Kunxweme olusembindini kumntla weLima yayiyintsimi apho omnye wabona bantu bamele kwaye bafunde kancinci impucuko yembali yaseAndean "iLos Chancay" yasekwa. Yiyo loo nto, ngeli nqaku, sikumema ukuba ufunde ngakumbi malunga ne Inkcubeko yeChancay kunye neempawu zabo.
imiba jikelele Chancay Culture
Inkcubeko yaseChancay luluntu lwangaphambili lwe-Inca olwasekwa phakathi kwe-1200 kunye ne-1470 AD kwiindawo eziselunxwemeni olusembindini wePeru, emva kokubola kwenkcubeko yamaWari.
Kukho uluvo lokuba le nkcubeko yayiluluntu olunabemi ngokufanelekileyo ngokweziphumo ezifunyenwe kuphando lwe-archaeological; Ngokusekwe koku, zininzi iindawo ezixhasa le nkcazo, njengezixeko ezakhiwe yiChancay ePisquito Chico naseLauri, ezazisebenza njengekomkhulu lolawulo kunye nemikhosi.
Ngokunjalo, iPancha La Huaca njengendawo yezindlu, urhulumente; Kwakukho ne-El Tronconal, eyayisekwe ngelo xesha njengedolophana encinane. Iseti yazo zonke ezi ndawo ke ngoko igxininise inani elikhulu lamagcisa azinikele kwimveliso enkulu.
Uqoqosho lwabo lwalusekwe ikakhulu kwezolimo kunye norhwebo, apho lo mva wakwazi ukuphuhlisa kakhulu kuba wakwazi ukurhweba nezinye iinkcubeko ezingabamelwane kunye noluntu. Ukongeza, babengabalobi ngokugqwesileyo, ulwandle lwaba lukhuthazo kuphuhliso lwemisebenzi yabo yezandla, abathi bayiphuhlise ngokuluka, iiseramikhi kunye nezinye iintlobo zobugcisa.
Ngokokwakhiwa kwezi, beza ukwakha izixeko ezineenduli, kunye nezakhiwo zokwakha ezinxulunyaniswa nemisebenzi emikhulu yobunjineli behydraulic, njengamathafa amadama kunye nemijelo.
Ekugqibeleni, inkcubeko yeChancay yaqala ukuhla ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu, xa abanqobi balawula urhulumente wama-Inca. Ngowe-1532, iitempile zayo zagutyungelwa zizintsha, umfuziselo wemvuselelo yonqulo eyamiselwa ngabemi balapho; kodwa kwakungowe-1562, ngokulandela imiyalelo kaViceroy Diego López de Zúñiga y Velasco, ukuba uLuis Flores waseka isixeko saseChancay phantsi kwegama leVilla de Arrendó.
Indawo yejografi yenkcubeko yaseChancay
Inkcubeko yaseChancay yayiyeyona nto iphambili phakathi kweChancay kunye neChillón. Nangona kunjalo, waba nokweyisela ukuya kuthi ga eHuaura esemantla, kunye nonxweme olulandelayo loMlambo iRímac emazantsi, ekupheleni kwexesha eliphakathi.
Kukholelwa ukuba owona mmandla uphambili wasekwa eChancay, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ikomkhulu layo sisixeko saseSoculacumbi (Pueblo Grande), njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, ezinye izixeko ezibaluleke kakhulu kweli koloni yayiyiPisquito Chico kunye neLumbra.
Inkcubeko yeChancay: Umbutho weNtlalo kunye nezopolitiko
Akukho siqiniseko sokuba yintoni ukwakhiwa kwentlalo kunye nezopolitiko kwinkcubeko yaseChancay, kodwa uphando lwe-anthropological kunye ne-archaeological yala bantu bomthonyama lunike ubungqina bokuba lo luntu luseke isakhiwo sezopolitiko esisembindini. Inkcubeko yaseChancay kukholelwa ukuba imele ilizwe elincinci lommandla. Iintsomi ze-Ethnohistorical zibonisa ukuba inkqubo karhulumente yoyiswa yi-Chimú Empire, njengenxalenye yokwandiswa kwayo.
Kwelinye icala, le nkcubeko ifikelele kulwakhiwo lwentlalo-ntle elawulwa ngababingeleli kwiikholoni ezahlukeneyo. Oko kukuthi, kwakungekho mlawuli mnye, kodwa abalawuli abaliqela, ababelawula ii<em>manors kuwo wonke ummandla waseChancay; Igunya likarhulumente lalinobukho obukhulu bezopolitiko, besabelana ngalo nabarhwebi kunye namagosa enkundla.
Abanye abantu baquka icandelo lezentlalo elikhulu elijongene nokuvelisa iimpahla, ukubonelela ngeenkonzo zokugcinwa kweetempile kunye nezixeko; eli qela lalisekwe ngabalimi, amagcisa nabalobi.
Uqoqosho lwenkcubeko yaseChancay
I-Chancay yaseka icandelo labo lezoqoqosho ngokusekelwe kwinkqubela phambili yezolimo, ukuloba kunye nokuthengiswa kweemveliso zabo kunye nezinye impucuko.
Ngokubhekiselele kwezolimo, abakhi beengcali benza imisebenzi efana neitanki zamanzi kunye nemibhobho, eyayisetyenziselwa ukunkcenkceshela kumasimi. Endaweni yoko, iidolophu ezazikunxweme lwasePeruvia, zagqiba ekubeni zisebenzise ukuloba ngendlela yemveli elunxwemeni lolwandle kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zihambe kancinci emanzini ngesikhephe esincinci somntu omnye, abawubiza ngokuba yitotora ihashe.
Ngokunxulumene norhwebo, oku kwakubaluleke kakhulu kolu luntu, kuba ngokunxulumana nezinye impucuko bakwazi ukutshintshiselana kunye nokuthengisa iimveliso zabo zezolimo, kunye nezo zenziwe ngesandla ezifana nezo zenziwe ngamaplanga, i-ceramics kunye neentsimbi ezixabisekileyo. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-Chancay iphumelele amajelo abo okuthengisa ngolwandle kunye nomhlaba. Ngolwandle basondela ngaselunxwemeni ngamahashe aneengcongolo, baza bahamba emhlabeni bangena emahlathini nakwiinduli.
Izixeko ezifana neLumbra, iTronconal, iPasamayu, iLauri, iTambo Blanco kunye nePisquillo Chico, zezona zinabemi abaninzi bezobugcisa abavela kule nkcubeko, abathe bachaza imisebenzi yabo ngobuninzi ukuze bathengise kamva. Nangona kunjalo, olu luntu lwalunommeli olawulayo nolawula yonke imisebenzi yorhwebo kunye nemisebenzi yomthendeleko, ezi zimelwe njenge-curacas.
ImiSebenzi yoMlaphu
Into eyahluke kakhulu kule nkcubeko kukwenziwa kwamalaphu kunye neetapestries ezithungelwe kwileyisi ngesandla ngeenaliti; Izinto abazisebenzisayo kulo msebenzi yayibuboya, umqhaphu, ilinen kunye neentsiba zokuzihombisa, uyilo kunye nendlela ezenziwe ngayo zithathwa njengezodwa namhlanje.
Kwakhona bagxininisa ubuchule obusetyenziselwa i-brocade, ilinen kunye nempahla enemibala, kwaye ihonjiswe ngeentaka, iipateni zejometri kunye neentlanzi.
Ngokumalunga nomsebenzi we-gauze, ezi zaphonswa kwikotoni apho izinto ezinemilo yesikwere ezinobungakanani obahlukeneyo zenziwe, zongeza amanani ezilwanyana kule misebenzi. Ukwenza i-nuanced kunye neenkcukacha ezinemibala kwiilaphu, basebenzisa ibrashi ebamba ngokuthe ngqo ukuyila kunye nemizobo.
Iindwangu ezenziwe yile nkcubeko zineenjongo zonqulo kunye neemfihlakalo, ngenxa yesi sizathu zazisetyenziselwa ukugubungela iintloko zomfi, njengeentloko. Ngokweenkolelo zala maxesha, imisonto kufuneka ivuthelwe kwimo ye- «S», kwicala lasekhohlo.
Lo msonto ubizwa ngokuba yilloque, wawunomfanekiso womlingo, owawusonga ezo mpahla ngamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo, ekubeni kwakukholelwa ukuba ayemkhusela umfi kuhambo lwakhe olusinge kubomi basemva kokufa.
Ngendlela efanayo, ngokusekelwe kwisicatshulwa sesityalo, benza oonodoli kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusika ngeentsalela zamalaphu ahlukeneyo kunye nemicu.
Ngokuphathelele ubugcisa beentsiba, umsebenzi kunye nokubunjwa komthunzi wezi zinto, kwakuguquke kakhulu kunokuba kwenziwe ekudalweni kweekeramics. Yile ndlela imixube kunye nemikrolo eyenza imibala yayo ekwenzeni iidyasi ingaqhelekanga; iintsiba zazifakwa kumsonto omkhulu owawuze uthungelwe elaphuni.
Iiceramics
Uphuculo olumalunga nokucaciswa kweeseramikhi, ibingumsebenzi ophawuleka kakhulu kolu luntu. Le misebenzi idaliwe yayifunyenwe ngokuyintloko kumangcwaba ommandla we-Ancón, kunye nakwi-Chancay Valley. Ukwenziwa kweekeramics kwenziwa kakhulu, ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwesikhunta.
Ngethuba lezifundo ze-archaeological kule nkcubeko, i-ceramics yobukhulu obuhlukeneyo kwaye ihlotshiswe ngoyilo olungaphezulu kwe-400 yafunyanwa, kuze kube namhlanje iyaqhubeka nokuphandwa, ukufumanisa imfihlelo eyingqongileyo; ezi ziphawulwa ngokuba nomphezulu orhabaxa, zipeyintwe ngebala elimnyama okanye elimdaka ngebala elikhanyayo okanye elimhlophe, zikhuthazwa yile misebenzi zaziwa ngokuba mnyama kumhlophe.
Kolu hlobo lwemisebenzi, i-amphorae ebunjiweyo e-oval enobuso bomntu igqamile, kunye nezixhasi ezimele isiphelo somzimba womntu, kunye nemifanekiso emincinci ebizwa ngokuba yi-cuchimilcos, i-anthropomorphically ifana nezibalo zomntu ezinomhlathi ocacileyo kunye namehlo amnyama amnyama. .
Ngokukwanjalo, babonakalisa iingalo zabo zolule ngokungathi baza kubhabha okanye bawole; ezi zazidla ngokufunyanwa emangcwabeni ngokukodwa kumangcwaba Chancay izidwangube, ke ngoko, bayinxulumanisa njengomoya owamkela ongasekhoyo, kwakunye nomqondiso ukuba bagxothe amandla ezimbi.
Kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba olu hlobo lwamanani, i-cuchimilcos, lufunyenwe kwezinye iimpucuko ezifana neLima kunye neChincha, ukongeza, le mizobo ihlala ihamba kunye nesibini, ibonakalisa ukuphindaphinda kobuthixo apho zonke iinkcubeko zangaphambi kwe-Columbian ziqinisekisiwe. .
Intsingiselo ebinazo ezi ntlobo zamanani, ibenegalelo koonodoli abenziwa yile nkcubeko, nangona ngenxa yenkangeleko yabo bekukholelwa ukuba yemidlalo, ubunyani babo bungaphezulu kokukude kuyo. Ezi yayizizinto ezinexabiso elingaqondakaliyo, ngokuqhelekileyo zazisetyenzwa zinika umlinganiselo kubomi bomfi okanye babantu abasondeleyo nababathandayo kuye, ukuze bamkhaphe kubomi basemva kokufa.
Wood usebenza
Imisebenzi yokhuni ebunjiweyo yayineempawu ezilula, ezigcwele umlinganiselo kunye nendalo epheleleyo kwiifom zazo, ngokuchasene neenkcukacha kunye nobuhle bokwenziwa kweempahla zabo. Njengezinto eziluhlaza, ezi zixhaswe ngamahlathi akufuphi nommandla oselunxwemeni lwentlango abahlala kuyo, kunye nale nto bakrola izinto ezinobukhulu obuhlukeneyo kunye neemilo, ngokuqhelekileyo zongeza iiplani ezinxulumene nolwandle, njengezikhephe, iintaka kunye nabanye.
Ukongeza, baye bacacisa izixhobo zokusebenza ezazisetyenziswa ukwenza umsebenzi welaphu, ezolimo nokuloba; ngokunjalo nezinto ezahlukeneyo zeenkolelo zabo zonqulo kunye nokubaluleka kwenqanaba lentlalo.
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo
E-Chancay, iintloko zomthi ezikroliweyo ezithwesa izithsaba zomjiko welaphu lomngcwabo izidwangube ezibalulekileyo zixhaphakile, kucaca ukuba zibalaselisa ubume bothixo okanye ukhokho wasentsomini owafunyanwa ngala manani emva kokufa. Imifanekiso yabantu eyenziwe ngomthi nayo isenokuba zizibonakaliso zamandla ezopolitiko, ngakumbi xa ibonakala ikrolwe ezibondeni okanye kwiintonga zomyalelo.
I-Architecture
Inkcubeko yaseChancay ngokwezolimo, le mpucuko igqamile kwisiseko sezixeko ezikhulu apho basebenzise iinduli njengeephiramidi kunye nezakhiwo, amangcwaba abo nawo abonakalisa kubo.
Ezi zakhiwo (iipiramidi nezakhiwo), zazilungelelaniswe ziintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zeedolophana apho nganye kuzo yayine<em>curaca okanye inkokeli yayo eyintloko, kolu hlobo lwezakhiwo izixeko zazibalasele ngezakhiwo eziqhelekileyo zezikhumbuzo zonqulo, kuquka namabhotwe okuhlala. Kwimeko yeephiramidi, ukungena kwezi kufuneka kwenziwe kwirempu eyehlayo ukuya ngangaphakathi kwayo.
Ukwenza ezi zakhiwo, izinto ezifana nezitena zodongwe zisetyenzisiwe, ezenziwe ngokubumba, ukwenza ukubunjwa kwazo kube yinto ehlala ixesha elide, ngokuqhelekileyo zixuba udongwe ngamatye.
amangcwaba
Amangcwaba e-Chancay abaluleke kakhulu, ngenxa yobume kunye nobukhulu kunye nenani elikhulu leminikelo ebekwe kwimigqomo ebonisa ukucwangciswa kwezentlalo, ekubeni kukho amangcwaba anempahla yamangcwaba etyebileyo, xa kuthelekiswa nalawo aphantsi- ingeniso, apho umzantsi uqulethe amalaphu alula kunye neminikelo embalwa kakhulu.
Kwabo bezidwangube, kwakukho ii-mausoleum ezitofotofo kakhulu ezinemilo yesikwere okanye uxande, kunye neendonga ezityatyekwe kakuhle ezincanyathiselwe kwinqumlo yomhlaba; ingcwaba laliziimitha ezimbini okanye ezintathu ubunzulu, linezinyuko zokunyuka ukuya kulo, lizele yintabalala yeminikelo eyenziwe ngodongwe, ngezampahla, nezesilivere.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukungcwatywa kwabantu abafumana imivuzo ephantsi kwakuphantse kube phezu komhlaba. Imizimba yayihleli okanye igobile kwaye ifunyenwe kulwelo lwethishu kwaye ngamanye amaxesha inentloko engeyiyo phezu kwenyanda yokungcwaba.
IMyuziyam ye-Archeological
Kwisixeko saseChancay, iMyuziyam ye-Archaeological Museum yeNkcubeko yaseChancay ikhona, efumaneka kwiNqaba yesixeko saseChancay. Le myuziyam iqulethe ifanitshala evela ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwinkulungwane ye-23, kunye ingqokelela yezilwanyana. Le myuziyam yasekwa ngoJulayi 1991, XNUMX, kulawulo lukaMeya uLuis Casas Sebastián, inqaba endala yayisetyenziswa njengekomkhulu leziko.
Ukuqhubeka nale nto, waqhagamshelana ne-National Museum of Anthropology kunye neMbali yasePeru ukuze afumane uncedo, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kusayinwe isivumelwano sentsebenziswano yobugcisa phakathi kwemyuziyam ekhankanywe ngasentla kunye nalo masipala.
Ngaloo ndlela, ekuqaleni kwe-1992, i-archaeologist yathatha indawo yokuhlola kunye nokugcinwa, ilungiselela isicwangciso sophuhliso lweziko kule myuziyam. Imyuziyam ikwafumene iminikelo kwabanye abahlali besixeko saseChancay kwingqokelela ekhoyo.
Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku leChancay Culture linomdla, siyakumema ukuba wonwabele ezi ezinye: