Impucuko yangaphambi kweColumbian eyayihlala kwingingqi ekumzantsi-ntshona wePeru yanamhlanje, ifikelela kuphuhliso olukhulu phakathi kwe-900 kunye ne-1450 emva koKristu, yanyamalala kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka emva kokufika kwamaYurophu. Funda konke malunga nomdla Inkcubeko yamaChincha!
Inkcubeko yamaChincha
IChinchay okanye iChincha, ligama lesiQuechua elitolika njenge-ocelot, nangona kukho abo bangqinayo ukuba ikwanxulumene nejaguar. IiChinchas liqela lomthonyama lamazwe asePeruvia, awayebekwe kufutshane noLwandlekazi lwePasifiki kumazantsi-ntshona welizwe.
Le nkcubeko yakhula ngexesha elibizwa ngokuba lixesha eliphakathi, elahlala phakathi kwe-900 kunye ne-1450 emva koKristu, njengelinye lamazwe ommandla we-Peru yase-Columbian, imveliso yokwahlulwa kwamandla ezopolitiko kubukumkani baseHuari.
Malunga ne-1480 le nkcubeko yaba yinxalenye yobukumkani be-Inca, obukwazi ukusasazeka kuwo wonke ummandla obulawula iinkcubeko kunye nezizwe ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amabini.
Inkcubeko yeChincha yafikelela ekubambeni njengabarhwebi kulwandle oluphezulu, besebenzisa indawo yemihlaba ababehlala kuyo, intlambo enkulu, umhlaba ochumileyo, ovelisayo kunye nendawo entle kakhulu. Eyona ndawo ifanelekileyo yezinto zakudala ezasalayo ezinxulumene nenkcubeko yaseChincha zaziwa ngokuba yiCentinela kwaye zikufuphi kakhulu nesixeko sangoku saseChincha Alta.
Olu luntu lwanyamalala kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka emva kokoyiswa kwePeru yiSpanish, eyaqala malunga no-1532. Oku kwakubangelwa inxalenye enkulu yezifo eziziswa ngabantu basemzini, ukongeza kwisiphithiphithi kunye nesiphithiphithi esiveliswa luhlaselo, olwabangela ukufa kwabantu abaninzi. ukuphela kweenkcubeko ezininzi zantlandlolo.
Okwangoku ezinye iindawo kunye neentlobo zesi sizwe saseMzantsi Melika zisakhumbuza le nkcubeko yemveli, umzekelo, ummandla weChinchaysuyo okanye umhlaba we-jaguar, iziqithi zaseChincha, iziqithi ezintathu ezincinci kumzantsi-ntshona wePeru, isilwanyana esaziwa ngokuba yi-chinchilla. okanye iChincha encinci kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo isixeko saseChincha Alta.
Imbali yenkcubeko yamaChincha
Ukuqala kwabantu baseChinchan babekwintlambo enkulu yelizwe langoku lasePeru, elibizwa ngegama labo. Le mihlaba, emalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-220 kumzantsi weLima, yayichume kakhulu, ngenxa yobukho bamanzi anamandla oMlambo iChincha oqukuqela usuka kwiiAndes utyhutyha intlambo.
Noko ke, ezi zinambuzane zazingengobantu bokuqala ukuhlala kule ntlambo, umhlaba wayo wawumiwe kangangeminyaka emalunga namawaka alishumi. Apho kwahlala iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, njengeParacas, i-Ica-Nazca kunye noBukhosi baseWari. Phakathi kwe-XNUMX kunye ne-XNUMX yenkulungwane, utshintsho oluthile lwenzeka kwintlambo, iinkcubeko kunye neendlela zabo zokuphila zatshintsha, ngakumbi kwimimandla yonxweme, eya kubizwa ngokuba yinkcubeko yangaphambi kweChincha.
Ubude beli xesha lalifutshane kakhulu, ezi nkcubeko zanyamalala malunga nekhulu leminyaka kamva, zinikezela kwinkcubeko yamaChincha, malunga nenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Amasiko abo, ubuchule kunye nendlela yokuphila yayiphucuke kakhulu kwaye iphucukile kuneyangaphambili ithathwa njenge-pre-Chincha, nayo yayijongwa njenge-bellicose ngakumbi, kuba yayilawula intlambo iyonke, leyo isenayo negama layo nanamhlanje.
I-El Chincha yenye yeentlambo ezinkulu kunxweme lwePasifiki yolwandle lwesizwe sasePeruvia, ejikelezwe yintlango apho imvula ingekho, ukuchuma kwendawo kungenxa yobukho boMlambo iChincha, oqukuqela usuka eAndes. ,
Lo mmandla ulinganisa malunga neekhilomitha ezingamashumi amabini anesihlanu ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi ngaselunxwemeni, unabela malunga neekhilomitha ezingamashumi amabini emhlabeni. Inqumle intlambo yoMlambo iPisco enolwandiso olufanayo ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ibekwe malunga neekhilomitha ezingamashumi amabini anesihlanu ukuya emazantsi.
Intlambo ebanzi enonxantathu inamashumi amabini anesibini eehektare zomhlaba olinywayo namhlanje kwaye kucingelwa ukuba kumaxesha angaphambi kweColumbian yayiyimali efanayo. Okulandelayo siza kukuxelela iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe malunga nembali yale nkcubeko yemveli:
Inqanaba le-Pre-Chincha
Kucingelwa ukuba abanye abantu bahlala kumanxweme asePeru ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo, kucingelwa ukuba le mimandla ibimiwe malunga neminyaka elishumi lamawaka.
Abanye babemi bayo bokuqala basinda ekulobeni, bafunda ukuxhaphaza kwaye baphile kubutyebi bamanzi olwandle eHumboldt Current. Kamva, uphuhliso lwezolimo olunkcenkceshelwayo kwiintlambo zemilambo bekuya kuba ngumsebenzi wokuxhasa ukuhlala ngokufanelekileyo nangokukhululekileyo.
Kuqikelelwa ukuba iindawo zokuqala zokuhlaliswa kwabantu kwiNtlambo yaseChincha zisusela kunyaka wamakhulu asibhozo ngaphambi kukaKristu kwaye yaziwa ngokuba yinkcubeko yeParacas.
Malunga nonyaka wekhulu ngaphambi kukaKristu kude kube ngamakhulu asibhozo emva kukaKristu, kukho impembelelo enkulu kwintlambo yaseChincha yenkcubeko. Ica-Nazca eyaphuhliswa ikakhulu kwisebe le-Ica ngoku, kodwa ebandakanya iChincha emantla, iArequipa emazantsi kunye neendawo eziphakamileyo zase-Ayacucho. Kuyaqinisekiswa ukuba phakathi kweminyaka engamakhulu amahlanu anewaka emva kukaKristu, intlambo yaseChincha yayilawulwa bubukumkani. IMfazwemna, impucuko eyachuma kummandla we-Andean kwaye yoyisa ubukhosi obuninzi kunye nobukhosi bexesha layo.
Phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX, emva kokuwohloka kwamaWaris, uluntu olwahlukeneyo lwale ndawo lwabonisa utshintsho olubi kwiindlela zabo nakwimifuziselo yenkcubeko, behlengahlengisa indlela yabo yokuphila ngokubhekiselele kubuchule kunye nezimbo ezivele kulo mmandla wonxweme lweCaribbean.
Yonke into ibonisa ukuba esi sitayela esitsha kunye notshintsho olwenzekileyo luyisiphumo sokufuduka kwabantu abamvelaphi yabo ingacacanga, eyayibizwa ngokuba yinkcubeko ye-Pre-Chincha. Igqalwa njengesiqhelo, inkcubeko yangaphambi kweChincha, phakathi kweempawu zayo ezisisiseko, yayixhomekeke kakhulu kumsebenzi wokuloba kunye nokuqokelelwa kweemveliso ezahlukeneyo ezivela elwandle, ezinje ngoqokobhe.
Inqanaba leChincha
Olunye uphando luqinisekisa ukuba ezi ndawo zokuhlala zangaphambi kwe-chincha zivela kwinkcubeko yaseChavín, uluntu olwahluma kwiindawo eziphantsi kweentaba ze-Andean.
Ngasekupheleni kwexesha eliPhakathi, iqela elilungelelanisiweyo lasekwa kwiNtlambo yaseChincha, leyo iimbali zaseSpain ziyibiza ngokuba buBukumkani baseChincha. Inkcubeko eyinkimbinkimbi, eyakhiweyo kunye neengxabano kunezo zangaphambili, ezibangelwa yimpembelelo yamaza ahlukeneyo okufuduka ukusuka kwiindawo eziphakamileyo.
Yayiyinkcubeko ekwazile ukongamela yonke intlambo, ngakumbi ngenxa yokutyekela kungquzulwano oluqhubekayo, ukuhlasela kunye nokulawulwa kolunye uluntu. Zizigqala njengenzala yejaguar, esi sesinye sezizathu zokuthanda kwazo imfazwe nokoyisa.
Baphuhlise imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yoyilo kunye neenkqubo zokunkcenkceshela ezithanda ezolimo. Ukongeza, baye baqhelana nokuchumisa umhlaba ukuze kulinywe izilwanyana ezifileyo, ngakumbi iintaka neeguano, ulwazi nobuchule obuye bafunyanwa ziinkcubeko kamva.
Ukukwazi kwakhe ukurhweba kwakufanelekile, ukugcina iindlela zorhwebo ngomhlaba namanzi. Bahamba ngeendlela kunye nemihlambi yezilwanyana ezithwala impahla, ukuya kwiindawo zaseAltiplano naseCusco.
Izakhono zabo zokuqhuba inqanawa zaziphucuka kwaye ziphucuka, benza izihlenga ezinamaplanga amakhulu anokuthwala imithwalo emikhulu kunye nabantu abangaphezu kweshumi elinesibini. Basebenzisa iiseyile ezazibavumela ukuba bahambe imigama emide, ukuze iindawo zabo zokurhweba zinabele kuMbindi Merika.
Oomatiloshe baseChincha bahlonela inkwenkwezi abayithiya igama elithi Chungui kwaye leyo yayiyireferensi yokuhamba.
Umlindi okanye chinchaycamac, ngoku ngamabhodlo, yayisisakhiwo esikhulu esandisa malunga neehektare ezingama-75 kwaye sibonise iiphiramidi ezimbini ezinkulu ezaziwa ngokuba yiLa Centinela kunye neTambo de Mora.
Ezi zakhiwo zinkulu zazakhiwe ngodaka, uhlobo oluthile lwezitena ezenziwe ngodaka neendiza, ezithi zomiswe elangeni. Ezi ziqwenga zihlanganiswe kunye nodongwe, zivumela iindonga, i-facades, izindlu kwaye kulo mzekelo iiphiramidi zokwakhiwa.
Iipiramidi zazihlala kubalawuli babantu baseChincha kwaye zijikeleze indawo apho abaculi abahlukeneyo bahlala khona, abaphethe iinqununu zesilivere, iinkuni, iikeramics kunye neempahla ezahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, kucingelwa ukuba, njengakuninzi lweenkcubeko zangaphambi kweColumbian, iSentinel yayinenjongo ezininzi zemibhiyozo nenkolo kuneyokuhlala.
Kwakukho uthungelwano olupheleleyo lweendlela kunye nohola wendlela, owaqala ukusuka eLa Centinela, ukuya emazantsi nasempuma kumgca othe ngqo. Ezi zivumela ukufikelela kwamanye amaziko emikhosi kunye nokuthutha iimpahla eziya kwintlambo yeParacas kunye neendawo eziphakamileyo ze-Andes, oku kuthetha ukuba ezininzi zezi ndlela, zisabonakala, zihamba malunga neekhilomitha ezingamashumi amabini ukusuka kwindawo yazo.
Ezinye zeembali zaseSpain zithi inani labantu baseChincha lidlula ikhulu lamawaka abantu, elasasazwa phakathi kweentloko zemizi, ekuqikelelwa ukuba ishumi elinesibini lamawaka babengabalimi, abanye amawaka alishumi abazinikele ekulobeni kunye nabarhwebi abangaphezu kwamawaka amathandathu. phakathi kwezinye iingcali okanye urhwebo.
La manani abonisa ukubaluleka kwemveliso evela emhlabeni naselwandle, ukongeza kurhwebo, kuqoqosho lwayo. Abemi abaninzi baphila ngokubulela kule misebenzi, ngelixa begcina ubukhosi obuphumelelayo ngelo xesha. Le nkcubeko, njengolunye uluntu kwingingqi ye-Andean, yasebenzisa imali kwimisebenzi yorhwebo.
Impembelelo yamaInca
Uninzi lweenkcukacha eziboniswe kwiingxelo zeSpeyin zaqokelelwa kubantu bomthonyama baloo mmandla, maxa wambi zibe ziphikisana. Nangona kunjalo, bavumela ukwazi ngokubanzi imbali kunye nophuhliso oluncinci lwenkcubeko yaseChincha.
Bachaza iChinchas ngokuthi "iphondo elikhulu, elihlonelwayo kumandulo ... elihle kwaye libalaseleyo ... elidumileyo kulo lonke elasePeru, kangangokuba abantu abaninzi bomthonyama bayoyika."
Phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX xa le nkcubeko yaqala ukusasazeka kumanxweme asePeru ukuya kutsho kwiiAndes, ama-Inca ayeseka ubukhosi bawo obunamandla.
IChincha yayilawula urhwebo lwaselwandle, igubungela iindlela ezinde nezinemveliso, ithethathethana ngeziqwenga ezitofotofo zexabiso elikhulu ezenziwe ngegolide nesilivere, ngokubanzi. Iihambo ezigubungele unxweme lwePasifiki ukusuka kwindawo esemazantsi eKholombiya ukuya kwindawo esemantla eChile, kusenokwenzeka ukuba zafika eMexico. Uhambo lokuqala apho kukho iirekhodi, zabameli be-Inca kwi-empire yaseChincha, yayikhokelwa yinkokeli yomkhosi uCápac Yupanqui, umzalwana womlawuli uPachacuti owayelawula phakathi kwe-1438 ne-1471.
Olu hambo lwalunenjongo yokuseka unxibelelwano olunoxolo nolunobuhlobo, hayi uhlaselo okanye uloyiso, bahambisa izipho ezixabisekileyo ezivela kukumkani wabo baza bazisa abamelwane babo ukuba bafanele bamkele kuphela ukongama kunye namandla e-Inca, ukuze bagcine ubomi babo obunoxolo bomelele.
AbakwaChincha abazange babe mathidala ukuzamkela ezo zicelo yaye bakwazi ukuqhubeka bephila njengoko babenjalo, ngaphandle kweengxaki nabamelwane bawo. Nangona kunjalo, malunga nonyaka we-1471, xa ukumkani we-Inca u-Topa Inca Yupanqui waqala ukulawula, ubukhosi baseChincha babufakwe kwi-Inca Kingdom.
Nangona kunjalo, iinkokeli zaseChincha zigcine ukuzimela kwezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho kunye nobunkokeli kubantu babo. Ngenxa yala malungiselelo, ukumkani wenkcubeko yaseChincha wayechitha iinyanga ezininzi ngonyaka kwiinkundla zomlawuli ongummelwane, apho wayephathwa njengezikhulu ze-Inca.
Umlawuli waseChincha, wayenamalungelo amaninzi kwindwendwe yeNkosi yamaInca ayengenawo, wayethathwa njengomhlobo womlawuli kunye nenkosi yendawo ephantsi, wabonisa ubutyebi obuninzi, kangangokuba wadideka nomlawuli wamaInca. Atahualpa kwintlanganiso kunye noFrancisco Pizarro kunye nabanqobi. Kwidabi laseCajamarca wabulawa kwaye uAtahualpa wabanjwa ngabaseYurophu.
Ubudlelwane be-Inca-Chincha bebusondelene, aba mva basebenzisana neqela le-Atahualpa ngexesha lemfazwe yombutho yale nkcubeko ebalulekileyo.
Kwelinye icala, amaInca ayethanda ulawulo lwamaChincha kunemihlaba yawo, egcina ulawulo nempembelelo yorhwebo lwaselwandle. Ama-Inca ahlasele, adiliza kwaye alawula inkcubeko kunye noqoqosho lweChimú, ahlala emantla elizwe lasePeruvia malunga ne-1470, enika ulawulo lwale ndawo yorhwebo kwi-Chinchas. Le mihlaba, ekufutshane kakhulu nemimandla ye-Inca kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, ivumele i-passage elula kakhulu, ukufikelela kwezinye iindlela zorhwebo kwaye ngoko ke umda omkhulu wemisebenzi yabo.
Uloyiso lwaseSpain
INtlambo yaseChincha, echumileyo nechumileyo, yafunyanwa ngababoyisi ngowe-1534, yaye iphulo lokuqala leDominican Roman Catholic lasekwa kuloo mazwe malunga nowe-1542.
Njengakwimimandla emininzi yemveli, ukufika kwabantu baseSpain eChincha kumelele ukufa kunye nokuphela. Abemi bobu bukhosi bunamandla bachatshazelwa sisiphithiphithi nesiphithiphithi esasimelwa leli gunya lasemzini elathi lazinyanzela laza laza nalo, ukongezelela kumabhongo agqithiseleyo, izifo ezininzi ezabatshabalalisayo abemi bomthonyama.
Abaphandi baqikelela ukuba amashumi alithoba anethoba ekhulwini abantu bomthonyama bale nkcubeko banyamalala kwiminyaka engamashumi asibhozo yokuqala yolawulo lwamathanga nolawulo lwaseSpain, ngoko obu bukumkani bunamandla abuzange buphinde bubekho.
Umbutho wentlalontle
Uluntu lwaseChincha lwalunolawulo oluphezulu kwaye kucingelwa ukuba lwalunotyekelo lomkhosi. Yahlulahlulwe yaba ziindidi zasekuhlaleni ezazilawulwa yinkosi okanye chinchaycamac. Inkqubo yabo yolawulo ke ngoko yaziwa ngokuba manor, apho i chinchaycamac, uququzelela, uqondise kwaye wenze isigqibo ngekamva labemi bemibutho yabo.
Ulwimi
Kukho iingcamango ezibonisa ukuba ulwimi lwesiQuechua luvela kwinkcubeko yamaChincha, eyahlala kwiiAndes nakunxweme lwasePeru nase-Ecuador.
Abanye, ngokuchaseneyo, baqinisekisa ukuba yazalelwa kwiindawo eziphakathi kwePeru, isasaza ukubonga kumsebenzi wezorhwebo kwaye yamkelwa ngamanye amasiko, kuquka inkcubeko yaseChincha. Ezi zasasaza kwezinye iindawo ezininzi ezaziphakathi kwendlela yabo yorhwebo. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba amaChincha ayethetha ulwimi lwesiQuechua, olubizwa ngokuba yiIy Yunkai Quechua.
Inkolo
Inkcubeko yamaChincha, njengazo zonke iinkcubeko zangaphambi kweColumbian, zazikholelwa kuthixo omkhulu kwaye zaziziva zihlonelwa kwaye zihlonelwa ngamandla endalo. Isithixo sayo esiphambili yayiyiChinchaycámac, nangona kunjalo akukho mboniso wayo ubonwayo.
Qoqosho
Uqoqosho lwaseChincha lugxile kwezolimo, ukuloba kunye nemisebenzi yorhwebo. Bagubungela iindlela ezinkulu zorhwebo, ngenxa yolungelelwano lweendlela ezazigubungele intlambo nezidlulela ngaphaya kwemida yayo. Noko ke, eyona nto yayimangalisa nangakumbi yayilurhwebo lwaselwandle, iindlela zokurhweba zazibaluleke ngakumbi kunezasemhlabeni.
Ubuchule babo kunye neendlela zabo zokuhamba ngolwandle, kunye nobugcisa ababuphuhlisileyo, zabavumela ukuba bagubungele iindlela ezinde eziya emantla nasezantsi, ukuya kufika kuMbindi Merika, apho amaqokobhe eSpondylus afunyanwa kweminye imingxuma yokwembiwa kwezinto, imollusk yase-Ecuador nasePeru, neqokobhe layo. yayisetyenziselwa ubucwebe, izixhobo, imihlobiso yomngcwabo, njl.
Oku kubonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka indlela yokuthengisa i-Spondylus ngePacific kwaye yayiquka izixeko ezivela eMichoacán (eMexico), kuMbindi Merika, eColombia nase-Ecuador, ukufikelela kumazwe asePeruvia.
Bakwanikezela ngento ebizwa ngokuba ngunxantathu wezorhwebo obandakanya ithafa leCollao, unxweme olusembindini wommandla wasePeruvia kunye nommandla osemantla wesizwe sase-Ecuadorian. Iimveliso ezithengiswayo ziquka inyama eyomileyo, uboya. isinyithi njl Impembelelo yabo yezorhwebo yanabela kwimimandla ye-Inca, kwakudala ngaphambi kokuba babe ngamahlakani.
Ngokuphathelele kwezolimo, baphuhlise izakhono ezininzi kunye nobuchwepheshe, ukulima okutsha kunye neenkqubo zokunkcenkceshela. Balungisa umhlaba oza kulinywa, bewufaka i-guano, i-substrate ephuma kwiingceba zamalulwane, iintaka neentini, kwakunye nomxube womhlaba nezilwanyana ezifileyo.
Amabinzana obugcisa kunye neteknoloji
Xa bahlala kwintlambo, i-chinchas yavelisa ubuchule kunye nezakhono ezininzi ezityebileyo kunye nezahlukeneyo, njengemeko yemisebenzi yabo yokwakha, i-ceramics, i-navigation, njl.
Ukukhangela okunxulumene
Baye babonakala ngokuba ngabaqhubi abakhulu kunye nokuphuhlisa iindlela ezininzi ezenza ukuba zikhuseleke. Bayila baza bakha izikhephe ezinkulu ezineeseyile. Isikhephe ngasinye sasithwele abantu abamalunga namashumi amabini, kunye nemithwalo. Kuthiwa aba bahambi ngolwandle bafikelela kwimimandla yoMbindi Merika njengenxalenye yeendlela zabo zorhwebo.
Iiceramics
Iisampulu ze-ceramic ezivela kwinkcubeko yaseChincha zigcina impembelelo yazo kwinkcubeko yamaNazca, ngakumbi ekusebenziseni imibala yokuhombisa kunye neemilo zejometri, zifana kakhulu nempahla yengubo. uluntu oluselunxwemeni kunye nabo bahlala kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zasePeruvia kunye neendawo ezingqongileyo.
Iziqwenga zivame ukupeyintwa ngamathoni amnyama kunye ne-carmine ebomvu, ebonisa idizayini yejometri, i-rhombuses, i-zig-zag, izangqa, ihlelwe kwimizila. Ezinye zazihonjiswe ngemizobo yezilwanyana, ngokuqhelekileyo iinyamakazi okanye iintaka, kodwa oku kwakungaxhaphakanga kangako.
Iinqanawa, ngakumbi ezo zisetyenziselwa umsitho, zazingqindilili, zikrwada noko, kwaye umlomo ubanzi owandiselwe ngaphandle.
Ezinye iziqwenga zazihonjiswe ngezinye iimilo kunye neentlobo zezilwanyana ezingaqhelekanga ezinemilenze emine efana nenja okanye ikati kwaye ezinye zifana nokumila kwentaka enomlomo ogobileyo.
Isimbo se-Chincha ceramics sinefuthe kwiinkcubeko ezingabamelwane, umzekelo, kwi-Cañete ceramics kuxhaphake kakhulu ukujonga into yesitayile. Ngokutsho kweengqokelela ezifunyenwe kwimigodi eyenziwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zentlambo, umzekelo, eTambo de Mora, i-Ceramics yaseChincha ihlukaniswe ngamanqanaba amabini:
- I Chincha-kamva, apho kungekho budlelwane okanye impembelelo kunye nesimbo Incas.
- II Chincha-kamva, ehambelana okanye ephenjelelwe ngandlela-thile kunye neefom ze-Incas.
Zonke iziqwenga ngaphambi kwezi zigaba zaziwa ngokuba yiProto-Chincha, oko kukuthi, phambi kweChinchas okanye ngaphambi kwe-chinchas.
I-Architecture
Inkcubeko yamaChincha, njengabanye ecaleni konxweme lwasePeruvia, basebenzise i-adobe kwizakhiwo zabo, ezibekwe ikakhulu kwiintlambo zaseChincha, Tambo de Mora, Lurincincha kunye neSan Pedro, iindawo ezazigcina amaziko abaluleke kakhulu kulawulo kunye netheko.
Iziko layo eliphambili kunye nesampulu yoyilo yayibizwa ngokuba yi-Huaca La Centinela, indawo yokuhlala apho amawaka abantu bomthonyama babehlala khona kwaye ukusuka apho uthungelwano lweendlela kunye noohola beendlela ezinwenwela kuyo yonke intlambo nangaphaya, phakathi kweminyaka ye-900 kunye ne-1450 emva kukaKristu.
Yenziwe nge-adobe kwiqonga elimangalisayo, iphiramidi enkulu ebizwa ngokuba yiSentinel yayiyindawo apho iinkokeli ze-chincha zazihlala khona, kunye neziko lemibhiyozo, ejikelezwe zezinye iiphiramidi ezincinci, kodwa zinamandla, zahlulwe ziindonga kunye neendlela ezimxinwa.
Ezi zakhiwo zaziyizigodlo zezikhulu zaseChincha kwaye zenziwe ngamaqonga aphakamileyo, aphezulu ngamagumbi kunye neepatio ezibalulekileyo. Ezinyaweni zayo kwakukho indawo enkulu yokuhlala apho abantu bomthonyama bezorhwebo ezahlukeneyo: abalimi, amagcisa, abalobi, njl.njl., bachitha iintsuku zabo.
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo
Kuxhaphake kakhulu ukwenza imizobo yomthi ehonjiswe ngemihombiso eyahlukeneyo, ngokuqhelekileyo iphini lokubhexa iinqanawa, amaphini okanye izixhobo zokusebenza emhlabeni.
Kukho iziqwenga ezisagcina imibala, ebomvu, eluhlaza, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, etyheli, emfusa, phakathi kwabanye. Umzekelo, amanye amaphini, acacisa kakhulu loo mlinganiso ophakathi kwemitha enye nezimbini. Ukukrola kwenziwa kwisiqwenga somthi esinye, esibonisa ngokucacileyo iinxalenye ezintathu.
- Ifosholo: enoxande, isicaba kunye nemilo egudileyo, abafane babe nemizobo okanye imizobo.
- Isibambo kunye nesiphelo: ziqingqwe okanye zivuleleke, zinemizobo eethe-ethe necokisekileyo yabantu, izilwanyana ezinjengeentaka neentlanzi, kunye neemilo zejometri. Kukho amaphini anamaqokobhe kunye nezinye izihombiso ezifakwe ngaphakathi.
Ukongezelela, kukho amanani amancinci abantu kunye neentloko ezingalinganiyo, ezifana nemizobo yee-oars, ezi ziqhelekileyo zithe tyaba, azinawo umthamo omkhulu.
Ezinye iziqwenga, ekucingelwa ukuba zizibonda ezisetyenziselwa ulwakhiwo olujoliswe kwimisitho yenkolo, zibonakalisa umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ekupheleni kwebhari, umntu oneempawu zobuntu, kunye neefolokhwe, iziqu okanye iintonga ezimile okwe-Y ezisebenza amasebe enkxaso. , ii-slats, njl nokuba nazo zazikrolwe ngobuso.
impahla
Basebenza ikakhulu ngomqhaphu, kunye nempembelelo yeNazca kunye neParaca, benza iziqwenga ezintle, ezithambileyo nezintsonkothileyo. Uyilo kunye nemibala efana naleyo isetyenziswe kwi-ceramics ivelele, ngokubanzi ijometri, i-human kunye ne-zoomorphic.
Ukufunyanwa kunye nokufunda inkcubeko yeChincha
Ngexesha lenkqubo yokoyiswa kweSpeyin kunye nekoloniyali kumazwe asePeruvia, ababhali baseYurophu bashiya ulwazi malunga neenkcubeko ezithile, kuquka iChincha. Eminye yemibhalo ichaza ubukhosi kwintlambo kunye nenkosi eyayikho eCajamarca, apho umlawuli wamaInca, uAtahualpa, wabanjwa waza wabulawa.
Nangona kunjalo, umdla kuphononongo loluntu olukhankanyiweyo ngababhali-mbali, ubonakala xa umembi wezinto zakudala waseJamani uMax Uhle, owaququzelela uhambo oluninzi ngeMelika, eqhubela phambili ukugrumba kulo mmandla waza wafumana iisampuli ezavusa umdla wokufunda loo nkcubeko. Columbian
Ekuqaleni zithathwa njenge-proto-archaeology, yayizizifundo zokuqala zeenkcubeko zomthonyama ePeru ezathi zasetyenziswa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo abantu ababenomdla okhethekileyo kwizinto zakudala zeenkcubeko zamandulo, phakathi kwe-XNUMXth kunye ne-XNUMXth inkulungwane.
Amaqela ohambo kwiimeko ezininzi ayenziwe ngabahlali, abezenkolo kunye nomkhosi, abafuna ukuphanda kunye nokufikelela kwezi nkcubeko, ngenjongo yokwazi kunye nokufunda kubo, becinga ukuba bangoovulindlela be-archeology ePeru.
Iziqwenga ezifunyenwe ngumbulelo wokumba zabonwa kwaye ukubonakaliswa kwegraphic, imizobo kunye nemizobo yamahhala yenziwe, ihambelana neenkcazo.
Ukuya kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX, uninzi lwalukhokelwa ngabantu abakhanyisiweyo abavela kwilizwekazi elidala, abanomdla kungekuphela nje kwibhotani kunye nejografi, kodwa nakwizinto zakudala kunye nezinye iintlobo zezifundo ezingaphezulu kwehlabathi.
Umdla onjalo wabakhokelela ekubeni bangene kwiindawo ezikude, ezifana neentaba ze-Andean, iindawo eziyinkqantosi, iintlambo kunye namathafa asePeruvia.
Sicebisa amanye amakhonkco kwibhlog yethu, anokuba nomdla kuwe: