bas-reliefs njengento yokuhombisa.
Ezi bas-reliefs zavela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, imiboniso yobomi baseMeya, ngokukodwa iziganeko ezibaluleke kakhulu kubomi babalawuli.
izinto ezenziwe ngamaya
AmaMayya aye aphumelela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zolwazi kwaye enza igalelo elikhulu. Ngokumalunga nokubhala, amaMayans avelise inkqubo ye-hieroglyphic, ngokungafaniyo nokubhalwa kwemifanekiso, imele ulwimi oluthethwayo.
Le nkqubo yayiyilwe ziisimboli ezazimela amalungu yaye ngamanye amaxesha amagama. Imizekelo yalo mbhalo inokunanditshwa kwiincwadi zakhe, ezaziwa ngokuba yiCodex.
Ngokufanayo, amaMayya ayenolwazi lwemathematika, ngakumbi kwi-astronomy, eyabavumela ukuba bakhe iikhalenda ezahlukeneyo. Enye yayisekelwe kunyaka welanga, owawuthatha iinyanga ezili-18 (iintsuku ezingama-20 inye) kunye neentsuku ezintlanu ezongezelelweyo, ezazigqalwa njengelishwa.
Enye yayiyikhalenda engcwele eyayineentsuku ezingama-260, eyahlulwa yaba yimijikelo eli-13, eyayisetyenziselwa ukuphawula ukuqalisa kwemibhiyozo yonqulo nokuxela kwangaphambili ikamva.
Baphinde benza iigrafu ezinendawo yenyanga kunye neVenus, ezivumela ukuba ziqikelele ngokuchanekileyo xa kuya kubakho umnyama welanga.
Inkolo
Unqulo lwamaMaya lwalunoothixo abaninzi, lunoothixo abaninzi, yaye lusekelwe kwimbono yomjikelo wexesha, nto leyo ephumela kwinkolelo yokuvela ngokutsha. Ekubeni abemi bomthonyama babexhomekeke kwizityalo zombona, uthixo wombona wayebaluleke kakhulu.
Ukungcungcuthekisa nokubingelelwa kwabantu yayizizithethe zonqulo, nangona zazingeyonto ixhaphakileyo okanye eyoyikekayo njengezo zazisenziwa ngama-Aztec. La masiko kwakukholelwa ukuba aqinisekisa ukuzala aze onwabe oothixo. Kungenjalo, ihlabathi beliya kugquba isiphithiphithi.
AmaMaya ayecinga ukuba igazi eliphuma kwimibingelelo londla izithixo yaye, ngenxa yoko, kwakuyimfuneko ukunxibelelana nabo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuzincama nokuzigwagwisa kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo phakathi kwababingeleli nezidwangube.
Indima yabasetyhini
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba, ngokungafaniyo nezinye iinkcubeko zelo xesha, abafazi bathatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kuluntu lwaseMeya. Abapheleli nje ekukhathaleleni nasekufundiseni abantwana, kodwa banokubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho nekarhulumente.
inkcubeko toltec
AmaToltec alawula iinduli ezisemantla eMexico ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX. Awona maziko aphambili abemi yayiyiHuapalcalco eTulancingo kunye nedolophu yaseTollan-Xicocotitlan, ekwindawo ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yiTula de Allende, kwiphondo laseHidalgo. Igama layo livela kwisiNahuatl elithetha "ummi waseToula".
Impembelelo enkulu yayikwi-architecture, apho amaMayans ahlanjululwa kwiindlela ezikhoyo kwi-Chichen-Itza, inqaba kunye netempile yamaqhawe. Zidume ngakumbi ngemifanekiso yazo emikhulu ebizwa ngokuba ziiAtlanteans.
Inkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan
Inkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan yaqala ukuvela kwiikoloni malunga nonyaka we-100 BC. C. kwinto eya kuba kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa kamva i-metropolis yaseTeotihuacan. Ukuhamba kwayo kwenzeka ekuqaleni kwexesha lakudala laseMesoamerica (ubugcisa II / III-VI).
Yeyona nto inzima kwimpucuko yaseMesoamerican, kuba ukunyamalala kwayo kwakukudala ngaphambi kokufika kweSpanish kwaye akukho mkhondo wobukho bayo.
Kwanabo baseMexico ababekufutshane nedolophu yaseTenochtitlan babesazi kancinci malunga neTeotihuacanos, kuba le nkcubeko yazalwa emva kokunyamalala kwabo.
Kuyaziwa ukuba le mpucuko yakha isixeko saseTeotihuacán. Eli gama lathiywa ngama-Aztec yaye lithetha “indawo apho oothixo bazalelwa khona” kuba balifumana lilahliwe yaye bekholelwa ukuba lalisisiseko sendalo iphela. Ngexesha lokukhula kwayo, yayiyimetropolis yabantu abangaphezu kwe-100,000 kunye neziko lemithambo-luvo yaseMesoamerica.
Yimpucuko yaseMesoamerica enawona maziko enkolo, awayeyisikhumbuzo, eqaqambisa iTempile yaseQuetzalcóatl, iPiramidi yeNyanga kunye nePiramidi yeLanga, eyeyesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni.
Ukutshintsha ukusuka kwiinjongo zonqulo ukuya kwezomkhosi kurhwebo lwabo kwasebenza ekumiseleni ingcamango yokuba imfazwe yayingunobangela wokuwohloka kwawo.
Ezinye iinkcubeko eziphawulekayo zaseMesoamerican
Ukongeza kwiinkcubeko zaseMesoamerican, esele zibizwe ngasentla, bekukho ezinye iinkcubeko zase-Aboriginal kule ndawo.
Purepecha inkcubeko
Eyaziwa ngamakholoni aseSpain njengenkcubeko yaseTarascan, bahlala ngokuyintloko kwingingqi yaseMichoacán. Babezibandakanya kwezolimo, ukuzingela, ukuqokelela ukutya kunye nemisebenzi yezandla.
Iimpawu zePurépechas
Ukusuka kwiimbono ezininzi, abantu basePurépecha bajongwa njengempucuko ehambele phambili ngexesha leMexico yangaphambi kweSpanishi. Bazinikezele kurhwebo oluninzi olunjengokwakha, ukupeyinta, ukwenza igolide kunye nokuloba.
Kakade ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu, baye bakwazi ukuphatha isinyithi, ekugqibeleni kwakuthetha ukuvulwa kobudlelwane obuninzi bezorhwebo.
ukwanda kwenkcubeko
Baye bakwazi ukusasaza inkcubeko yabo eMesoamerica de kwaphakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1500, xa ukufika kweSpanish kwakuthetha ukutshabalala kwangoko koBukhosi.
Nangona ulwe amadabi amaninzi kunye noBukhosi base-Aztec (obungenakuze boyise), uBukhosi baseSpain bukwazi ukubenza balawule.
Nangona inkcubeko kunye nabantu babo bakwazi ukuphila, uninzi lweziseko zabo zatshatyalaliswa kwaye nabalawuli babo babulawa.
Amasiko nezithethe
Njengenkoliso yabantu baseMexico, babenezithethe ezininzi ezinxulumene nokunqulwa kwezinto zemvelo ezaziwangqongile.
Ekubeni ukutya ababekuthanda yayingumbona, kwakugqalwa njengethuba elihle lokutyala umbona onemibala eyahlukahlukeneyo baze bakhatshwe neembotyi ukuze bafumane ixesha lokuvuna elichulumancisayo de unyaka wonke.
Inkolo
Akholelwa kuthixo omkhulu, ayekholelwa ukuba indalo iphela yahlulahlulwe yangamacandelo amathathu ayintloko: izulu, umhlaba, nehlabathi elingaphantsi komhlaba.
Izithixo ezintathu ziye zaphakama ngaphezu kwabanye:
-Curicaveri, uthixo wemfazwe kunye nelanga, owenza imibingelelo yabantu kwaye uphawu lwakhe lwaluzintaka ezidla inyama.
-Umfazi wakhe uCuerauáperi, uthixokazi wendalo, ethi imvula, ubomi, ukufa nembalela zibangelwa nguye.
-Intombi yakhe, uXaratanga, uthixokazi wenyanga nolwandle.
ULwimi
Ulwimi lwePurépecha luyinto engaqhelekanga kakhulu, njengoko lungenalo unxibelelwano lweelwimi kuzo naziphi na ezinye iziyelelane ezithethwa ngabanye abantu baseMexico kunye nempucuko yelo xesha.
Huastecs
Emi kunxweme lweGulf of Mexico, ayeyinzala yamaMayans. Abayiyo inkcubeko echazwe ngokukodwa ngenxa yokungafani kwabo, kunye nesizwe saseTeenek esinokubaluleka kwenkcubeko. Kuqikelelwa ukuba iindawo zokuhlala zokuqala zenzeka phakathi kwe-1500 a. C. kunye nama-900 a. c.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Igama elithi huasteco livela kwigama lesiNahuatl elithi "cuextécatl", elinokuba neentsingiselo ezimbini: "inkumba encinci", ukuba ivela kwi-cuachalolotl, okanye "guaje", ukuba ivela kwi "huaxitl"
Umfundisi waseSpain uFray Bernardino de Sahagún wabhala ukuba "Igama labo bonke aba lithatyathwe kwiphondo abalibiza ngokuba yiCuextlán, apho abo bahlala khona babizwa ngokuba yiCuextecas ", ukuba baninzi, kwaye ukuba omnye" uCuextecatl "kunye nelinye igama" Toveiome "xa zininzi, kwaye nini" Toveio ", ogama lakhe lithetha" ummelwane wethu ".
Ukukhubazeka kweCranial kunye nokugqobhozwa kwelobe
Enye yezona zinto ziphawuleka kakhulu kwinkcubeko ye-Huasteca yayisisiko lokuguqula ukhakhayi, mhlawumbi ngenxa yezizathu zesithethe. Ukongezelela, iindlebe nazo ziye zahlatywa ukuze zihonjiswe ngamathambo kunye namalungu eqokobhe.
Ubuze
Nangona oku akuqinisekiswanga yi-100%, iingcali ezininzi ziqinisekisa ukuba i-Huastecs yayihamba ze. Umthombo wale nkcazelo yimibhalo efunyenwe kwimivubukulo yezinto zakudala. Kwelinye icala, ii-Huastecs zangoku zihlala zinxiba iilokhwe zokugquma.
ULwimi
Olona lwimi luthethwa kakhulu sisiHuasteco sisidilimi saseTeenek okanye sesiHuasteco. Ukongezelela, ukusetyenziswa kwesiNahuatl neSpanish kuxhaphake kakhulu. Eyokuqala kwezi lwimi imvelaphi yamaMayan, nangona kucingelwa ukuba le nxalenye yaqala ukwahlula kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo. AmaHuastèque, ngolwimi lwawo, abizwa ngokuba yiTeenek, elithetha "amadoda avela apha."
Iilwimi ezininzi
Sithethanje, kusathethwa iilwimi ezintathu zomthonyama kummandla waseHuasteca: isiNahuatl, eVeracruz nakwinxalenye yeSan Luis Potosí; iHuasteco, eSan Luis Potosí, kumntla weVeracruz naseTamaulipas; kunye nepame, isiyelelane esisetyenziswa kummandla weentaba owahlula iSan Luis Potosí neQuerétaro
iTlaxcalans
Babizwa ngegama labo kwinto yokuba bahlala ikakhulu eTlaxcala. Bazalwa bevela kumanyano lwezizwe ezininzi kulo mmandla, baba yenye yezona mpucuko ziphambili zaseMexico ngaphambi kokoyiswa kwamaSpanish.
Igalelo lezenzululwazi nenkcubeko.
Enye yeempawu ezichazwa ziingcali kwinkcubeko yeTlaxcalan yimvakalelo eyomeleleyo yokuthanda izwe, ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa nezinye impucuko kulo mmandla.
Le mvakalelo yayibonakala kuyo yonke imithendeleko nemisitho yawo engenanto yakwenza nonqulo. Kuzo, bavakalisa intembelo yabo kwikamva elihle lelizwe labo lokuzalwa.
Abanye ababhali-mbali bathi esi simo sengqondo, sisondele kubuzwe bale mihla, sichaza ukhetho lwakhe lokunxulumana namaSpanish ngokuchasene nama-Aztec. Ngelo xesha, isongelo lokuzimela kwe-Tlaxcala yi-Empire yaseMexico, ngoko bagqiba ekubeni bafikelele kwisivumelwano sokuyinqoba.
Tlaxcala Canvas Shicilela
I-Ayuntamiento de Tlaxcala igunyazise ukuphuhliswa kwekhowudi yekholoni yaseTlaxcala kwisiqingatha sesibini sekhulu le-XNUMX. Isiphumo yaba yinto ebizwa ngokuba yiCanvas yaseTlaxcala.
Inkcazelo encinane ekhoyo kwicodex ibonisa ukuba kwaveliswa imibhalo yayo emithathu. Omnye wabo wayeza kuthunyelwa kuKumkani waseSpeyin njengesipho; enye yayimiselwe eMexico, apho yayiza kuya kwisekela-mphathi; kwaye eyesithathu yayiza kuhlala kwisahluko seTlaxcalteca ngokwayo.
Ngelishwa, zonke ezi kopi zilahlekile, ngoko umxholo wabo uyaziwa kuphela kwi-reproduction eyenziwe kamva, ngo-1773. Ngokutsho kolu kuveliswa, i-codex yabonisa iinkalo ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko, uluntu kunye nobudlelwane.
Iincwadi
Ababhali beTlaxcala baphawuleka ngokulusebenzisa kakuhle ulwimi. Aba babhali baye bahlakulela zonke iintlobo, ukusuka kwisihobe ukuya kwiintetho kunye namabali. Imisebenzi eyaziwa kakhulu yiTecuatzin kunye neTlaxcaltecayotl.
Kwelinye icala, imidlalo yeqonga yayixhaphakile. Umxholo ophambili yayibubomi babo bemihla ngemihla, kwanezenzo zamagorha noothixo babo.
https://youtu.be/TPKdF_st_pE
Udumo lwethiyetha lwabangela ukuba imidlalo yeqonga iqhubeke ukuya kutsho kumaxesha olawulo lwamathanga. Ukongeza kubabhali beetekisi.
uyilo kunye nemifanekiso
Ngexesha ngaphambi kokuba iSpeyin inqobe, iiTlaxcalans zenza iinqaba zazo kunye nezinye izakhiwo ezinekalika kunye namatye. Ngokuqhelekileyo, babekhetha iinduli ukuze bazifumane, njengakwimeko yaseCacaxtla neziko lemibhiyozo laseXochitécatl.
Kwimeko yomfanekiso oqingqiweyo, ababhali be-Tlaxcalan bahlukaniswa ngokuqina kwendalo yabo. Ayefanekisela izilwanyana, abantu noothixo.
Kungekudala ngaphambi kokuba abantu baseSpain bafike, indawo yasePuebla-Tlaxcalteca yafumana udumo olukhulu kwi-polychrome pottery. Iingcali ezininzi zicinga ukuba iziqwenga zabo zibonise iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nomgangatho kunezo zenziwe ngama-Aztec.
umculo
Njengakwiidolophu ezininzi zangaphambi kweSpanishi, umculo udlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwinkcubeko yaseTlaxcalan. Ngokutsho kweengcali, iingoma zigcine isigqi esikhawulezayo, kodwa i-atonal.
Ezona zixhobo zazisetyenziswa kakhulu yi<em>teponaztli ne<em>huéhuetl. Eyokuqala yayiluhlobo lwegubu elenziwe ngomthi. Yayiquka iingcongolo ezimbini yaza yavelisa iindidi ezimbini zezandi.
Kwelinye icala, i<em>huéhuetl yayilelinye igubu, kule meko lenziwe ngesikhumba. Ezinye izinto ze-Tlaxcalan zaziyimibhobho yodongwe, i-scrapers kunye neenkumba.
Umculo wale nkcubeko uphantse wanyamalala ngokupheleleyo emva kokufika kweSpeyin. Noko ke, ezinye zezixhobo zasinda.
Njengomdaniso, umculo wawunxibelelene ngokusondeleyo namatheko onqulo. Ngokwengxelo yelo xesha, kwakukho iimvumi ezazikhapha ezo ngoma ngeengoma zazo.
Imixhentso yabantu
Njengoko kubonisiwe, imidanso yeTlaxcalan yendabuko yayinxulumene ngokusondeleyo neenkolelo zabo zonqulo. Oku kwabangela ukuba bathi shwaka xa amaFranciscas aqalisa umsebenzi wawo wobuvangeli.
Endaweni yale midaniso enikezelwe koothixo bamandulo, ngakumbi iCamaxtli, iiTlaxcalans zaqala ukudanisa ezinye izigqi ezilungele iinkolelo ezintsha zamaKristu. Ngaloo ndlela, kwavela imidaniso enjengamaMoors kunye namaKristu okanye iiCarnestolendas.
iitotonacas
IiTotonacas zafika zivela emantla elizwe ukuze zihlale eVeracruz kwaye kufuphi nemimandla ephakathi. I-El Tajín, i-Papantla kunye ne-Cempoala yayizezona ndawo zibalulekileyo zasedolophini, ezibalaseleyo ngexabiso lazo elikhulu.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Njengoko kuphawuliwe, inkcubeko yeTotonac yadibanisa kwaye yafaka iimpawu ezininzi zabanye abantu, njenge-Olmecs okanye iTeotihuacans. Ngezi mpembelelo kunye negalelo labo, badala impucuko ebalulekileyo eyasasazeka e-Oaxaca.
Unyango
Igama elithi "totonaca", ngokwesiNahuatl okanye isichazi-magama saseMexico, isininzi se "totonacatl" kwaye ibhekisela kubemi bommandla weTotonacapan. Ezinye iingcali zibonisa ukuba "iTotonaco" inokuthetha "indoda evela kumhlaba oshushu".
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngolwimi lweTotonac, ibinzana linentsingiselo "yentliziyo ezintathu", ezinokuthi zibhekiselele kwiindawo ezintathu ezinkulu zemikhosi ezisungulwe yile nkcubeko: El Tajín, Papantla kunye neCempoala.
umbutho wezentlalo nezopolitiko
Kukho iireferensi ezimbalwa kwintlangano yentlalo kunye nezopolitiko yenkcubeko yeTotonac. Uphando olwenziweyo lusekelwe kwiziphumo zenzululwazi yezakudala kwaye eyona thiyori yamkelweyo yeyokuba yayiluluntu olwahlulwe lwaba ziindidi ezininzi zentlalo.
Le phiramidi yentlalontle yayilawulwa ngabahloniphekileyo, eyenziwe yiCacique enegunya, amanye amagunya kunye nababingeleli. Bonke babenembopheleleko yokulawula zonke iinkalo zolawulo, ukususela kwezobupolitika ukusa elunqulweni ukusa kwezoqoqosho. Urhulumente wakhe, njengoko kubonisiwe, wawukhokelwa yiCacique, incediswa liBhunga labadala. Kwelabo icala, abefundisi nabo baye badlala indima enkulu kule nkcubeko. Imisebenzi yakhe yayiquka ukwenza imisitho, ukwenza uhlolisiso ngeenkwenkwezi, nokwenza imisitho.
Olu didi lonqulo lwalulawulwa ngabalawuli (amalungu eBhunga labadala) yaye, emva kwabo, i<em>mayordomos (abaxhasi bemithendeleko) neetopiles (abanoxanduva lokunyamekela iitempile). Ngokuphathelele isiseko sephiramidi, sasiyilwe ngabantu abaqhelekileyo, uninzi lwabemi. Babejongene nemveliso yezolimo, imisebenzi yezandla, ukuloba nokwakha.
Ukutya
AmaTotonac asebenzisa ukuchuma komhlaba ahlala kuwo ukuze alime imimandla emikhulu yombona. Nangona kunjalo, ngokungafaniyo nezinye iimpucuko zangaphambi kwe-Columbian, le cereal yayingeyiyo isiseko sokutya kwabo. Le nxaxheba idlalwe ziziqhamo ezifana ne-sapodilla, i-guava, i-avocado okanye i-avocado.
Ngokutsho kweengcali, abalimi kunye nabahloniphekileyo baye bavuma ukubunjwa kwesidlo sabo sokuqala sosuku: i-corn porridge. Ngokuphathelele isidlo sasemini, abo bakumgangatho ophezulu babesitya isityu esineembotyi kunye neyucca, enongwe ngesosi yenyama. Amahlwempu, nangona elandela ukutya okufanayo, akakwazi ukuthenga ezi sosi.
Ukongeza koku kutya, abantu baziwa ngokuloba ookrebe nokuzingela amafudo, ii<em>armadillos, amaxhama okanye amasele. Kwelabo icala, abafazi bakhulisa izinja kunye neeturkey. Le miba mibini isikhokelela ekubeni sicinge ukuba ezi zilwanyana zifakwe kukutya.
Impahla
Ngokutsho kukaMzalwan’ uBernardino de Sahagún, umvangeli wasemazweni ongumFrancis owayeze kufunda isiNahuatl ukuze abhale izithethe zasekuhlaleni, amabhinqa angamaTotonac ayemahle yaye enxibe ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Ngokutsho kwamakholwa, abantu abahloniphekileyo babegqoke iingubo ezifakelweyo, ngaphezu kweponcho encinci ye-triangular ekuphakameni kwesifuba, ebizwa ngokuba yi-quexquemetl. Ngokufanayo, babezihombise ngeentsimbi zomqala zejeyidi nezeqokobhe kwaye bafake amacici kunye nohlobo oluthile lwezithambiso ezibomvu.
Ngokwenxalenye yabo, amadoda ahloniphekileyo ayenxibe ii-capes zemibala eyahlukeneyo, i-loincloths, i-labrets kunye nezinye izinto ezenziwe ngeentsiba ze-quetzal.
Namhlanje, abafazi beli nkcubeko banxiba iihempe, iifaskoti, iipeticoat, amabhanti kunye nequexquemetl. Konke oku kwenziwa ngamabhinqa ngokwawo, njengoko egcine udumo lokuba ngabaluki ababalaseleyo.
Inkolo
Njengakwezinye iinkalo, kuncinane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngonqulo oluqheliselwa ngamaTotonac. Phantse yonke into eyaziwayo ivela kwisincoko somphandi u-Alain Ichon ngo-1960. Phakathi kwezigqibo zakhe, ubunzima benkqubo yenkolelo yale nkcubeko ivelele.
Oothixo
Ihlabathi lonqulo lamaTotonac laliyilwe liqela elikhulu loothixo abalungelelaniswe ngokoluhlu olubalulekileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, ezi ndidi zilandelayo zazikho: oothixo abakhulu; okwesibini; abanini-mpahla abancinci; noothixo belabafileyo. Bebonke, kukholelwa ukuba bongeze malunga nezithixo ezingama-22.
Oyena thixo ubalulekileyo uye wanxulunyaniswa neLanga, ekwakubingelelwa kulo amadini ngabantu. Ecaleni kwakhe kwakukho umfazi wakhe, uthixokazi wombona, owayelichule ekwenzeni amadini ezilwanyana kuba wayekuthiyile ukwenza amadini ngabantu. Omnye uthixo obalulekileyo "yiNdudumo endala", ebizwa ngokuba yiTajin okanye iAktsini.
IiTotonac zaquka oothixo abaqhelekileyo kwezo zezinye impucuko eMesoamerica kwi-pantheon yazo. Phakathi kwazo kwakukho iTláloc, iQuetzalcóatl, iXochipilli okanye iXipetotec.
Ukuba ufumene eli nqaku livela kwiNkcubeko yaseMesoamerican enomdla, siyakumema ukuba wonwabele ezi ezinye: