I-Indiya lilizwe elinenkcubeko eninzi, kwaye kukho izinto ezininzi ezibonakala ngayo, ezinje: ubuninzi bayo benkolo, ubuhle bayo bendalo, i-gastronomy yayo kunye nevumba elimangalisayo, imikhosi enemibala kunye nezakhiwo ezimangalisayo; Konke oku kunye nokunye okujikeleze i Inkcubeko yamaHindu, yaye ngeli nqaku siyakumema ukuba uyazi.
Inkcubeko yamaHindu
INkcubeko yamaHindu ingumdibaniso wezinto ezisisiseko ezenza yonke le mpucuko yaseIndiya, kuyo sinokuba nomfanekiso ngqondweni wezenzo zayo, iinkolo, imiba yokupheka, umculo, izithethe, imiboniso yobugcisa, iindlela zokuphila kunye neendlela zokuphila zabantu abangaphezu kwe-100 bomthonyama. amaqela eli lizwe.
Yiyo loo nto, ngenxa yobuninzi bezinto, sinokubona iiyantlukwano malunga nokubonakaliswa kwenkcubeko yabo, kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yeli lizwe; Le yindlela inkcubeko yamaHindu enokuthi ithathwe njengomanyano lweenkcubeko ezininzi ezisasazeke kuwo wonke ummandla waseIndiya, imikhwa kunye nezenzo ebeziqhubeka ixesha elide.
Isiko lamaNdiya liqala phakathi kwi-4 leminyaka ye-BC Ngakumbi okanye ngaphantsi kwexesha xa i-Rigveda, eyona ncwadi indala kwimbali yeVedic, yadalwa ngesiSanskrit. Umxholo wale nto yingqokelela yeengoma ezibhalwe kwiVedic Sanskrit yamandulo, njengokuzinikezela kunye nembeko koothixo; Kukho imibhalo emi-XNUMX yamandulo yale nkcubeko ebizwa ngokuba yiVedas, kwaye le nxalenye yabo yeyona nto yakudala kuzo zonke.
Enye intsingiselo yenkcubeko yamaHindu ehlabathini iye yaba yi-gastronomy kunye neenkonzo zayo ezahlukeneyo ze-dharmic; Ngokuphathelele unqulo, eli lizwe liye lanika ubomi kubuHindu, ubuBhuda, ubuSikh, ubuJain beenkonzo eziye zamkelwa kungekuphela nje eIndiya, kodwa kwanangabantu abahlukahlukeneyo ehlabathini lonke, ubuBhuda bulolona luqheliselwayo nobuthandwayo kuzo zonke.
Nangona kunjalo, emva kothotho lweziganeko zomlo kummandla waseIndiya, ngamajoni angaphandle anjengamaSilamsi malunga nenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, eli lizwe lamkela iimpawu ezithile zenkcubeko yama-Arabhu, amaPersi namaTurkey, songeza ezi mpawu kwiinkolelo zalo, kulwimi nakwimpahla yokunxiba. . Kwakhona, eli lizwe ngandlel’ ithile liphenjelelwe ngamazwe aseAsia, ngokukodwa asuka eMzantsi naseMpuma Asia.
Imbali yeNkcubeko yamaHindu
Amaxesha enza imbali yenkcubeko yamaHindu, aphuhla kwizigaba ezibini zeVedic kunye neBrahmanical; Ngezantsi siza kuchaza nganye yazo:
Vedic
Eli nqanaba lexesha lelona lidala okanye likude kakhulu kwinkcubeko yamaHindu, leyo ngokutsho kophando igubungela iminyaka ukusuka kwi-3000 ukuya kwi-2000 BC Inani labemi bokuqala beli nqanaba lalingama-Dravidians, ababengabantu ababonakaliswe ngobude babo obufutshane kunye nolusu olumnyama , ezi ikwazile ukuhlala iminyaka emininzi xa ithelekiswa namanye amaqela ezizwe.
Le mpucuko yayidla ngokuhlala eluntwini, kwaye ezi zaguquka zada zafaniswa nempucuko enkulu kunye neenkcubeko ezifana neYiputa neMesopotamiya. Kukho uluvo lokuba iiDravidians zaseka i-metropolises ezifana ne: Mahenjo-Daro kunye neHarapa, kwintlambo yaseNdiya; kunye neBarigaza neSupara eNevada. Ngokunjalo, ezi zigqwesileyo kumsebenzi wezolimo, urhwebo kunye nokusebenza ngobhedu. Unqulo lwakhe lwalunonqulo oluninzi; le yindlela awayenqula ngayo uthixokazi ongumama, uthixo ochumileyo, nezilwanyana zehlathi.
IsiBrahmanic
Ngeli nqanaba lexesha i-Indiya yayikho phantsi kobungangamsha beBrahmins okanye i-caste yababingeleli, esi sigaba sinokwahlulwa awona manqanaba mabini adlulayo, ezi yayizi:
Ngaphambi koBuddha
Ngeli xesha, yonke impucuko yamaHindu yayiphantsi kwamandla amaBrahmans, awakha umlandeli wodidi lwababingeleli kuma-Aryan avela kummandla woLwandle lweCaspian, owathi ngenkulungwane yesibini ngaphambi kweXesha lethu Eliqhelekileyo, ahlasela i-Indian Valley kunye neGanges, engenisa lo mmandla ihashe, izixhobo zentsimbi kunye neenqwelo zokulwa eIndiya. Ngeli xesha, izikumkani ezininzi zomthonyama zasekwa kwaye kungoko imibongo yaseMahabarata neRamayana yavela ngenxa yeemfazwe zamakhaya phakathi kwazo.
uBuddha
Eli xesha lihambelana nexesha lokusabela kwabantu bamaHindu ngokuchasene nokuxhatshazwa kweBrahmanism, okubangele uloyiso lwesikolo samaBhuda, esathi ngobulumko baso senza umnqweno wokuzisola phakathi kwempucuko, ukuvelisa ixesha eligcwele uxolo. . Ngeli xesha, inkokeli yomkhosi u-Chandragupta Mauria, emva kokulawula kunye nokudibanisa umntla we-Indiya, waseka uBukhosi baseMauria, obukomkhulu kwisixeko sasePataliputra (ngoku esiyiPatna), kumanxweme eGanges.
Njengoko ixesha lihamba, eli lizwe lawela ezandleni zamaBritane, ngenxa yoloyiso oluveliswe ngabo kwintsimi yaseIndiya, ukuguqula yonke imimandla yayo ibe yikoloni yaseBritani ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi phakathi kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Impembelelo yobukoloniyali yavakala kulo mmandla, kuba ekuhambeni kwexesha umxube wenkcubeko enye kunye nenye ushiye umkhondo obalulekileyo kwinkcubeko yamaHindu, kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu yathi inkcubeko inciphise amandla ayo okuzivelela ukuze izinze. .
Ngomhla we-15 ka-Agasti, 1947, i-Indiya yakwazi ukufumana inkululeko yayo njengelizwe, ngenxa yombutho wenkululeko owawukhokelwa nguMohandas Karamchand Gandhi okanye owaziwa ngokuba nguMahatma Gandhi, usopolitiki ongumHindu, i-pacifist, isithandi sobulumko negqwetha, owaphumelela imvukelo yasekuhlaleni engenabundlobongela, wakwazi ukufikelela inkululeko yabantu bonke.
Kwangelo xesha linye, akuzange kwenzeke ukumanyanisa inkcubeko yamaHindu kunye nenkcubeko yamaSilamsi njengoluntu oludibeneyo, kungoko i-Indiya yavela njengesizwe, kwaye kwasekwa amazwe amabini amatsha, iBangladesh nePakistan.
Iilwimi kunye noNcwadi
EIndiya kukho malunga neelwimi ezingama-216, ezisetyenziswa nezisetyenziswa ngabantu abamalunga ne-10 lamawaka, yaye ezi zikho ngenxa yobuninzi bemimandla; kunjalo, kukho eneneni 22 lengas ezivunyiweyo esemthethweni kweli lizwe.
Phantse zonke ezi lwimi zivela kwiintsapho ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zeelwimi: i-Dravidian, ephakathi kwingingqi esemazantsi, kunye ne-Indo-Aryan, ehambelana ngakumbi kwingingqi esemantla yelizwe. Ukongezelela kwezi, kukho iziyelelane zeentsapho ezahlukahlukeneyo ezithetha iilwimi ezinganxulumananga, njengolwimi lwaseMunda nesiTibeto-Burman, olupheleliselwe kwimimandla emincinane kummandla wamaIndiya. Nangona kunjalo, umgaqo-siseko waseIndiya useka isiHindi nesiNgesi njengeelwimi ezisemthethweni kurhulumente.
Kwakunye nezi zimbini zokugqibela, kukho iilwimi ezingama-22, nazo ezivunyiweyo ngokusemthethweni, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwezi kunxulunyaniswa nazo kwinqanaba lengingqi. Ngokufanayo, kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba iSanskrit lulwimi lwendabuko lwaseIndiya kunye ne-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia, inika umlingiswa okanye ukufana nendima yesiLatini okanye isiGrike esiyidlalayo kuluntu lwaseNtshona kunye nenkcubeko.
Olu lwimi ke luyisihloko sophando, kubandakanywa eJapan nakwihlabathi laseNtshona, lukhuthazwa yinkcubeko kunye nenkolo ebalulekileyo. Ukwanayo nesiTamil esiDala, esilulwimi lwemveli losapho lakwaDravidian. Kukho iilwimi ezininzi kweli lizwe (ezisemthethweni okanye ezingekho semthethweni), ukuba ngaphandle kwexesha izigidi zabantu kwingingqi nganye ziqhubeka nokwabelana ngesiko kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla.
Imbali yeelwimi zaseIndiya
Ngokutsho kwesazi seelwimi kunye nesifundiswa saseIndiya yamandulo ngokufumanisa kwakhe umnombo weelwimi zaseIndo-European, iNgesi uWilliam Jones wachaza oku kulandelayo ngo-1786:
“Ulwimi lwesiSanskrit, kungakhathaliseki ukuba lwamandulo, lunesakhiwo esahlukileyo nesibalaseleyo; oku kuqaqambe ngakumbi kwaye kugqibelele kunesiGrike, ukondlekile ngakumbi kunesiLatini, nokubalasela kuzo zombini.
Nangona kunjalo, ifana kakhulu neelwimi ezimbini, ezinokuthi zibonwe zombini kwiingcambu zezenzi kunye nokuboniswa kwegrama yazo, ukuba okunokwenzeka kungenxa yempazamo elula; Kuphawuleka ukufana kwazo kangangokuba nawuphi na umphengululi ohlolisisa ezi lwimi zintathu wayenokugqiba kwelokuba zonke zivela kumthombo omnye, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba awusekho.
Kukho okufanayo, kodwa mhlawumbi akuphawulwanga kangako, isizathu sokucinga ukuba iGothic kunye neCeltic, nangona zidityaniswe nolwimi olwahluke kakhulu, zinemvelaphi efanayo neSanskrit. "
IRig-Vedic Sanskrit yenye yezona zinto ziqala ukuvela kulwimi lwase-Indo-Aryan, ikwafakwe kwikhathalogu njengenye yezona ndawo zindala zosapho lweelwimi zaseIndo-European.
Ukufunyanwa kweSanskrit ngabaphandi baseYurophu bokuqala kwakhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwefilosofi yokuthelekisa. Yiyo loo nto, ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, abaphengululi bamangaliswa kukufana kolu lwimi, ngokwemigaqo yegrama kunye nesigama, kunye neelwimi zemveli zaseYurophu.
Yile ndlela ke, ngezifundo zesayensi ezalandelayo kunye nophando, bagqiba kwelokuba imvelaphi yeSanskrit, kunye nezinye iilwimi zaseIndiya, ziphuma kumnombo oqulethe: IsiNgesi, isiFrentshi, isiTaliyane, isiJamani, isiGrike, iSpanish, iCeltic, IBaltic, isiPersi, isiArmenian, isiTocharian, phakathi kwezinye iilwimi.
Utshintsho kunye nophuhliso lolwimi eIndiya lunokuhlalutywa ngezithuba ezintathu ngexesha:
- Endala
- Isiqingatha
- I-Indo-Aryan yanamhlanje
Imodeli yemveli ye-Indo-Aryan yamandulo yayiyiSanskrit, echazwa njengolwimi olusemthethweni, olufundileyo, oluphuculweyo kunye noluchanekileyo (njengolufana neSpanishi), xa kuthelekiswa nePracrite (ukuhlanganiswa kweelwimi ezahlukeneyo ezazithethwa kwi-archaic India) Ulwimi lwabantu abafudukela kwamanye amazwe oluye lwavela ngaphandle kokubizwa okuchanekileyo kunye negrama.
Yiyo loo nto indlela yokwakhiwa kolwimi yaguqukayo njengoko aba bantu bafudukayo bexubana bodwa, apho bathi bakuhlala kwiindawo ezintsha, bamkele amagama abantu abanolwimi lwabo lweenkobe.
Yile ndlela i-Pracrite ikwazi ngayo ukuba yi-Middle Indo-Aryan, eyavelisa i-Pali (ulwimi lokuqala lwamaBhuda kunye neqonga le-Ashoka Vardhana malunga ne-200 ukuya kwi-300 BC), ulwimi lwePracrite lwefilosofi yamaJain kunye ne-Apabhramsa ulwimi. exutywe kwinqanaba lokugqibela le-Middle Indo-Aryan. Abaphandi abaliqela bamisela ukuba iApabhramsa kamva iba: isiHindi, isiBengali, isiGujarati, isiPunjabi, isiMarathi, phakathi kwabanye; esetyenziswa ngoku kwimimandla esemantla, empuma nasentshona yeIndiya.
Zonke ezi lwimi zinemvelaphi kunye nokwakheka okufanayo kwiSanskrit, phakathi kwazo, kunye nezinye iilwimi zaseIndo-European. Ke ngoko, ekugqibeleni, kukho uvimba wembali kunye noqhubekayo weminyaka engama-3000 yembali yolwimi ethe yagcinwa kwimibhalo yakudala.
Oku kuvumela abaphandi ukuba bafunde ngotshintsho kunye nophuhliso lweelwimi ngokuhamba kwexesha, kunye nokuba nomfanekiso ngqondweni wokwahluka okubonakalayo phakathi kwezizukulwana, apho ulwimi lwangaphambili lunokuguqulwa lunike ithuba lokungena kwiilwimi eziyinzala ekunzima ukuzibona njengamasebe kwaloo mthi.. Yile ndlela iSanskrit ishiye uphawu olubaluleke kakhulu kwiilwimi nakwincwadi yeli lizwe laseIndiya.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIxhB4A3aDE
Olona lwimi lusetyenziswa kakhulu eIndiya sisiHindi, isiSanskrit esirekhodwe ngolwimi lwesiKauravi okanye lwesiKhariboli. Ngokufanayo, ezinye iilwimi zangoku zase-Indo-Iranian, iMunda kunye neDravidian, zifumene amagama amaninzi kwiSanskrit okanye ngokungathanga ngqo kwiilwimi ze-Indo-Iranian eziguqukayo okanye eziphakathi.
Kwiilwimi zanamhlanje zase-Indo-Iranian zenziwe malunga ne-50% yamagama eSanskrit, kunye ne-Dravidian Telugu, isiMalayalam kunye neKannada. Kwimeko yesiBengali, enye yeelwimi zase-Indo-Iranian kuMbindi Mpuma kwaye imvelaphi yayo inokubhalwa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC, ngakumbi ngolwimi lwaseArdha Magadhi.
IsiTamil, sesinye sezona lwimi zemveli zaseIndiya, zivela kwiilwimi zeproto-Dravidian, ezazisetyenziswa njengesiyelelane malunga ne-2nd millennium BC. C. kummandla ongusingasiqithi weIndiya. Ukongeza, uncwadi lwesiTamil lukho ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-XNUMX kwaye ezona rekhodi zindala ze-epigraphic zibuyela kwinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX BC. c.
Olunye lwezona lwimi zibalulekileyo kulo mmandla sisiKannada, enemvelaphi yemveli yolwimi lwaseDravidian. Ibhalwe ngeepigraphs ukusuka kwinkulungwane yokuqala ye-BC kwaye yavela malunga nemveliso yoncwadi evela kwiKannada yakudala kuyo yonke iRashtrakuta. ubukhosi malunga nenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX. Abanye bathi olu lwimi njengolwimi lwengingqi lunokuba ludala kune-Tamil, ngenxa yobukho bamagama anezakhiwo ze-archaic ezingaphezu kweTamil.
Ngokubhekiselele kwiKannada yamandulo, yayilulwimi lwaseBarabasi ekuqaleni kwexesha eliqhelekileyo, kwizigaba zeSatavahana kunye neKadamba, ngoko ke kukho malunga ne-2 yeminyaka eyiwaka. Kuye kwachazwa ukuba umyalelo we-Ashoka ofunyenwe kwi-archaeological complex of Brahma-guiri malunga ne-230 BC unamagama e-Kannada.
Enye into ekufuneka uyiqaphele kukuba iilwimi zase-Austro-Asia kunye neTibeto-Burman zikwasetyenziswa eIndiya, ngaphandle kwe-Indo-European kunye ne-Dravidian. Kukho uphando lwe-genomic kwizizwe zaseIndiya, ezibonisa ukuba abantu bokuqala ukuhlala kula mazwe kusenokwenzeka ukuba babevela kuMzantsi Asia.
Ulwimi lwaseIndiya kunye nokuxubana kwenkcubeko akubangelwanga kuphela kukufuduka okukhulu kwamaIndo-Aryan ukusuka kuMbindi weAsia nakwiNtshona ye-Eurasia ukuya kuMntla-mpuma, kodwa uphando lwegenome lubonisa ukuba ibandla elikhulu labantu langena eIndiya kudala. imvelaphi yaseTibeto-Burman.
Nangona kunjalo, uphando lwe-Fst olukude lwe-genome lubonisa ukuba i-Himalayas esemantla-ntshona isebenze njengenqaba yokuphuma kunye ne-hodgepodge yabantu kwiminyaka eyi-5 edlulileyo. Iilwimi ezisetyenziswa kule ndawo yaseIndiya ziquka iAustro-Asian (efana neKhasi) kunye neTibeto-Burmese (efana neNishi).
Iincwadi
Imisebenzi yokuqala yoncwadi lwaseIndiya yaqala yabhengezwa ngomlomo, nangona kunjalo, kamva ezi zadityaniswa zaba zizicatshulwa. Ukuhlanganiswa kwale mi sebenzi iqulethe imibhalo yombhalo weSanskrit njengeVedas yokuqala, iingxelo zembali ezifana ne-Mahābhārata kunye ne-Rāmāyaṇa, idrama ka-Abhijñānaśakuntalā, imibongo efana ne-Mahākāvya, kunye nemibhalo evela kwi-Old Tamil sangam uncwadi.
iipics
Eyona mibongo yakudala idumileyo kuwo wonke ummandla waseIndiya yiRāmāyaṇa kunye neMahābhārata. Le mibhalo iye yakhutshelwa kumazwe ahlukeneyo aseAsia anjengeMalaysia, Thailand, neIndonesia.
Kwimeko yeRāmāyaṇa, lo mbhalo uyilwe ngeendinyana ezimalunga namawaka angama-24, yaye isithethe saseRama sibalisa ngomfanekiso wothixo uVishnu, omfazi wakhe othandekayo uSita waxhwilwa nguRávana, ukumkani oyidemon waseLanka. Lo mbongo wawubaluleke kakhulu ekumiseni iDharma njengamandla aqhuba indlela yokuphila yamaHindu.
Ngokubhekiselele kubhalo lwakudala kunye olubanzi lweMahabharata, kukholelwa ukuba inokuba yaveliswa malunga ne-400 BC kwaye kucingelwa ukuba lo mbhalo wawucingela ubume bawo ngoku malunga nokuqala kwetempile yakwaGupta ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX BC. kuye kwafunyanwa imibhalo ehlaziyiweyo, kunye nemibongo engahambelaniyo efana nale: iRama Mataram ngolwimi lwesiTamil, iPampa-bharata ngesiKannada, iRama-charita-manasa ngesiHindi, kunye ne-'Adhyatma-Rāmāyaṇam ngesiMalayalam.
Kananjalo ngaphandle kwale mibongo mibini mikhulu, kukho imibongo emi-4 ebalulekileyo ebhalwe ngesiTamil, ezi zezi: Silappatikaram, Manimekalai, Civaka Cintamani kunye neValayapathi.
Kamva indaleko
Kumaxesha aphakathi, uncwadi lwesiKannada nesiTelugu lwalukho, ngokukodwa ebudeni benkulungwane yesi-XNUMX neye-XNUMX. Kamva, uncwadi lwaqala ukuhanjiswa ngezinye iilwimi ezifana nesiBengali, isiMarathi, isiHindi ezahlukahlukeneyo, isiPersi nesiUrdu.
Ngomnyaka we-1923, iBhaso leNobel kudidi loNcwadi, linikezelwa kwimbongi yaseBengali kunye nombhali uRabindranath Tagore, waba ngumntu wokuqala ovela eIndiya ukufumana ukuwongwa jikelele njengale mbasa. Ukongeza, kwisizwe samaIndiya, kukho amabhaso amabini abalulekileyo kuncwadi lwangoku lwamaIndiya, la yiSahitya Akademi Fellowship kunye neMbasa yeJnanpith. Ngokuphathelele la mabhaso, ukuvunywa kweJnanpith kunikwe uncwadi kwezi lwimi zilandelayo:
- 8 ukuya kwiingcaciso ngolwimi lwesiHindi.
- Ezisi-8 kuncwadi olwenziwe ngesiKannada.
- 5 kwiimveliso zaseBengali.
- 4 kwimibhalo yesiMalayalam.
- 3 kwimibhalo kwiGujarati, Marathi kunye Urdu iilwimi.
- Ezi-2 kwezi lwimi: isiAssamese, isiTamil nesiTelegu.
Ifilosofi nonqulo
Kweli candelo, siya kuhlalutya iinkolelo, iimpawu, iingcamango kunye neengcamango ngokumalunga nenkcubeko yamaHindu, eye yachaphazela le nkcubeko kunye nehlabathi.
Iimfundiso Fifilosofi
Kukho iimfundiso ezininzi eziye zaphembelela kwaye zabangela impembelelo kwihlabathi leengcamango, phakathi kweemfundiso ze-theistic, kunye namaBhuda namaHindu. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kugxininiswe ukuba i-Indiya yenze igalelo layo lembali kuphando kunye nophuhliso lweendawo ezifana:
- IMathematika
- Ukuqiqa nokuqiqa
- IiSayensi
- Ukuthanda izinto eziphathekayo
- Ukungakholelwa kuThixo
- I-Agnosticism
Noko ke, igalelo lakhe kule mimandla alaziwa ngokubanzi, ekubeni inkoliso yemibhalo eyayimxhasa yatshatyalaliswa yinzondelelo yempambano yonqulo. Kuyenzeka ukuba iingcinga ezintsonkothileyo zemathematika, ezinje ngembono ka-zero, eyaziswa eYurophu ngama-Arabhu, isuka eIndiya.
Ngokukwanjalo, isikolo iChárvaka, esidume kakhulu ngokudlulisela ingcamango yaso ephathelele ukungakholelwa kubukho bukaThixo, esigqalwa ngabaninzi njengesona siseko samandulo sengcamango yokuthanda izinto eziphathekayo ehlabathini, sasekwa phantse ngaxeshanye neeUpanishad zamaHindu, kwakunye namaBhuda. kunye namaJain.
Ezinye izikolo zentanda-bulumko yamaGrike ziye zafana neemfundiso zamaIndiya, kangangokuba ebudeni bemfazwe yomnqamlezo ka-Aleksandire Omkhulu, nangokuchaseneyo noko, iimpawu neengcamango zonqulo zamaIndiya zangeniswa kwimpucuko yamaGrike.
Ngokunjalo, ukuqaqambisa imbeko kunye noxabiso uluntu olunalo ngemfundiso yamaHindu, kufanelekile ukuba kugxininiswe ukuba iIndiya ibe sisikolo sezona filosofi zibalaseleyo nezibalaseleyo kwihlabathi, ezibhale iingcinga kunye neengcinga zabo kwiilwimi ezininzi ezinje nge. abantu bomthonyama ngokunjalo nangesiNgesi nesiSpanish.
Ngaloo ndlela, ngexesha lobukoloniyali baseBrithani kule ntsimi yamaHindu, abaninzi abacingayo, behlabathi kunye nenkolo, bafikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu malunga nokuqatshelwa, apho imibhalo yabo yaguqulelwa kwisiNgesi, isiJamani kunye nezinye iilwimi.
Njengoko kwakunjalo kwimeko ka-Swami Vivekananda, enye yezona zikhokelo zomoya zamaHindu ngexesha le-1983th inkulungwane, owatyelela e-United States ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwi-World Convention of Religions ngo-XNUMX, apho wema khona kwaye wadunyiswa ngenxa yakhe. intetho enkulu ye-Precursor, eyathi okokuqala yavumela abaphengululi baseNtshona ukuba badibanise kwaye baqhelane neemfundiso zamaHindu.
inkolo eIndiya
I-Indiya yimvelaphi yezinto ezibizwa ngokuba zii-dharmic zonqulo, ezinje: ubuHindu, ubuBhuda, ubuJain kunye nobuSikh. Siza kuchaza nganye yazo ngezantsi:
- IBrahmanism kunye neKhowudi yeManu: olu lunqulo lokukholelwa kuThixo omnye wamaHindu okuqala, olusekelwe kunqulo lomdali uBrahma; ngaphezu koko, kusekwa ngonaphakade kunye nokuzalwa ngokutsha komoya ngokwezenzo ezilungileyo zomntu ngamnye.
- BuBuddha: yimfundiso eyadalwa nguSiddharta Gautama, owancama ubutyebi bakhe ukuze athabathe igama likaBuddha. Olu nqulo lumi ngelithi usukelo lomntu kukufikelela i-nirvana ngoqheliselo lokulunga, alinanzi ibutho labantu abakumgangatho ophantsi.
- unkolo yamaHindu: Yenye yezona nkonzo zidumileyo ehlabathini nakwinkcubeko yamaHindu. Ngendlela yoothixo abaninzi, esekelwe kwimibhalo engcwele yeVedas, ihlonipha inkqubo yeklasi, uvuko kunye nobukho bothixo omkhulu uBrahma.
Namhlanje, ubuHindu nobuBhuda ngokukhethekileyo zezesine nezesibini kwezona nkonzo zabulawayo ehlabathini, yaye xa bedibene abantu abazibhiliyoni ezisisi-2400. Kwakhona, eli lizwe lamkelwa ngobuninzi balo bonqulo, eliye libe nolona luntu luzinikeleyo kunye neenkcubeko kukholo lwalo kunye neenkolelo zonqulo; Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba inkolo kwinkcubeko yamaHindu ibaluleke kakhulu kwesi sizwe kunye nabemi baso.
Ngokuphathelele ubuHindu, yinkolo apho malunga ne-80% yabemi baseIndiya bemiliselwe kuyo, le nkolo ithathwa njengenye yezona zindala emhlabeni. Ngokunjalo, ubuSilamsi bukhona kulo mmandla, oqhutywa malunga ne-13% yabemi baseIndiya.
Kukwakho nobuSikh, ubuBhuda kunye nobuJain, iimfundiso ezinempembelelo enkulu kwihlabathi liphela. UbuKrestu, ubuZoroastrianism, ubuJuda kunye neBaha'ism nabo bayakonwabela ukongama kodwa ngenani elincinci labalandeli.
Phezu kwako nje ukubaluleka nokugqwesa konqulo kubomi bemihla ngemihla bamaIndiya, ukungakholelwa kubukho bukaThixo nokungakholelwa kubukho bukaThixo kunempembelelo ebonakalayo.
Ngaphambili, ummandla wamaHindu wawahlulahlulwe waba zizikumkani ezininzi ezizimeleyo ezazilawulwa kukumelwa kokumkani, amaBrahmins kunye neqela le-feudal elite.
Ukumkani, owayegqalwa njengemvelaphi yobuthixo, wayenolawulo olupheleleyo kubukhosi obubalaseleyo, ngoxa amaBrahman ayenyulwe ukuze aphumeze imisebenzi yokudlulisela okusesikweni kwezi zikumkani; Ngokubhekiselele kwi-feudal elite, yayibunjwe ngamagosa amancinane awayenolwandiso olukhulu lwemimandla ephantsi kolawulo lwawo. Ulwakhiwo lwentlalo lwalusekwe ikakhulu kumthetho, izithethe kunye nenkolo, yahlulwe yaba:
- IiBrahmins: Babechazwa njengababingeleli abanobulumko obukhulu, ngoko ke, babenamandla namalungelo athile. Kwakukho inkolelo yokuba imvelaphi yawo yayiphuma emlonyeni kathixo uBrahma, ngoko ayefundisa unqulo neeVedas.
- Iincoko: amagorha abekekileyo azalwe kwiingalo zothixo uBrahma.
- vaishias: iqulunqwe ngabathengisi, iingcali kunye ne-agronomists, evela kwiindawo ezigqithiseleyo ze-Superior Brahma.
- Sudras: inzala yamaDravidians omthonyama, aphuma ezinyaweni zikathixo uBrahma, kwaye indima yawo yayikukukhonza ididi ephuma kuma-Aryan awoyisileyo.
Ukwakhiwa kwentlalo yenkcubeko yamaHindu kwalandelwa ngokoMthetho weManu, owathi kwizahluko ezili-18 wachaza imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yoluntu lwamaHindu.
Imiba yentlalo
Kwicandelo elilandelayo, siza kuchaza imibandela yezentlalo kwinkcubeko yamaHindu enxulumene ikakhulu nomba womtshato olungelelanisiweyo owawufudula uxhaphake kakhulu kwaye usaqhuba kweminye imimandla namhlanje. Kanye, eyona mibuliso isetyenziswayo kweli lizwe kwaye sele yaziwa nakwezinye iinkcubeko.
imitshato ecwangcisiweyo
Kangangeenkulungwane, impucuko yaseIndiya inesiko lokumisela imitshato ecwangcisiweyo. Kwanakule nkulungwane yama-XNUMX, kwinkoliso yolu luntu imitshato yabo icwangciswa ize ilungiselelwe ngabazali babo nezinye izalamane ezifanelekileyo, nangona abo baza kutshata bexesha elizayo phantse besoloko benikela imvume yabo yokugqibela.
Kumaxesha amandulo, umtshato wawusenzeka xa amaqabane ayeselula kakhulu, ikakhulu eRajasthan, kodwa nge-modernism ubudala bunyukile, kwaye kwamiselwa imithetho emisela ubuncinci beminyaka yomanyano lomtshato.
Phantse kuyo yonke imitshato, intsapho yakulomtshakazi ihlawula ikhazi kumyeni okanye kwintsapho yomyeni. Njengoko kuqhelekile, ikhazi laligqalwa njengesabelo somtshakazi kubutyebi bentsapho, ekubeni intombi yayingenandawo isemthethweni kwilifa lentsapho yakowayo. Ngokukwanjalo, ikhazi lalinezinto ezinokuthuthwa ezifana nezacholo nezinto zendlu awayenokuzilahla umtshakazi ebudeni bokuphila kwakhe.
Ngaphambili, uninzi lweentsapho lugqithisela impahla yosapho kuphela ngomgca wamadoda. Ukususela ngo-1956, kuye kwamiselwa imithetho yaseIndiya ephatha amadoda nabafazi ngokulinganayo, ngokwelifa xa kungekho myolelo osemthethweni womfi.
Phendula nge quote
Ngokuphathelele imibuliso, zininzi iindlela zokubonisa ezi ngokuxhomekeke kummandla welizwe apho ukhona, ezi zezi:
- IsiTelugu kunye nesiMalayalam: namaste, namaskar, namaskara okanye namaskaram.
- Tamil:vanakkam
- Bengali: nomoshkaar
- IsiAssamese: nomoscar
Ngokunxulumene negama elithi nomoskar, ligama eliqhelekileyo lokubulisa ngomlomo okanye ukwamkela, nangona kunjalo, kubonwa ngabanye njengento yakudala. Ngokubhekiselele kwigama elithi namaskar, oku kuthathwa njengoguqulelo olusemthethweni lwe-namaste, kodwa zombini zibonisa intlonipho enzulu.
Lo mbuliso usetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo eIndiya naseNepal ngamaHindu, amaJain namaBhuda, yaye abaninzi basawusebenzisa ngaphandle kwelizwekazi laseIndiya. Kwinkcubeko yaseIndiya kunye neNepalese, igama libhalwe ekuqaleni konxibelelwano olubhaliweyo okanye lomlomo.
Nangona kunjalo, umqondiso ofanayo wezandla ezisongekileyo wenziwa ngokuthula ngelixa uvalelisa okanye uhamba. Okunika intsingiselo yokoqobo, ukusuka: "Ndiqubuda kuwe." Inkcazo ethathwe kwiSanskrit (namah): ukuqubuda, ukuhambisa, ukuqubuda kunye nentlonipho, kunye (te): "kuwe". Njengoko omnye umphengululi waseIndiya echaza, ngokwentsingiselo yokoqobo, elithi namaste lithetha “Uthixo ohlala kum uqubuda kwisithixo esihlala kuwe” okanye “Uthixo ohlala kum ukhahlela isithixo esihlala kuwe.”
Kuzo zonke iintsapho zeli lizwe, abantu abaselula bafunda ukucela intsikelelo yabantu abadala ngokwenza isaphetha esincinane ngesaphetha, esi sithethe sibizwa ngokuba yipranāma. Eminye imibuliso okanye ukwamkela ibandakanya:
- UJai Shri Krishna
- URam uRam
- Sat Shri Akaal, eqhutywa ngesiPunjabi kwaye eqeshwe ngabathembekileyo beSikhism.
- UJai Jinendra, umbuliso oqhele ukusetyenziswa luluntu lwamaJain.
- nama shivaya
Ubugcisa Eintle
Ukubonakaliswa kobugcisa ngokunxulumene neqonga kwahluka, le nkcubeko yamaHindu inenxaxheba yayo kwi-cinema yayo ngokusebenzisa imboniselo yefilimu ebizwa ngokuba yi-Bollywood, ithiyetha, umdaniso kunye nomculo, esiya kuhlalutya nganye kuzo ngokweenkcukacha. , ngokulandelayo:
Cine
Ishishini lefilimu laseIndiya lelinye lawona adumileyo kwaye likhulu kwihlabathi, akukho nto ingaphaya kwesixa sawo ngokubhekiselele kwiifilimu zefilimu kunye neefilimu ezimfutshane eziveliswe kwiminyaka edlulileyo; eli shishini liye lalawula izithuba e-Asiya nakwi-Pasifiki, le nyaniso ivumele ukufumana malunga ne-73% yenzuzo kwinkcazo ye-cinematographic nganye.
Ukongeza, kwinkcubeko yamaHindu kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukubona amaHindu esiya rhoqo kwimiboniso bhanyabhanya, le yinxalenye yemisebenzi yolonwabo abayithandayo, ngenxa yokwahluka kunye nobuninzi bayo kwiifilimu eziveliswa leli shishini. Kwakhona, eli shishini lifumene ukuqondwa kunye nempumelelo ngaphandle kommandla waseIndiya, imfuno yezi mveliso iphawulwe ngakumbi kwimimandla apho kukho inani elikhulu labaphambukeli abangamaHindu.
Ukuveliswa kwefilimu yokuqala ephawulekayo yaseIndiya yaphakanyiswa kwi-1913 phantsi kwegama elithi Harishandra, elilawulwa nguDadasaheb Phalke, imbali yayo kunye noshicilelo lwalusekelwe kumxholo wentsomi wenkcubeko yamaHindu, ephawulwe ukusuka kuloo mzuzu umxholo ophambili wale cinema.
Ngokufika kweefilimu zesandi ngo-1931, i-India yokuqala yaba yi-Alam Ara, imizi-mveliso yeefilim yafumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ngokulingana neelwimi: iBombay (isebenzisa isiHindi esaziwa njengeBollywood), iTollygunge (yefilimu ngesiBengali), iKerala (ngesiMalayalam ukuchonga njengeMollywood), i-Kodambakkam (ngesiTamil bachonga njenge-Bollywood), iMadras kunye neCalcutta.
Ngokuphathelele i-Bollywood, isiteketiso esisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwefilimu yesiHindi, ehlala eBombay, eyona dolophu inabemi baseIndiya. Eli gama lisetyenziswe ngokungalunganga ukubhekisa kuyo yonke imveliso ye-cinematographic yamaHindu; nangona kunjalo, le yinxalenye kuphela, equlethe ezinye ii-epicenter ezininzi kwezinye iilwimi. Eli gama, laqanjwa ngeminyaka yee-1970, livela kumdlalo wamagama phakathi kweBombay neHollywood, iziko lemveliso yefilimu yaseMelika.
Olona phawu lwahlukileyo lwemveliso yefilimu yalo mmandla we-Bollywood ziindawo zabo zomculo; apho, ngokubanzi, ifilimu nganye ineengoma kunye nemidaniso eqhelekileyo yelizwe, idityaniswe ne-pop choreography enomdla evela eNtshona.
Danza
Inkcubeko yamaHindu kangangamawaka eminyaka igximfizwe bubugcisa bomdaniso, kuba oku kubonakaliswa kunxulunyaniswa neenkolelo zabo zonqulo, kwaye oku kusekwe kwimibhalo yakudala yesiSanskrit, esusela kunyaka wama-200 ukuya kuma-300 BC ezi zezi:
- I-Nattia-sastra, emele ubugcisa bomdaniso.
- Abhinaia-darpana, nto leyo ibonakaliso yesenzo.
Imidaniso kule nkcubeko kunye nendlela emelwe ngayo kule mibhalo yakudala, ngokutsho komdanisi wamaHindu uRagini Devi, wathi:
“Le mijuxuzo yimbonakaliso yobuhle bangaphakathi nobungcwele bomntu. Bubugcisa bokuzithandela, apho kungekho nto ishiywe ngamabona-ndenzile, isenzo ngasinye sifuna ukunxibelelana ngezimvo kunye neemvakalelo zobuso.
EIndiya kukho imidaniso eyi-8 ephambili kunye neyemveli, evunyiweyo yiNational Academy of Music, Dance and Drama yeli lizwe. Ezi ntlobo zisi-8 zokubonakaliswa ngomdaniso, yingxelo yeentsomi, edityaniswe nengoma ethile, amazwi, umculo kunye nezinye zezijekulo kunye nokudityaniswa kweemvakalelo ezivakaliswa ngale midaniso; Nangona le midaniso inezinto ezifanayo, nangona kunjalo, ziyahluka ngokwengingqi yazo kunye neentshukumo ezisekelwe kuzo, zezi:
Bharatanatyam
Isuka kwigama lokubonakaliswa kwengoma kunye nomdaniso, owazalelwa eMzantsi India. Emva kokungena kweBritane, iIndiya yathatha eyayo amandla okubonakalisa inkcubeko yayo ngomdaniso. Yiyo loo nto imingqungqo yamaHindu inxulunyaniswa nomlilo kunye nemibhalo kanaphakade neyendalo iphela. Lo mdaniso unokudlalwa ngumntu omnye kwaye usekelwe kwiintshukumo zamadoda nabasetyhini.
UKathak
Lo ngowona mdaniso udumileyo wamaHindu, owasekwa kudala eIndiya kunye nesithethe sawo esigqithileyo esichazwa ngokushukuma. Lo mdaniso ngumboniso ongcwele womzimba waseIndiya kwaye ubandakanya iintshukumo ezigudileyo ezinyuka ngexesha kunye nomculo.
odissi
Isuka e-East India, isekelwe kubomi kunye nemvelaphi. Lo mdaniso ubaluleke kakhulu njengoko uhlula umzimba kwiindawo ezi-3 zomzimba: intloko, isifuba kunye ne-hip, ukudala izikhundla ezinokubonwa kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo efumaneka eIndiya.
Uyinene
Ihambelana nommandla waseKerala. Apho ibhinqa linomtsalane kuluntu ngeentshukumo ezinomtsalane nezithambileyo. Umdaniso uthetha ukuhamba kwezinqe kunye nesimo esichanekileyo sokunandipha intshukumo nganye, kule ntshukumo yezandla iphinda isetyenziswe, ehamba ngobuqili ukusuka kwelinye icala ukuya kwelinye.
Kuchipudi
Ivela kumhlaba weAndhra Pradesh eMzantsi India, esekwe kwintshukumo ngamabali angcwele. Ukuhamba kwalo mdaniso wamaHindustani kukubonakaliswa kunye nokuchaza ukuxelela isiganeko okanye ibali elidlulileyo.
manipuri
Ngumdaniso osuka kummandla osemntla-mpuma. Imelwe yintshukumo ethambileyo kakhulu kunye neyesifazana. Lo mdaniso unemvelaphi yenkolo ebaluleke kakhulu, kunye nesithethe, ingoma kunye nabadanisi bayo. Lo mdaniso ubonakaliswa ngesixhobo esithi «Pung» apho ukufuduswa kunikwa ukutywina inyathelo ngalinye lomdaniso.
Satriya
Ivela kwingingqi yase-Assam kumantla eIndiya, kwaye inomoya obalulekileyo wonqulo. Ngumdaniso osekelwe kukholo lwamaVaishnava, owawusenziwa ngaphambili ziimonki nemibhiyozo ekhethekileyo yabasetyhini njengenxalenye yezithethe zabo zemihla ngemihla; eyona nto ikhethekileyo kulo mdaniso zizinxibo, indlela yokuma kunye nebali.
UKathakali
Le yokugqibela yeyommandla weKerala kwaye kuphela komdaniso owenziwa eqongeni, ke ngoko iboniswa kwithiyetha enabalinganiswa abazibonakalisa ngokubonakaliswa kwemizimba yabo. Enye yeempawu zayo eziphambili ziimpahla kunye nesimntwiso somlinganiswa ngamnye onokwakheka okucokisekileyo kunye neenwele; lo ngomnye wemidaniso eyonwabisayo nethandwayo eIndiya.
Ithiyetha
Ithiyetha kule nkcubeko inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nomculo kunye nomdaniso. Imisebenzi eye yaveliswa yahlukahlukene, phakathi kwayo yile: I-Shakuntala kunye ne-Meghaduta esebenza ngumbhali wemidlalo yamaHindu kunye nembongi uKalidasa, le mibini isebenza kunye naleyo yombhali wemidlalo yeqonga uBhasa, iyinxalenye yokuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi emidala yale nkcubeko.
Ngokukwanjalo, elinye lamasiko ommandla weKerala likhankanyiwe, i-Kutiyattam, eluhlobo lwethiyetha kwiSanskrit eqhelekileyo esele ikhona ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwe-2 lamawaka eminyaka. Ngaloo ndlela, kunye neempawu ezifana neyokuqala, ngumsebenzi weNatya Shastra.
Okubalulekileyo kukuba, igcisa lamaHindu uMani Madhava Chakiar uzukiswa ngokuvuselela isithethe sethiyetha yakudala ukusuka ekuphelisweni. Eli gcisa lalisaziwa ngokugqwesa kwakhe iRasa Abhinaya; ngokunjalo, ngokwenza kwistagings Kalidasa, ngokunjalo Bhasa kaThixo Pancharātra, kunye Harsha kaThixo Nagananda.
umculo
Kwinkcubeko yamaHindu umculo yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Kukho isalathiso esidala kakhulu kule nto, ebonakaliswe malunga ne-2 iminyaka eyiwaka kwi-Sanskrit yokubhala i-Natyasastra, apho iinkqubo ze-taxonomic ezi-5 zichazwe ngokucokisekileyo ukuhlela izixhobo zomculo. Enye yezi nkqubo ihlela ngamaqela ama-4, ngokwemithombo emi-4 engundoqo yokungcangcazela, eyile:
- Imitya
- Amacangci
- inwebu
- Umoya
Kuphando lwezinto zakudala, abaphandi kunye nabembi bezinto zakudala ezifunyenwe kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ze-Orissa, i-lithophone ye-20-key eyenziwe nge-basalt kwaye iphuculwe ngokucophelela, esi sixhobo sijikeleze ngaphezu kwe-3 eyiwaka leminyaka ubudala.
Imizekelo yokuqala eyasindayo yomculo wamaNdiya ziingoma zeSama-veda ukusuka kwixesha le-1000 BC Oku kusasetyenziswa kwiingoma kwezinye imibingelelo yeVedic srauta; ezi zenza owona mqulu umdala wamaculo omculo wamaNdiya. Ezi zivakalisa ukusasazwa kwethoni eyenziwe ngamanqaku asixhenxe, athiywe ngolandelelwano oluhlayo:
- Krusht
- pratham
- dwitiya
- uTritiya
- incoko
- UMandra
- Atiwar
Echaza amanqaku ogwali, owawusisixhobo esiphawulekayo sokusebenza ngokusisigxina; Ukongezelela, kukho imibhalo yamaHindu eye yaphawula yaza yaphembelela umculo wenkcubeko yamaHindu, njengamaSama-veda neminye; namhlanje ineentlobo ezi-2 zomculo ezahlukeneyo: iCarnatic kunye neHindustani. Ezi ntlobo zimbini zomculo zisekelwe ikakhulu kwiraga, esisiseko somculo, esiculwa ngesitala, esingumjikelo onesingqisho; izinto ezaye zagqibelela kwimibhalo kaNatia-sastra kunye neDattilam, phakathi kwe200 kunye ne300 BC.
Umculo wangoku wenkcubeko yamaHindu ubandakanya iintlobo ngeentlobo zeengoma kunye neendidi ukusuka: zenkolo, zakudala, abantu, ezidumileyo kunye nepop. Iindidi eziphambili zomculo waseIndiya namhlanje ziifilim kunye ne-indipop. Kwimeko yefilimu, ezi ntlobo zokuqanjwa zisetyenziswa kwiifilimu ze-Bollywood, kwaye leyo luhlobo lomculo olumele ngaphezu kwe-70% yokuthengisa ngaphakathi kwintsimi yaseIndiya.
Ukongeza, kukho uhlobo lomculo ongumxube wentsomi yaseIndiya, umculo weklasikhi okanye umculo wamaSufi onezithethe zomculo zaseNtshona.
ubugcisa obubonakalayo
Phakathi kwemiboniso yobugcisa obubonakalayo kwinkcubeko yamaHindu, imisebenzi yayo yoyilo ibalasele, uninzi lwayo inentsingiselo yenkolo kule nkcubeko, apho isathakazelelwa namhlanje kwaye iyinxalenye yemimangaliso yehlabathi. Ngokukwanjalo, le nkcubeko yenza i-foay yayo kwindawo yokupeyinta kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo. Okulandelayo, siza kuchaza nganye yazo:
Ukupeyinta
Kwakunye nakwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, iIndiya nayo inemizobo yakudala, oko kukuthi, iipetroglyphs zangaphambili ezinokubonwa kumasango emiqolomba eyayisetyenziswa ngaba bantu bakudala njengendawo yabo yokuhlala. Enye yale miboniso yobugcisa inokufumaneka eBhimbetka, apho enye yezi zinto zifunyenwe zivela ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwe-9 yewaka leminyaka ubudala.
Enye yeempawu ezibonakaliswa kakhulu kwintetho ngokupeyinta kumaxesha akude kule mimandla, kukuthanda kwabo indalo, sinokukubona oku kwimizobo efumaneka kwimiqolomba yaseAjanta, eBagh, e-Ellora naseSittanavasal kunye nemizobo yeetempile. Ngokuqhelekileyo, imiboniso yonqulo inokuxhonywa kuzo; Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iinkolo ezimele kakhulu kumaxesha amandulo eIndiya yayingamaHindu, ubuBhuda kunye neJainism.
Ekudaleni le misebenzi inoyilo lwendalo, basebenzisa umgubo onemibala okanye, njengoko i-rangoli yaziwa kulo mmandla, olu hlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo lubonakala kakhulu kumazantsi eIndiya, kuba kuqhelekile ukuba abemi bamaHindu bahombise. yokungena amakhaya abo ngolu hlobo lwemathiriyeli.
Omnye wawona magcisa adumileyo kobu bugcisa yayinguRaja Ravi owenza imisebenzi emininzi ngokukodwa ngexesha laphakathi. Phakathi kwezona ndlela zimele ukupeyinta kobu bugcisa eIndiya zezi:
UMadhubani
Yindlela yokudweba kwamaHindu esebenza eMithila yaseNepal nakwindawo yaseNdiya yaseBihar, ezi zenziwe ngeminwe, i-blade, iibrashi, iintsiba kunye neematshisi, kunye nedayi yendalo kunye nama-nuances; Ichongwa ngeepateni zejometri ezinomdla.
Mysore
Uhlobo olubalulekileyo lomzobo wamandulo waseIndiya ovela kwisixeko saseMysore eKarnatak nakwindawo ekufutshane. Ezi zichongwa ngokucokisekileyo, iinuances ezithambileyo kunye nokuqwalaselwa kweenkcukacha, apho amacebo okumela yayizizithixo kunye neziganeko zeentsomi zale nkcubeko.
Imibala yayiyeyemvelaphi yendalo kunye nemifuno, iminerali okanye imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo, ezifana namagqabi, amatye kunye neentyatyambo; Iibrashi zenziwa ngeenwele zoonomatse ukuze zenziwe eethe-ethe, kodwa ukuzoba imigca ecolekileyo kufuna ibrashi eyenziwe ngeencakuba ezibukhali. Ngenxa yokuqina komgangatho womhlaba kunye nemibala yemifuno esetyenzisiweyo, iipeyinti zeMysore zisabugcina ubutsha kunye nokuqaqamba kwanamhlanje.
rajput
Okwabizwa ngokuba nguRajasthani, wakhula kwaye waqhubela phambili kwiindawo zasebukhosini zaseRajputana eIndiya. Izikumkani zeRajputana zibonise isitayile esahlukileyo, kodwa ezineempawu ezithile ezifanayo. Ezi zifuzisela uluhlu lwezicwangciso, iziganeko ezibalisayo njengeRamayana.
Imiboniso emincinci kwimibhalo okanye kumaphepha asimahla okufakwa kwiincwadi yayiyeyona ndlela ithandwayo yolu hlobo lweRajput, kodwa imizobo emininzi yenziwa kwiindonga zamabhotwe, amagumbi anqatyisiweyo, izindlu zokuhlala ezinje ngeyona ndawo intle yaseShekhawati, iinqaba kunye nezindlu ezinkulu ezakhiwe nguShekhawat. Rajputs.
Imibala iye yatsalwa kwiiminerali ezithile, kwimithombo yezityalo, kumaqokobhe eenkumba, yaye iye yafunyanwa nangokulungisa amatye anqabileyo. Kusetyenziswe igolide nesilivere. Ukulungiswa kwemibala efunwayo kwakuyinkqubo ende, ngamanye amaxesha ithatha iiveki ezi-2. Iibrashi ezisetyenzisiweyo zazintle kakhulu.
- Tanjore
Yindlela yesiko lokupeyinta evela eMzantsi India, eyaqala kwidolophu yaseThanjavur (e-Anglo njengeTanjore) kwaye yasasazeka kuwo wonke ummandla okufuphi kunye nomda weTamil. Imowudi yale nto iveza izinto zayo e motion malunga ne-1600 AD kwinqanaba xa i-Nayakas yaseThanjavur kulawulo lweMitha yeVijayanagara ikhuthaza ubugcisa.
Obu bugcisa buphawulwa ngemibala eqaqambileyo, ethe tyaba, ecacileyo, ukuqulunqwa okulula komfanekiso, igqabi eliqaqambileyo legolide phezu kodaka oluthambileyo kodwa olubanzi lwemisebenzi kunye nokuhonjiswa kweeperile kunye neziqwenga zeglasi okanye kunqabile kakhulu kwamatye anqabileyo kunye namatye anqabileyo; ukumela imifanekiso yonqulo, njengoko imizobo emininzi imizobo ingoothixo noothixokazi bamaHindu.
- Mughal
Yindlela ekhethekileyo yase-Asiya yaseMzantsi, edla ngokulungiswa kwiifom ezincinci, njengemizobo yezicatshulwa okanye njengemisebenzi yokuqokelela kwiincwadana, eziphuma kubugcisa obuncinci basePersi. Ibonakaliswa ikakhulu ngobunyani bayo.
Ngokuphathelele awona magcisa abalaseleyo eIndiya, malunga nolu hlobo lokubonakaliswa kobugcisa, sinokulandelayo:
- I-bose yeNandalal
- UMaqbool Fida Husain
- Watsho uHaider Race
- Geeta Vadhera
- UJamini Roy
- B.Venkatappa
Phakathi kwabazobi benkulungwane yama-XNUMX, abamele ixesha elitsha lobugcisa bamaHindu apho ubugcisa behlabathi budityaniswa nezitayile zaseIndiya, sinazo:
- atul dodiya
- Bose Krishnamacnahri
- Devajyoti Ray
- shibu natesan
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo
Kwi-Indus Valley uya kufumana imifanekiso eqingqiweyo endala kakhulu e-Indiya, eyenziwe ngokuyinhloko ngamatye kunye nobhedu. Njengoko iinkonzo ezahlukeneyo zolu hlanga zazikhula, emva kwexesha elithile zaqhuba imisebenzi eyayisetyenzwe ngeenkcukacha ezicokisekileyo ezinokubonwa kwimifanekiso yazo yoothixo kunye/okanye neetempile; omnye wemisebenzi egqithileyo yingcwele yase-Ellora, eyayikrolwe kwilitye lentaba.
Ngokukwanjalo, kumntla-ntshona weIndiya, eminye imifanekiso eqingqiweyo inokubonwa eneenkcukacha eziphathelele lo mmandla, kwanempembelelo ethile yamaGrike namaRoma; ezi zenziwe ngezinto ezifana ne-stucco, udongwe kunye ne-schist. Ngexesha elifanayo, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yelitye lentlabathi epinki kaMathura yenziwa.
Xa i-Gupta Empire yasekwa malunga ne-XNUMXth ukuya kwi-XNUMXth inkulungwane, olu hlobo lobugcisa lufumene inqanaba eliphezulu lokucaciswa kunye nokulunga kwimodeli. Lo mzekelo womsebenzi, kunye neminye kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yaseIndiya, yavela kwindawo yokuhlala yobugcisa bendabuko baseIndiya, apho kwavela imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yamaBhuda kunye namaHindu asuka kuMzantsi-mpuma naseMpuma Asia.
I-Architecture
E-Indiya, i-architecture ifikelela kuluhlu olubanzi lweentetho ezityhutyha ixesha, zihlala zifunxa iimbono ezintsha. Imveliso yale nto ngumfanekiso wokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, ngoku ugcina ukuqhubela phambili okungathandabuzekiyo kwixesha kunye nembali. Uninzi lwezi zakhiwo zikwintlambo yoMlambo i-Indus ukusukela malunga nowama-2600 ukuya kowe-1900 BC apho izixeko ezicetyiweyo kunye nezindlu zinokujongwa.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba inkolo nezidwangube azizange zibandakanyeke okanye zimelwe kucwangciso nesiseko sezi zixeko.
Ngexesha apho iMaurya kunye neGupta Empires kunye neendlalifa zabo zamva zasekwa, iitempile ezahlukeneyo zamaBuddha zakhiwa njengemiqolomba yaseAjanta, Ellora kunye neSanchi Stupa. Ngexesha elithile kamva, kummandla osemazantsi weli lizwe, kwasekwa iindawo ezingcwele zamaHindu ezahlukahlukeneyo, ezinjengalezi:
- Chennakesava e Belur.
- Hoysaleswara e Halebidu.
- Kesava e Somanathapura.
- Brihadeeswara e Thanjavur.
- Suria e Konark.
- Sri Ranganathaswami e Srirangam.
- UBuddha - uChinna Lanja Dibba kunye noVikramarka Kota Dibba eBhattiprolu.
Kubalulekile ukubonisa ukuba impembelelo ephawulekayo yamaNdiya ibonakaliswe kulwakhiwo lwe-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia, ezi zakhiwo zineempawu ezifanayo kakhulu ezinokuqinisekiswa ziphantse zifana neendawo ezingcwele zaseIndiya; Oku sinokukubona kwiindawo ezingcwele zamaHindu kunye namaBuddha kunye neetempile ezifana ne: Angkor Wat, Borobudur kunye nabanye.
Ukwenziwa kolwakhiwo eIndiya, uthotho lwezinto kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo ezifuna ukunika ibhalansi kunye nokuvisisana ngezithuba kunye/okanye nemo engqongileyo. Yile ndlela iVaastu Shastra ekhoyo ngayo, le yinkqubo yendabuko echaphazela ukucwangciswa, ukwakhiwa kunye nokuhambelana kweendawo, kufana kakhulu noko Feng Shui kwinkcubeko yaseAsia. Ayaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba yeyiphi na kwezi zimbini iinkqubo ezindala, nangona kunjalo, kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba imigaqo ineempawu ezifanayo kakhulu.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Feng Shui kuxhaphake kakhulu kwihlabathi, kwaye nangona iVastu inombono ofanayo weFeng Shui kuba ifuna ukulinganisa ukuhamba kwamandla (okubizwa ngokuba ngamandla obomi okanye iPrana ngesiSanskrit kunye neChi / Ki ngesiTshayina / isiJapan. ) , kwindlu nganye iyahluka ngokwezinto, njengemiyalelo echanekileyo malunga nendlela izinto ezahlukeneyo, amagumbi kunye nezixhobo phakathi kwezinye, kufuneka zibekwe.
Ngokufika kwempembelelo yamaSilamsi eNtshona, ulwakhiwo lwaseIndiya lwabunjwa ukuze luhambelane nezithethe ezitsha ezifakwe kwesi sizwe. Ke, njengoko le misebenzi ilandelayo yaba luphawu lwaseIndiya, zezi:
- I-Fatehpur Sikri
- Taj Mahal
- UGol Gumbaz
- Qutub encinci
- Red Fort e Delhi
Ngexesha lolawulo lobukoloniyali kuBukhosi baseBritane, isitayile se-Indo-Saracenic sasetyenziswa kunye nokwakhiwa kwezinye izitayile ezininzi, ezinje ngeGothic yaseYurophu, enokubonwa kwizakhiwo ezinje:
- ISikhumbuzo Soloyiso
- I-Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
Impahla
EIndiya, isambatho ngasinye siyahluka ngokwengingqi yesizwe esikuyo, kwaye imbonakalo yayo yefashoni ihlala ilawulwa yinkcubeko, imozulu, ijografi kunye neemeko zasedolophini okanye zasemaphandleni. Kule nkcubeko, kwinqanaba eliqhelekileyo kukho isinxibo esiyintandokazi kulo lonke uhlanga nangaphandle kwayo, le yi-sari yokusetyenziswa ngabasetyhini, kunye ne-dhoti okanye i-lungi yamadoda.
Ukongeza, amaHindu ahlala enxiba iimpahla esezilungisiwe ezinomahluko onxulumene nesini, ngezantsi siza kuchaza ezi ziqwenga:
- Abasetyhini badla ngokunxiba ibhulukhwe ye-churidar ethanda ukuqina ngandlel’ ithile ekusikeni, kunye/okanye i-salwar-kameez edla ngokunxitywa kwi-loose fit fit, i-dupatta esisikhafu esigebenga esigquma amagxa kwaye sidlulela phezu kwesifuba.
- Amadoda anxiba ibhulukhwe yohlobo lwe-pajama kunye ne-kurtas, iihempe ezikhululekileyo eziwela emathangeni okanye ngaphantsi kwamadolo, kunye neebhulukhwe kunye neehempe ezineentambo zaseYurophu.
Ukongezelela, ukusetyenziswa kwee jeans, i-flannels, iingubo zokugqoka, iikhati kunye nezinye iintlobo zokuyila kwiingubo zokusika zingabonwa kwiidolophu.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba kwiindawo zikawonkewonke kunye nenkolo, ukubonakaliswa kwesikhumba kunye nokusetyenziswa kwempahla ecacileyo okanye eqinileyo kufuneka kugwenywe.
Ngenxa yemozulu eshushu, elona laphu lixhaphakileyo lokwenza iimpahla kweli lizwe ngumqhaphu; Ngokubhekiselele kuhlobo lwezihlangu, ngokubanzi zinencasa ethile kwaye ikhethwayo kwiimbadada.
Njengokuncedisa kwimpahla yabo, abafazi bamaHindu bathanda ukusebenzisa izimonyo kwaye banxibe iimpahla ezinje zilandelayo:
- bindi: yindawo edumileyo ebekwe ebunzini ngokukodwa phakathi kwamashiya, le ngongoma ineentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo ngokubhekiselele kumbala wayo: ibomvu isetyenziswe ngabafazi abatshatileyo, abamnyama ngabafazi abangatshatanga, abatyheli ngobutyebi, phakathi kwabanye. Nangona kunjalo, okwangoku yonke imibala ingasetyenziswa, ngaphandle kokuthintelwa.
- Mehndi: luhlobo lobugcisa bomzimba apho imizobo yokuhombisa yenziwa emzimbeni womntu, kusetyenziswa i-henna enemibala ebomvu nemnyama
- Izacholo ezininzi kunye namacici.
Ngexesha lemisitho ekhethekileyo njengemisitho, imitshato, iminyhadala, phakathi kwezinye; abasetyhini badla ngokunxiba iimpahla ezimibalabala, ezikhazimlayo nezinemibala eqaqambileyo nezihonjiswe ngamatye anqabileyo anjengegolide nesilivere, kunye namatye ommandla kunye namatye anqabileyo.
Ukongeza, abafazi bahlala bethambisa i-sindoor, lo ngumgubo obomvu okanye o-orenji wokuthambisa obekwe njengomgca othe tye kumgca weenwele, abanye bawuqabe ukusuka embindini webunzi ukuya kumgca weenwele, kwezinye iindawo bawubiza ngokuba yi-mang.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba le nto yokuncedisa idla ngokugqithwa kuphela ngabasetyhini abatshatileyo, abafazi abangatshatanga abanxibe i-sindoor; ngokunjalo namabhinqa angama-Indiya angaphezu kwe-100 lezigidi aqhelisela unqulo olungelulo olwamaHindu nabantu abangakholelwayo kubukho bukaThixo nabasenokuba batshatile.
Impahla e-Indiya ibe nenguquko eqhubekayo kuyo yonke imbali yesi sizwe; Ngaloo ndlela, ngexesha lamandulo, ngokwemibhalo yeVedic, zikhankanya iimpahla ezenziwe ngamagxolo kunye namagqabi abizwa ngokuba yi-phataka. Ngokufanayo, i-Rigveda eqala ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu BC ibhekisa kwimpahla edayiweyo nelukiweyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-paridhan, ngaloo ndlela ibhekisa kuphuhliso lobuchule bokuthunga obuntsonkothileyo kwixesha leVedic. Ngexesha le-XNUMX leminyaka BC, umbhali-mlando ongumGrike uHerodotus ukhankanya umgangatho ocebileyo wengubo yekotoni yesi sizwe.
Ngenkulungwane yesibini BC, ngokurhweba lo mmandla kunye noBukhosi baseRoma, yangenisa amalaphu e-muslin enziwe kumazantsi eIndiya; amalaphu esilika amahle kunye neziqholo yayizezona mveliso ziphambili ezazirhwetshwa yiIndiya nezinye iinkcubeko.
Sele kumaxesha amva enkulungwane ye-XNUMX, imarike yempahla yehaute couture iye yavela, yaduma kwasekuqaleni ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ngexesha lokungena kwamaSilamsi kulo mmandla wamaHindu; de amaSilamsi akhetha ukunxiba iziqwenga esele zilungisiwe ngelixa iimpahla ezigqunyiweyo zazidume phakathi kwamaHindu.
Ngexesha lolawulo lwabahlali baseBhritane, i-Indian textile, impahla kunye neshishini lobugcisa lavala iingcango zalo ukwenza indlela yentengiso yaseBritane.
Kungelo xesha ke apho uMahatma Gandhi oyinkokeli yezopolitiko nentlalontle waphakamisa uhlobo lwesinxibo awalubiza ngokuba yikhadi, nelokhwe ebelithunywe ngesandla ngabemi bomthonyama bale nkcubeko, ezinemibala ekhanyayo; injongo yokusebenzisa kunye nokuthandwa kwesi sinxibo yayikukunciphisa imfuno yeemveliso zoshishino zaseBritani.
Ngomnyaka we-1980, inkcubeko yamaHindu yaphawulwa ngotshintsho oluqhelekileyo kwiindlela zokunxiba zolu luntu, apho ukwanda kwentatho-nxaxheba kwizikolo zefashoni eIndiya kunokubonwa, kunye nokufakwa okukhulu kwabasetyhini kwi-textile kunye nempahla. ishishini lempahla; Ukongezelela, ukuguquka kwesimo sengqondo kunokubonwa ngokuphathelele ukwamkelwa nokwamkelwa kweempawu zezinye izithethe, nto leyo ebonakala kwindlela yazo yokunxiba ukususela kula maxesha ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje.
IGastronomy
I-Gastronomy kwinkcubeko yamaHindu yahluka njengesizwe sayo. Ukulungiselela izitya zabo, bavame ukusebenzisa izithako ezininzi, baneendlela ezahlukeneyo zokulungiselela ukutya, iindlela zokupheka kunye neentetho zezitya zabo. Iindidi zayo ze-gastronomic ziquka:
Iisaladi, i-sauces, izitya zemifuno kunye nenyama, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeziqholo kunye neencasa, izonka, ii-dessert, phakathi kwabanye; Ngamafutshane, into inokuqinisekiswa kwaye kukuba i-gastronomy yaseIndiya inzima kakhulu.
I-gastronomy yenkcubeko yamaHindu yahlukile kangangokuba umbhali wokutya oyingcali uHarold Mcgee wachaza kwaye waqinisekisa oku kulandelayo:
"Ukusukela ekusungulweni kwayo ekusebenziseni ubisi njengesona sithako siphambili, akukho lizwe linokukhuphisana neIndiya." Iziqholo ezinuka kamnandi kunye neesosi ezinesilika zizinto ezithile zokutya zaseIndiya.
Iimveliso ezithile ezenziwe ekhitshini layo, njengezonka zazo zonke iintlobo, i-sauces, ii-condiments kunye ne-pickle zincedisana nezitya eziphambili zaseIndiya. Ukutya okuqhelekileyo kwamaNdiya, kuchaphazela phantse zonke iimvakalelo ezinemibala eyahlukeneyo, amavumba, incasa kunye noburhabaxa.
Izinongo
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo, ekuzo zonke izitya zaseIndiya ngaphandle kokukhetha, ziziqholo, ezi zenza inxalenye ye-gastronomy yenkcubeko yamaHindu. Yiyo loo nto, iminyaka emininzi, belulonwabo lwabakhenkethi bamanye amazwe kunye nokutya kwehlabathi ngokuthengwa kwamanye amazwe ngenxa yevumba elimnandi kunye neencasa zabo. Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa kule gastronomy zezi zilandelayo:
- Cinnamon
- Ijinja
- Isithsaba
- Ipelepele
- iicloves
- IComino
- Ajo
- Cardamom
- Cilantro
- Amagqabi ebheyi
- Iipepile
Ukongeza, bahlala bongeza ukubamba okukhethekileyo kwisidlo sabo ngezi zithako zilandelayo:
- I-Black, i-brown kunye ne-white mustard
- imbewu yecelery
- Iipepile
- Nesafron
- UTamarind
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba isitya ngasinye siyahluka ngokwentsimi yaseNdiya, yingakho uya kukwazi ukubona izitya apho izithako ezifana nekakhukhunathi, ezinye iintlobo zeendongomane kunye neetswele zingasuswa okanye zongezwe. Njengenxalenye yenkcubeko yamaHindu, kukho umxube weentlobo ezibizwa ngegama le-masala, eli lungiselelo lihlala lisetyenziselwa ukunika umzobo okhethekileyo kwizitya eziphambili kunye neesosi.
Into ebonakalisa olu hlobo lokutya yindlela edibeneyo kwaye ehambelana ngayo, kangangokuba xa iintlobo ezininzi zisetyenziswa, akukho namnye kubo ocima incasa yabanye, kodwa badibanisa ukwenza ukuqhuma kwamavumba kunye neencasa, ezifikelela kuvuthondaba. izitya ezikhethekileyo kakhulu.
Okona kutya
Phakathi kwamalungiselelo aphambili e-gastronomy yenkcubeko yamaHindu, sineesosi. Ezi zibaluleke kakhulu, kuba zisetyenziselwa ukukhapha okanye ukugcwalisa ezinye izitya. Ngokuqhelekileyo zihanjiswa kwisiseko serayisi kwaye zidla ngokusetyenziswa kwisonka esincinci kakhulu esingenayo igwele ukuze siyifake kwi-sauce.
Isitya esidumileyo esivela kwingingqi yasePunjab yi-makhani, le i-sauce ye-lentils kunye nebhotela, ebekwe kwisiseko serayisi; Esinye isidlo esithandwayo yi-sambhar eyenziwe ngeelentile kunye ne-tamarind.
Ukongezelela, kukho ezinye izitya ezidume kakhulu kule nkcubeko ezifana nekhari yenkukhu, isitya esenziwe nge-sauce eyenziwe ngetumata. Kukho kwakhona isitya senkukhu se-tandoori, esi sisidlo esomileyo ngaphandle kwe-sauce, le nkukhu ifakwe kwi-yogurt kunye ne-masala; Kwakhona, kwintshona yeIndiya kukho isitya senkukhu esithandwayo nesidumileyo setikka.
Elona qabane libalaseleyo kuzo zonke izitya zenkcubeko yamaHindu yirayisi, apho kukho iindidi ezininzi ezifana ne-basmati, inkozo entle nende.
Impembelelo
Inkcubeko yamaHindu ibe nempembelelo enkulu kwiinkcubeko zaseNtshona nezaseYurophu, umzekelo woku wabonwa ngamaxesha eGrisi yamandulo apho zombini iinkcubeko zazithatha imiba kunye neempawu kuzo. Nangona kunjalo, lo yayingumxholo wenguqu yokwenyani eyathi yadibana ngexesha okanye yayikukuqalisa kweRenaissance.
Kwangelo xesha njengoko impucuko yangaphandle eyahlukahlukeneyo yafika eIndiya, abarhwebi abaninzi baseIndiya bahlala kwamanye amazwe, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ngelixa iIndiya yayiphenjelelwa zezinye iinkcubeko, nayo yadlulisela inkcubeko yayo kwelinye.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba oku kusenjalo namhlanje kwaye oku kungqinwa ngokubona indlela abemi bezinye iinkcubeko abaye banomdla wokwamkela izinto ezisisiseko zenkcubeko yamaHindu, njengeenkolo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokutya.
Imibhiyozo
Ngenxa yokuba iIndiya yenziwe luluntu oluneenkcubeko ezininzi kunye neenkolo ezininzi, imithendeleko emininzi kunye neziganeko zeenkolo ezahlukeneyo zibanjwa. EIndiya, kumiselwe iintsuku ezi-4 ezithathwa njengeeholide zelizwe kunye neeholide enyakeni, zezi:
- Usuku lweNkululeko - Agasti 15
- Usuku lweRiphabhliki - nge-26 kaJanuwari
- Gandhi Jayanti-Okthobha 2
- Usuku lwaBasebenzi, umbhiyozo obhiyozelwa ngovuyo olukhulu kulo lonke elaseIndiya-ngoMeyi 1
- UNyaka oMtsha - nge-1 kaJanuwari
Ukongeza, ingingqi nganye yaseIndiya ibhiyozela iminyhadala esekwe kwiinkolo eziphambili kwezo ndawo kunye neenkcukacha zolwimi. Kweyona mithendeleko yonqulo idumileyo, kukhankanywa oku kulandelayo:
- Navratri - Septemba 17 ukuya Oktobha 17
- IDiwali – ngoNovemba 14
- Ganesh Chaturthi-Agasti 22
- UDurga puja-Okthobha 22 ukuya ku-Oktobha 26
- Holi - ngoMatshi 9
- Ugadi-Aprili 13
- Rakshabandhan - Agasti 3
- Dussehra-Okthobha 25
Kwaye ngokunxulumene nemibhiyozo yezolimo kunye nezivuno ezidumileyo kweli lizwe, singakhankanya oku kulandelayo:
- ISankranthi – nge-15 kaJanuwari
- Pongal-Januwari 15
- URaja sankranti-Juni 15 ukuya kwi-18
- Onam – 22 ka-Agasti
- Nouakhai – 23 Agasti
- Vasant Panchmi - nge-29 kaJanuwari
Ngokunjalo, kukho iminyhadala kunye neminyhadala ekwabelwana ngayo kwaye ibhiyozelwa ziinkolo ezahlukeneyo, zezi zilandelayo:
- IDiwali - ngoNovemba 14, imikhosi ebhiyozelwa ngamaHindu, amaSikh kunye namaJain
- UBuddha Purnima - ngoMeyi 7, ngamaBhuda.
- Guru Nanak Jayanti - ngoNovemba 25 kunye noVaisakhi - ngo-Ephreli 14, babhiyozelwa ngokuqhayisa okukhulu ngamaSikh namaHindu.
Ngokufanayo, kukho umthendeleko weDree owongeza umbala kwinkcubeko yenkcubeko yamaHindu, lo ngomnye wemithendeleko yezizwe zaseIndiya ezibhiyozelwa yi-Apatanis yentlambo yaseZiro yase-Arunachal Pradesh, eyona ndawo isempumalanga ye-Indiya.
Kukwakho nemibhiyozo edityaniswe nobuSilamsi, oku ngenxa yezizathu zokuba yinkolo yesibini yangaphandle eyamkelwa yile mpucuko. Phakathi kweentsuku zamaSilamsi esekiweyo kwaye, zibhiyozelwa kwaye zabhengezwa ngokulinganayo yiIndiya, sinazo:
- Eid ul Fitar-Meyi 24
- Eid ul Adha (Bakr Eid) – Julayi 3 ukuya 3 Agasti
- iMilad un Nabi – nge-29 kaOkthobha
- Muharram - Agasti 20
- I-Shab-e-Barat – yomhla we-14 nowe-15 kwinyanga kaSha'ban, inyanga yesibhozo yekhalenda yamaSilamsi.
Ngokufanayo, kukho iintsuku ezinxulumene nale nkolo eziye zamiselwa njengeeholide kwinqanaba lengingqi, phakathi kwazo:
- Arba'een-Okthobha 8
- Jumu'ah-tul-Wida
- Shab-e-Qadar
Njengoko ubuKristu yinkolo yesithathu yangaphandle eyamkelwa ngabemi bayo, eyahlulahlulwe phakathi kwamaKristu kunye namaKatolika, banazo neeholide zabo ezinje:
- IKrisimesi - nge-25 kaDisemba
- ULwesihlanu olungileyo - usuku lwe-2 lwe-Easter Triduum
Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba imiboniso yengingqi ithathwa njengemithendeleko, esi siko sixhaphake kakhulu eIndiya; Ke ngoko, akumangalisi ukuba ubona imiboniso ebhiyozelwa njengePushkar, eyona marike inkulu yeenkamela emhlabeni, okanye iSonepur Mela, eyona mveliso inkulu yemfuyo eAsia.
Iinyani zolonwabo
Okulandelayo, siza kukubonisa iinyani ezinomdla nezinomdla eziya kukwenza ufune ukwazi ngakumbi malunga nenkcubeko yamaHindu, ezi inokuba lulwazi obungalwazi, zezi:
I-1-I-Indiya lilizwe elinedemokhrasi enkulu kwihlabathi liphela kwaye lilizwe lesibini elinabantu abaninzi elinabemi abangaphezu kwe-1.200 yezigidigidi. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ngo-2021 iya kudlula i-China, namhlanje elona lizwe linabantu abaninzi.
I-2 - Inkomo sisilwanyana esingcwele eIndiya. Bahlala ngokukhululekileyo kuwo wonke ummandla, kubandakanywa ne-metropolises, kwaye kuqhelekile ukubafumana naphi na kwaye akukho mthethweni ukubaxhela okanye ukutyiwa njengokutya.
I-3 - Enye yeendlela zabo ezingaqhelekanga kubantu baseNtshona okanye nawuphi na umfokazi xa beguqa iintloko zabo kwicala, esiqonda ukuba akukho kodwa ngokwenene kule nkcubeko bafuna ukubonisa ewe. Kwaye olu luphawu oluxhaphakileyo, kufanelekile ukulikhumbula kuba linokudala ukubhideka okuninzi kunye nemixholo eyonwabisayo.
I-4 - I-Ganges ngumlambo ongcwele kunye nesixeko saseVaranasi singcwele, kwaye le yenye yeendawo eziphambili apho amaHindu aya kutshisa abafileyo babo emanxwemeni omlambo. Apho bathi kamva balulahle uthuthu, okanye okushiyekileyo emzimbeni, emlanjeni, othi xa umsinga uphantsi uguqule iGanges ibe yiDantesque nombono owoyikekayo ngandlel’ ithile.
5-Zingaphezulu kwe-300.000 ii-mosque eIndiya, ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye indawo emhlabeni. Kuphela yi-13% yamaIndiya angamaSilamsi, nto leyo eyenza iIndiya lelona lizwe lesithathu ngowona maSilamsi ehlabathini (emva kweIndonesia nePakistan).
I-6 - Inkokeli yokomoya yaseTibet, i-Dalai Lama, ihlala ekuthinjweni ukususela kwi-1950 kunye noluntu olukhulu lwaseTibetan enyakatho yeIndiya, ngokukodwa eDharamsala.
I-7 - Kuqhelekile ukubaleka kwi-Sadhus, ezi ziimonki ezihambahambayo ezihlala zithwala izibonelelo zabo ezinqongopheleyo kwaye zihamba kwilizwe ukuze zifune ukukhanya; aba balinganiswa bayonwabela inkululeko eyodwa efana nokutshaya izinto zengqondo okanye ukuhamba simahla kuloliwe.
I-8 - Iingcambu zaseIndiya zilahlekile kumandulo, iinkulungwane zembali ziye zabona indlela inkcubeko ekhethekileyo ye-Indus Valley yaphuhliswa ngayo, kunye neenkolo ze-4 (ubuHindu, ubuBuddha, iJainism kunye neSikhism), kunye neyoga ingqeqesho ngokwasemzimbeni nasengqondweni esele ikho iminyaka engama-5.000.
I-9-E-Indiya, umdlalo wezakhono, i-chess, kunye namasebe ezibalo ezifana ne-algebra kunye ne-trigonometry zazalwa.
I-10 - Ngokwemibhalo yamandulo yamaHindu, kukho ngaphezu kwe-330 yezigidi zezithixo. Ezona zibalulekileyo yiBrahma, iVishnu kunye neShiva.
I-11 - Kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho phakathi kwe-5 okanye i-6 yezigidi ze-Hijras okanye abantu abachongiweyo besini sesithathu, ngokucacileyo amadoda anxiba njengabafazi kodwa abangazicingeli nabo. Iiprojekthi ziyenziwa ukuze olu hlobo lubhaliswe kwinqanaba elisemthethweni kunye nezomthetho.
I-12 - Inkosi yezemidlalo kwesi sizwe kwaye phantse inye kuphela yeqakamba, ezuzwe kwi-colonization yamaNgesi. Umdlalo apho umdlalo ungahlala kwiiyure ezimbalwa ukuya kwiintsuku ezimbalwa nalapho abantwana badlala nakwesiphi na isikwere sesixeko, ipatio okanye isitalato.
I-13 - I-Indiya lilizwe elinesiphithiphithi kwaye lingalungelelanisiyo elisenyakatho kunye nezixeko ezixineneyo ezidibanisa i-skyscrapers kunye neendawo eziphakamileyo eziphakamileyo kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezihlala kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni kunye nezolileyo kwiindawo ze-Himalayan okanye unxweme olusemazantsi apho amasimi erayisi kunye namasimi e-cereal. , amasundu nemihlambi yenyathi egadwe ngabadala. Kwakunye neentlango, amahlathi apho izilwanyana zasendle zixhathisa kunye namabhotwe amandulo aseMarahajas angqongwe zezona dolophu zithobekileyo.
I-14-Iziqithi ze-Andaman, zenziwe ziziqithi ezingama-204 zeparadesi zoLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya ezizeyaseIndiya nangona zingaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezingama-950 ukusuka kwiPeninsula yaseIndiya, kodwa ziikhilomitha ezili-193 kuphela ukusuka eBurma.
Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku malunga neNkcubeko yamaHindu linomdla, siyakumema ukuba wonwabele la manqaku amanye: