Ukuze uqonde ngcono indlela i Inkcubeko yaseColombia kwaye ngawaphi amaqela enkcubeko, siyakumema ukuba u tyelele eli nqaku elinomdla, kweli nqaku uya kukwazi ukukwazisa malunga nendlela inkcubeko enkulu yaseColombia, kuyo yonke imimandla yayo.
Inkcubeko yaseColombia
Ngomxube odityanisiweyo ozuzwe kwizithethe ezahlukeneyo, inkcubeko yaseColombia yenze isazisi esichazwe kakuhle kakhulu. Ukuqala kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo zangaphambi kweColumbian ezifana neMuiscas, Tayronas, Quimbayas kunye neZenúes.
Ngokudityaniswa kwempucuko yaseSpeyin neyaseAfrika, umphumo waba luluntu oluneempawu eziqhelekileyo kuwo onke amazwe aseLatin America, kodwa olunomohluko ophawulekayo.
Nangona kunjalo, ngaphakathi kwintsimi yaseColombia ngokwayo kukho ulwahlulo oluphawulekayo lwengingqi. Ngokomzekelo, i-cachacos yeendawo eziphakamileyo zaseCundiboyacense, i-paisas yase-Antioquia, i-llaneros yasempuma, i-Valle del Cauca del Valle del Cauca.
Abemi baselunxwemeni lonxweme lweCaribbean kunye nabemi baseSantander kwisebe laseSantander. Onke la maqela ahlukeneyo enza iColombia ibe sisizwe esinomdla kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo.
Ngale ndlela, wonke lo mxube okwangoku ubonakaliswa kuthotho lweentetho ezinje ngolwakhiwo, umculo, ubugcisa, uncwadi, phakathi kwabanye. Imele ukuba nobuntu obubalulekileyo njengoGabriel García Márquez, uFernando Botero, uJuan Pablo Montoya, uCarlos Valderrama, uJuanes, uShakira, uSofía Vergara.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uqoqosho lwaseColombia lusekelwe ikakhulu kumacandelo emveliso ephambili efana nezolimo, ikofu kunye nemfuyo. Ukuqwalaselwa kuqoqosho lwesine kwiLatin America.
Ingxelo yembali yenkcubeko yaseColombia
Ngaphambi nje kokufika koloyiso, abantu bomthonyama babonakala ngokwenza ubucwebe obuhle kakhulu eMzantsi Melika.
Ukususela oko uAlonso de Ojeda, ngowe-1499, wabeka unyawo kunxweme lwaseColombia, aboyisi baye babonakalisa umdla kubutyebi balapho bomthonyama. Ngaloo ndlela, kwavela iintsomi ezifana neka-El Dorado, eyathi ekugqibeleni yaba lichibi laseGuatavita, apho abemi bomthonyama kwizithethe zabo baphosa iminikelo yegolide.
Ukususela ngowe-1525, uloyiso lwalukukufunyanwa kwezixeko, kusasazwe ubuKatolika, kuze kumiselwe inkqubo yokucalulana ngokweendidi zabantu. Kwiminyaka kamva, kanye ngo-1810, iColombia yafumana inkululeko yayo kulawulo lwaseSpain, ngoncedo lwenkokeli yaseVenezuela uSimón Bolívar.
Kamva, kwalandela ixesha leemfazwe zamakhaya phakathi kwamaLiberals, awayekhusela ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, namaConservatives, awayexhasa umanyano lweCawa yamaKatolika noRhulumente. Iziganeko ezaqalisa ixesha elibizwa ngokuba yiLa Violencia, phakathi kowe-1948 nowe-1958.
Ezi nkqubo zembali ezibandakanya umanyano lweentlanga ezahlukeneyo kunye nezithethe ziye zabumba inkcubeko yaseColombia kude kube namhlanje.
Uluntu lwenkcubeko yaseColombia
Ngokwembono yentlalo, inkcubeko yaseColombia yenziwe ngamaqela amaninzi eentlanga, nto leyo eyenza ukuba abemi be-mestizo bavelele. Nangona ulwimi olusemthethweni isiSpanish, kukho iilwimi zomthonyama ezingama-65.
Olunye uphawu kukuba i-90% yabemi baseColombia bathi inkolo yamaKatolika, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba uninzi lwemithendeleko yaseColombia inentsingiselo yonqulo. I-Colombian ibonakala ngokuvuleka, ulonwabo, ingqalelo, ububele kunye nokusebenza nzima kwaye ihlala ifuna ixesha lokufunda nokuqhubeka noqeqesho.
Kwakhona bangabantu abanobuchule bokudala nabanomdla, kuba bathi bakhuthazwa, ngoko bahlala becinga ngeenzuzo ezihlangeneyo. Ngaphandle kommandla okhoyo, ibhola kunye nombhiyozo we-carnival yinto ebadibanisayo. Kukho iindidi ezintathu zentlalo kwinkcubeko yaseColombia: ephezulu, ephakathi kunye nesezantsi, ephantsi kwengeniso yosapho.
Umbutho wolawulo wezopolitiko wenkcubeko yaseColombia
Ngeli xesha, iColombia ihlelwe ngokwemimandla ibe ngamasebe angama-32, isithili esi-1 esiyinkunzi, izithili ezi-2 zoshishino kunye nezibuko, izithili ezi-2 zabakhenkethi kunye nenkcubeko, izithili ezi-2 zabakhenkethi, zenkcubeko nezembali kunye nemimandla ekhethekileyo yemveli.
URhulumente ubonakaliswe ngesiqinisekiso sobulungisa kwezentlalo kubemi bawo, unobumbano, unikezela amagunya, intando yesininzi, ubuninzi kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba.
Yiba nenkqubo yolawulo eyenziwe ngumongameli kunye nosekela-mongameli, onyulwe iminyaka emine kunye nokwenzeka kokunyulwa kwakhona.
Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yenziwe yiNkongolo kwaye inkundla iqulunqwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yoBulungisa, iNkongolo yeSizwe, iNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko, iBhunga eliPhezulu leeNkundla, iNkundla yoBulungisa bezoBulungisa, i-Ofisi yeGqwetha Jikelele, iinkundla kunye neenkundla. Iirhuluneli kunye noosodolophu bonyulwa ngelungelo elithe ngqo kwingingqi nganye.
Unqulo lwenkcubeko yaseColombia
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, uninzi lwabemi baseColombia bangamaKatolika, kunye namaqela amancinci alandela ezinye iinkolo. Xa kujongwa ijelo lembali, ubuKatolika bulunqulo olusemthethweni lwaseColombia, nto leyo eyatshintshayo kuMgaqo-siseko wowe-1991.
Apho uhlanga lwalungcwaliswe njengorhulumente wehlabathi, lunikela iziqinisekiso zenkululeko yonqulo. Sekunjalo, iCawa yamaKatolika yaqhubeka inamalungelo ngaphezu kwezinye iinkonzo, nto leyo eyabangela ungquzulwano. Ukungxengxeza kwemimoya, ngowama-2016, umhla wesine kuJulayi wabhengezwa njengoSuku lweSizwe lweNkululeko yoNqulo noNqulo.
Abanye abahlali bayinxalenye yeenkolo zonqulo ezinje ngabavangeli, amaNgqina kaYehova, amaMormon, amaBhuda, amaSilamsi, amaYuda. Into eqhelekileyo kwinkcubeko yaseColombia kubukho beentsomi ukususela kwixesha lobukoloniyali, eliye ladluliselwa kwisizukulwana ukuya kwisizukulwana, njenge-anima solo, ukukhanya kweenyawo, i-carrao, ibhinqa elikhalayo, umlenze. impempe nje.
Imimandla ephambili yenkcubeko yaseColombia
Ngemimandla emithandathu yendalo eneklimati kunye neendawo ezahlukeneyo zendalo, ibonakalisa inkcubeko yaseColombia. Phakathi kwabo, ezimbini eziphambili zinokuhlukaniswa:
UAndean
Eyona ndawo inabemi baseColombia, ibandakanya amasebe eAntioquia, Caldas, Risaralda, Quindío, Valle del Cauca, Tolima, Santander, Norte de Santander, Cesar, Cundinamarca, Boyacá, Huila kunye neNariño.
Ezinye zeengingqi zenkcubeko yaseColombia kulo mmandla zibandakanya: Paisa, Santandereano, Cundiboyacense, Vallecaucano, Opita, Pastuso, Cachacos.
Ummandla waseAndean unomhlaba onemveliso kwezolimo, kwaye neoli, iiemeralds nezinye izimbiwa ziyaxhatshazwa. Ezona zixeko zibalulekileyo zezi:
I-Bogota (ikomkhulu lesithili).
Ikomkhulu laseColombia, lisebe leCundinamarca, liziko le-neurological lezopolitiko, uqoqosho, ishishini, ubugcisa, ezemidlalo kunye nokhenketho. Sisixeko esibonelela ngomsebenzi omkhulu wenkcubeko, ngaphandle kwesitya esiqhelekileyo se-cachacos yi-santafereño ajiaco, kunye nekofu ebomvu eyaziwayo.
I-Medellín
Yakha ikomkhulu leAntioquia, ebandakanya iintetho zemveli zenkcubeko yePaisa. Abo baqhayisa nge-gastronomically ngesitya se-paisa. Sesinye sezona zixeko zidala eMelika, ikomkhulu leValle del Cauca, ephawulwa sisitya esiqhelekileyo se-rice atoll.
ECaribbean
Ifumaneka kumantla eColombia, ecaleni koLwandle lweCaribbean. Yenziwe ngamasebe eAntioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Cesar, Córdoba, La Guajira, Magdalena naseSucre.
Imizi-mveliso, urhwebo, imali, izibuko, ezolimo, imfuyo, imigodi, kunye nemisebenzi yabakhenkethi ibalasele, kunye nothungelwano lweedolophu, apho oku kulandelayo kugqamayo:
I-Barranquilla (iSithili esiKhethekileyo soShishino kunye neZibuko).
Yeyona dolophu inkulu yeAtlantiki, apho kubhiyozelwa owona mnyhadala ubalulekileyo wenkcubeko yaseColombia: iCarnivals yaseBarranquilla.
ICartagena de Indias (isithili sokhenketho kunye nenkcubeko).
Likomkhulu laseBolívar, isixeko esigcina ilifa lemveli loyilo lwaseSpain kunye neendonga zembali elunxwemeni lwaso.
Eminye imimandla yenkcubeko yaseColombia
Eminye imimandla eyenza indawo yenkcubeko yaseColombia yile:
Amazon
Yeyona ndawo inkulu kwaye incinci inabemi, inamasebe anje ngeAmazonas, Putumayo, Caquetá, Guainía, Guaviare kunye neVaupés.
Apho kuphuhliswa khona imisebenzi yezolimo, ukugawulwa kwemithi kunye nezinye izinto ezingekho mthethweni ezifana nokulima icoca ukuvelisa icocaine. Ukutya okuthandwayo kulungiswa ngeqanda le-turtle.
Ngaphakathi
Iquka iziqithi zaseSan Andrés kunye neProvidence kuLwandle lweCaribbean, kunye neMalpelo kunye neGorgona kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki. Indawo yabakhenkethi equlethe enye yeehotele eziphambili kwilizwe, ibonisa imibhiyozo ye-Afro-Caribbean efana nomnyhadala woononkala kunye nezitya zeentlanzi.
I-Orinoquia
Ifumaneka kwimpuma yelizwe, yenza indawo ethafeni eyenziwe ngamasebe eArauca, eCasanare, eMeta naseVichada. Ozalelwe apho uzinikele ekukhuliseni iinkomo, ezibonakaliswa yimpahla yazo, i-liquiliqui kunye ne-mamona njengesitya esiqhelekileyo.
Unoxolo
Ifakwe kumda osentshona, yenziwe ngamasebe eChocó, eValle del Cauca, eCauca naseNariño, apho isixeko saseBuenaventura senza isithili esikhethekileyo soshishino kunye nechweba, kunye nokuvulwa kwezorhwebo kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki. Umsebenzi wezoqoqosho usekelwe kushishino lokuloba, imigodi, imfuyo kunye nezolimo.
Ukubonakaliswa kwenkcubeko yaseColombia
Amagama ahlukeneyo enkcubeko yaseColombia aya kuchazwa abandakanya:
Imisebenzi yezandla
Imveliso ye-subcultures eyahlukeneyo ivelele, umzekelo, abahlali benza i-vueltiao hat, i-paisas yenza iibhasikiti ezilukiweyo.
Kwelinye icala, iMyuziyam yeGolide, kwisixeko saseBogotá, inengqokelela yeengqekembe zegolide, kunye nemisebenzi eyenziwe ngamaplanga, iiseramikhi, amalaphu kunye nelitye ezenziwe zizizwe zangaphambi kweColumbian.
Ukupeyinta
Owona mculi udumileyo nguFernando Botero, omisebenzi yakhe inokubonwa kwiMyuziyam yaseBotero eBogotá. UDavid Manzur kunye no-Omar Rayo nabo bayaphawuleka ngeli xesha.
I-Architecture
Ngempembelelo yaseSpain yexesha lobukoloniyali kunye noyilo lwangoku, izakhiwo ezinje ngeCathedral yaseMedellín, inkalo yobukoloniyali yeCartagena okanye iBarichara, iMedellín Sports Arenas, iSantuario Nuestra Señora del Carmen kunye neParque Explora zixutywe ezixekweni.
Iincwadi
UGabriel García Márquez, umbhali wencwadi ethi One Hundred Years of Solitude, phakathi kwabanye, ongoyena mntu ubalaseleyo kwinkcubeko yaseColombia kulo mmandla, wafumana iBhaso likaNobel Loncwadi ngowe-1982.
umculo
Zininzi iintlobo zomculo kwinkcubeko yaseColombia ngokuxhomekeke kummandla ngamnye. Ezona zaziwa kakhulu yi vallenato, cumbia kunye nejoropo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uhlobo lwe-pop yaseColombia lufumene udumo lwamazwe ngamazwe, u-Shakira nguyena mculi ophumelele kakhulu kwimbali yomculo wesiLatini.
Makhe sithethe kancinci malunga neengingqi
Ummandla weCaribbean: ICaribbean yaseColombia ithatha amasebe eAtlántico, eBolívar, eCesar, eCórdoba, eLa Guajira, eMagdalena, eSan Andrés naseProvidence, naseSucre. "Iidolophu eziselunxwemeni", njengoko zibizwa ngokuba phakathi kwabemi beli candelo lelizwe, zibonakaliswa ngokuchwayita kwabo, ubuhlobo babo kunye nokuvakalisa kwabo ukuthetha.
Nangona zahlulwe ngokwendawo yangamasebe asibhozo, iidolophu eziselunxwemeni zigcina ubuni obufanayo, obunxulunyaniswa noLwandle lweCaribbean. Ngokukwanjalo, lo mmandla welizwe unabantu ababalulekileyo bomthonyama njengeArhuacos, ehlala eSierra Nevada de Santa Marta, kunye neWayúu, eLa Guajira.
Ngokwenxalenye yabo, iinkcubeko zaseColombia nazo zichazwa ngumculo wazo. Umzekelo, izingqisho ezibalulekileyo ziye zavela kummandla weCaribbean ezikwazileyo ukuzibeka kwihlabathi liphela.
Phakathi kwabo, iVallenato, enye yezona ntlobo zomculo ezimele kakhulu zommandla kunye nelizwe. Esi sigqi esizalelwe kwiSebe likaCésar sibhengezwe yiUNESCO njengelifa lenkcubeko engaphathekiyo kuluntu. Ukongeza, kukho ezinye iintlobo ezikhethekileyo ezifana ne-champeta, i-porro, i-cumbia kunye nezinye ezininzi.
Imithendeleko yayo efana neBarranquilla Carnival, enye yezona zinto zimele unxweme, nazo zibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokunjalo, kukho iVallenata Legend Festival, iFrancisco el Hombre Festival, uMthendeleko we-Independence, uMthendeleko we-20 kaJanuwari, phakathi kwabanye. Yiza ufumane ilifa lenkcubeko yaseColombia ehamba eColombia!
Ummandla wePasifiki: Ummandla wePasifiki yaseColombia wahlulwe ngamacandelo amane: iChocó, iValle del Cauca, iCauca neNariño. Lo mmandla welizwe uphawuleka ngokubonakaliswa kwenkcubeko, njengemidaniso yawo edumileyo nezandi ezisuka kubantu baseAfrika. Ukongeza, lo mmandla unoLwandlekazi lwePasifiki oluhlamba abantu abaninzi.
Kwelinye icala, ubutyebi benkcubeko yalo mmandla welizwe buyamangalisa ngokwenene. Iziganeko zayo eziphambili zenkcubeko kwizixeko zaseTumaco, eBuenaventura naseQuibdó, imimandla apho iimpembelelo zaseAfrika, zemveli kunye neSpeyin ziye zaphuhliswa.
Ngokubhekele phaya, kuthiwa uninzi lwezithethe nezithethe zabantu bakwiPasifiki zaphuma kwezi mpembelelo.
Umculo wakuMzantsi wePasifiki wahlulwa ngezandi zeempawu ezivela kwizixhobo ezinjengeemarimba, iicununos, amagubu, iibhesi, iiguasás kunye neevayolin. Zonke ezi zinto ziyimveliso yelifa lemveli laseAfrika kunye nemanyano yemveli, yaseYurophu kunye ne-Afro.
Ngokunjalo, lo mculo uye waba sisixhobo sokuxhathisa ubundlobongela obuthwaxwa ngoomasipala abaninzi kulo mmandla weli lizwe. Kwaye, kwangaxeshanye, yindlela yokugcina izithethe zookhokho babo bephila.
Ngokunjalo, esinye seziganeko ezidibanisa izinto eziphambili zalo mculo udumileyo nguMnyhadala wePetronio Álvarez. Sesinye seziganeko ezibalulekileyo kulo mmandla nakwilizwe.
Kunye nale nto, kukho ezinye ezifana neCurrulao Festival, iPacific Coast Folk Festival, kunye neBlack and White Carnival. Le yokugqibela yenye yezona zinkulu kwaye zibaluleke kakhulu kumazantsi eColombia.
Ummandla we-Andean: Lo mmandla unenye yezona nkcubeko zibalulekileyo zaseColombia. Amasebe abumba lo mmandla ngala: IAntioquia, iBoyaca, iCaldas, iCundinamarca, iHuila, iNorte de Santander, iQuindío, iRisaralda, iSantander neTolima.
Ngamnye kubo uneempawu zakhe. Umzekelo, i-paisa yenye yeenkcubeko ezichonga kakhulu ilizwe ngaphandle. Yaziwa nge-gastronomy yayo, izithethe zayo zabalimi kunye neminyhadala yayo. Phakathi kwabo kukho iFeria de las Flores, isiganeko esimele eyona nkcubeko ye-muleteer.
Kukwakho nowasetyhini waseTolimense, othwele igastronomy egqwesileyo, imidaniso yakhe yemveli, umculo wakhe kunye, ewe, iminyhadala yakhe. Phakathi kwazo kukho uMnyhadala woMculo waseColombia kunye noMnyhadala woMculo weSizwe waseColombia. Kwaye, e-Huila, umthendeleko wesintu kunye nolawulo lwesizwe lweBambuco lubhiyozelwa.
Ukongezelela, kukho inkcubeko yeCundiboyacense, edibanisa izithethe zabantu baseCundinamarca naseBoyaca. Oku kwahlula, njengangaphambili, nge-gastronomy yayo, imiboniso yayo, iminyhadala yayo, imidaniso yayo kunye nomculo wayo.
Yonke le miba yenkcubeko izalwa ngabantu bomthonyama kunye nezithethe zabalimi. Le yokugqibela yaba nefuthe ngakumbi kumculo, ivelisa iintlobo ezifana ne-carranga.
Okokugqibela, inkcubeko yeSantander nayo yahluka kwaye inomtsalane. Itsala ingqalelo yezitya zayo eziqhelekileyo kunye neminyhadala efana neSantander International Festival. Ukongeza, kukho izingqisho zayo zeempawu ezifana ne-bambuco, i-tourbillon kunye ne-guabina.
Ummandla we-Orinoquía: Yahlulwe phakathi kwamasebe eArauca, Meta, Casanare kunye neVichada. Kulo mmandla, inkcubeko ye-llanera yongamele, enobutyebi obungenakuthelekiswa nanto.
Iimpawu zayo eziphambili yimidaniso efana nejoropo kunye nomculo wayo oquka izixhobo eziqhelekileyo ezifana nemaraca kunye nohadi. Iziganeko ezifana ne-International Joropo Tournament, eVillavicencio, zizalwa kwizandi zabo kunye nemidaniso.
Ukongeza, i-llaneros ine-cuisine esekelwe kwinyama. Kweli lizwe kuyenzeka ukuba uzame izitya ezimnandi ezinje ngeveal a lallanera, capybara, beech nokunye.
Ndwendwela amathafa kwaye ufunde ngeyona nkcubeko yemveli kunye nenomtsalane yaseColombia!
Ingingqi yeAmazon: Ngomnye wemimandla emikhulu kunye neyona nto icebileyo kwimithombo yendalo yommandla welizwe. Lo mmandla uquka amasebe aseAmazonas, eCaquetá, eGuainía, eGuaviare, ePutumayo naseVaupés.
Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iinkcubeko zaseColombia, le yenziwe ngaphezu kwayo yonke imisebenzi yemveli kunye nezithethe zoluntu lwemveli lommandla.
Inkcubeko kunye nezithethe zabantu base-Amazon yaseColombia zidibaniswe namabali abo, iinkolelo zabo zokhokho kunye nendalo yabo yendalo. Ukongeza, baye bakwazi ukugcina iimpawu zabo ezahlukileyo ngenxa yokuba bodwa kulo mmandla welizwe.
Kuthiwa i-60% yalo mmandla yeyeenkqubo zogcino kunye noovimba bomthonyama. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ziye zaba ziindawo ezikhuselweyo ezifuna ukugcina inkcubeko yale minyanya.
Ngokwenxalenye yabo, ukubonakaliswa kwenkcubeko yabantu bomthonyama base-Amazon yaseColombia babonakaliswa ngamasiko abo, imidaniso kunye neengoma. Ezi zezendalo zasentsomini-zomoya ezenzeka ngamaxesha athile. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye zisetyenziselwa imitshato, ukuzalwa, ukuzala, umngcwabo, izithethe zempilo, phakathi kwezinye.
Ngokufanayo, ezininzi zeengoma zabo kunye nemidaniso yenzelwe ukuvakalisa iimvakalelo kunye nokubulela kuMama woMhlaba. Eminye yale mizobo yobugcisa iquka izandi zendalo, ezinjengokuntyiloza kweentaka nezixhobo zomthonyama ezenziwe ngemango.
Ngokuphathelele iinkolelo zabo, aba bantu bamandulo banesithethe esidluliselwa ngomlomo esityebe ngamabali neentsomi ezinxulumene nehlathi kunye neziganeko zendalo. Ungaphoswa yile nkcubeko imangalisayo, undwendwela iAmazon yaseColombia!
Ummandla weSiqithi: Lo mmandla umangalisayo welizwe uquka iziqithi ezijongene noLwandlekazi lwePasifiki kunye neqela elikunxweme loLwandle lweCaribbean. Ummandla we-insular wenziwa sisiqithi saseSan Andrés, Providencia kunye neSanta Catalina. Kwaye iPacific yenziwa yiMalpelo kunye neziqithi zaseGorgona.
Izithethe zabemi besi siqithi zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Esinye sezona zibalaseleyo seso sesiqithi saseSan Andrés naseProvidence. Le ndawo ekusingwa kuyo ineenkcubeko ezininzi ezingenakuthelekiswa nanto ngenxa yokufuduka kweSpanish, isiNgesi, isiDatshi kunye namaAfrika.
Ngesi sizathu, abemi besiqithi banolwimi lwabo olwaziwa ngokuba yi-'Creole', esisisiphumo sobudlelwane phakathi kweelwimi zaseNtshona Afrika kunye nesiNgesi.
Ngokunjalo, lo mxube ube nefuthe kumculo, uyilo, ukutya, nokunye. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, iinkcubeko zaseColombia zishiye ilifa elixabisekileyo. Yiba nobuganga bokuzifumana!
Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku leNkcubeko yaseColombia linomdla, siyakumema ukuba wonwabele ezi ezinye: