Ngeli nqaku elinomdla unokufumana yonke into malunga ne isiko eChachapoyas, inkolo yakho nokunye. Ungayeki ukuyifunda! kwaye uya kwazi ezinye zezona nkcukacha zibalulekileyo zempucuko yayo yamandulo kunye namabhodlo ezakhiwo zayo.
Chachapoyas inkcubeko
Inkcubeko yeChachapoyas, eyenziwe liqela labantu abazimeleyo, yahlala kumahlathi akumantla eAndes ePeru. Ummandla ophawulwa ziimvula phantse ezisisigxina, ukuba namafu, uhlaza olushinyeneyo kunye nemigxobhozo.
Ngale ndlela, yandisa indawo yayo phakathi kwe-800 kunye ne-1570 AD. C. malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-300 ngaphezu kwamasebe akhoyo eAmazonas naseSan Martín.
Isishwankathelo sembali yenkcubeko yeChachapoyas
AmaChachapoya ayeyinzala yabanye abantu baseAndean abafudukela kwamanye amazwe, abatshintsha inkcubeko yabo ngokudibanisa amasiko nezithethe zaseAmazon. Le nkcubeko yakhula ngokuzimeleyo, ikhula ngexesha lakudala, nangona kunjalo, ngenkulungwane ye-15 yafakwa eTahuantinsuyo.
Ngenxa yoko, abo babebizwa ngokuba ngamafu, phezu kwako nje ukuchaswa kolawulo lwamaInca, boyiswa ngokukhawuleza. Noko ke, imvukelo eqhubekayo yamaChachapoya yanyanzela amaInca ukuba awahlule kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo zalo mmandla.
Malunga ne-1532, ekufikeni kwekoloni, iiChachapoyas zaxhasa iSpeyin ekoyisweni kwazo, kodwa oku kwaphela ekunciphiseni inani elincinane labemi, de laphela.
Imiba yenkcubeko yeChachapoyas
Impucuko yaseChachapoyas yayiyenziwe bubunkokeli obuncinci obubekwe kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zoMlambo wase-Utcubamba. Zonke ezi dolophu, ezazinoqheliselo olufanayo, zazizezobupolitika zokungakhethi buso yaye zazilawulwa ludidi lwababingeleli, olwalukhokelwa yicuraca. Ekuphela kwezizathu zokudityaniswa kwala maphondo yayizezomkhosi nezonqulo.
Ngokuphathelele umsebenzi wezoqoqosho, ezolimo zazithandwa, ekubeni umhlaba waloo mmandla wawuchume kakhulu. Iitapile, i-olluco, i-oca, iitapile ezikrakra kunye nezityalo zequinoa nazo ziphuhlise ukuzingela, ukuqokelela kunye nokukhulisa imfuyo.
Iinkolelo zenkcubeko yeChachapoyas
Ngenxa yobungqina obuncinane bokumisela ukuba ngoobani oothixo abakhulu benkcubeko yamaChachapoyas, kukholelwa ukuba babenqula inyoka, i<em>condor nejaguar. Eyona nto ingqinwayo kukuba kwiinkolelo zabo kwakukho ihlelo labafi.
Isithethe somngcwabo wesithethe samaChachapoyas sasiquka ukusonga iintsalela zomfi ngelaphu. Umngcwabo wawuqhutyelwa kwiindawo ezikwanti okanye kwincopho yeentaba, kwiindidi ezimbini zamangcwaba:
Sarcophagi: Iinkolelo zenkcubeko ye-Chachapoyas sarcophagus
Eyenziwe ngeswekile kunye nodongwe, zafakwa kuphela ngaphakathi kweentsalela zomntu, ezidla ngokuba zikhulu. Iindawo ezibalaseleyo ezifana neKarajía, Ayachaqui, Léngate, Pueblo de los Muertos, Chipiruc kunye ne-Ucaso.
I-Mausoleums okanye amangcwaba amaninzi: iinkolelo zenkcubeko i-chachapoyas mausoleums, yayingamangcwaba akwimo yezindlu, ezakhiwe ngamatye e-chicola nodaka, zipeyintwe iindonga zangaphandle ezinophahla lwe-gable.
Lo mzekelo useRevash, Sholón, Laguna de los Cóndores, Los Pinchudos, Pueblo de los Muertos, Guanlic, La Petaca-Diablohuasi.
Uyilo lwenkcubeko yeChachapoyas
Ukuba kukho into eyahlula inkcubeko yeChachapoyas, yizakhiwo zayo, ezinqunywe yizakhiwo ezenziwe ngamatye, iifriezes kwaye zihlotshiswe ngeemilo zejometri okanye i-iconographic designs yeenyoka emaweni ngokuphindaphindiweyo.
Izindlu ngokuqhelekileyo zazisisangqa, zixhaswe kumgangatho ongaphantsi onezinyuko ezikhokelela ekungeneni. Ezinye izakhiwo ezibalaseleyo zenkcubeko yeChachapoyas zazi:
Kuelap.
Chachapoyas Culture Architecture Kuelap. Isixeko esikhuselweyo esineendonga eziphakamileyo eziziimitha ezingaphezu kwama-600, ezikummandla ophakamileyo weAndes eAmazon kumda wengxondorha.
Yayineendawo zokungena ezithathu kuphela, yayinendlela ephucukileyo yeendlela kunye nokukhupha amanzi emvula kwimisele ehamba kule ndawo inzima. Ihlala malunga nezakhiwo ezingama-500, uninzi lwazo zisetyhula, eyona ibalulekileyo yile:
UTorreón, isakhiwo esiziimitha ezisi-7 ukuphakama esasisebenza njengokhuselo ekuhlaselweni okunokwenzeka okuvela kwiidolophu ezingabamelwane.
Inkell, emile okwekhowuni ejijekileyo yaye ingaphezulu kancinane kweemitha ezi-5 ukuphakama, yayiyindawo yokuhlola iinkwenkwezi.
ICastillo Yayilikhaya lomlawuli wenkcubeko yeChachapoyas, enesakhiwo esixande esenziwe ngamaqonga amathathu.
I-Pajaten enkulu; Ifumaneka kwihlathi laseSan Martín, inqaba enomtsalane ibonise iifriezes ezinemifuziselo yamanani anthropomorphic aneengalo kunye nemilenze evulekileyo okanye iintaka ezinamaphiko awoluliweyo. Kwakhiwe izakhiwo ezimalunga namashumi amabini kule ndawo, ezintathu zazo ezinobubanzi obuziimitha ezili-15.
Ukubonakaliswa kwenkcubeko yeChachapoyas
Phakathi kwezinto eziphambili zokubonakaliswa kwenkcubeko yeChachapoyas zezi:
Iiceramics
Ngobuhle yayibubugcisa obulula beceramic obunemisebenzi ye-utilitarian kwaye yenziwe ngodongwe. Ukuze benze oku, basebenzisa i-rolling pin, oko kukuthi, baxova iisilinda ezide zodongwe ngeminwe yabo.
Iifom eziphambili yayiziinqanawa ezinomzimba o-oval, iimbiza ezimcaba ezisezantsi ezinemiqheba, kunye neengqayi zeglobula. Ihonjiswe ngeepatheni zejiyometri ezipeyintiweyo okanye imida ethe tye okanye egobileyo.
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo
Iziganeko zenkcubeko ye-ceramic ye-Chachapoyas, benza i-sarcophagi ye-sarcophagi ye-nobility kade, baphinda benza imifanekiso yeplanga efana ne-Pinchudos, imifanekiso abayisebenzisayo njengemihombiso yezakhiwo eyayine-phalluses enkulu ehambelana nokuchuma. Baphinde bakrola iimilo ze-anthropomorphic kumatye kwaye benze iifrieze zokuhombisa.
Itafile
Ngomsebenzi womngcwabo, ayengabaluki ababalaseleyo, ngakumbi kumqhaphu, ngawona mabhanti asetyenziswayo.
Ukushiya imisebenzi ecacileyo yokwakha kunye nomngcwabo, inkcubeko yeChachapoyas inokuba yimpucuko ephezulu yasePeru yamandulo, nangona kunjalo, ikamva layo liye lacinywa ziziganeko zembali.
Okuncinci ngakumbi malunga neNkcubeko yeChachapoyas
Makhe sithethe kancinci ngenye yeLos Chachapoyas, ngakumbi indawo ebizwa ngokuba; Kuelapt Cuelap.
Kuelap
Yindawo ebalulekileyo ye-archaeological pre-Inca kwindawo esenyakatho-mpuma yeAndes yasePeru, kwiphondo laseLuya, yakhiwe yinkcubeko yeChachapoyas.
Yenza indibano enkulu yolwakhiwo lwamatye oluphawulwa yimeko yayo yesikhumbuzo, kunye neqonga elikhulu elenziweyo, elijonge ukusuka emazantsi ukuya emantla, elibekwe kumqolo welimestone phezulu kweCerro Barreta (kwi-3000 m ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle). Iqonga lolula malunga neemitha ezingama-600 kwaye linodonga olujikelezayo olufikelela kwiimitha ezili-19 ukuphakama kwiindawo.
Kuqikelelwa ukuba ukwakhiwa kwayo bekufanele ukuba kuqale malunga nenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, ehambelana nexesha leentyatyambo zenkcubeko yeChachapoyas, kwaye umsebenzi wayo bekufanele ukuba ufikelele incopho yawo embindini wenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Iindonga zayo ezinkulu kunye nezakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo zangaphakathi zingqina umsebenzi wayo njengeqela labantu elilungelelaniswe kakuhle, kubandakanywa neendawo zolawulo, ezenkolo, zemisitho kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezisisigxina.
Indawo kunye nokufikelela
I-archaeological complex i-Kuelap ikwisebe le-Amazonas, iphondo laseLuya. Ifikeleleka kwindlela yesithili saseLeimebamba, ishiya indlela ye-asphalt eNuevo Tingo.
Kufuphi nonxweme loMlambo i-Utcubamba, apho umendo uqhubeka uhamba kwindlela enyukayo, de ifike ethafeni elikufuphi nelitye lesikhumbuzo, apho kukho indlela ekhokelela ngqo kwi-Citadel.
Ukufikelela kwakhona kunokwenzeka ngendlela enqabileyo eqala ukusuka kwidolophu yase-El Tingo, kufuphi nonxweme lwase-Utcubamba, kunye nomgama weekhilomitha ze-8,9 kunye nokuhla kweemitha ze-1.200. Ukususela ngo-Matshi 2, i-2017, i-complex iya kufikeleleka ngokusebenzisa iimoto zentambo.
Ukufunyanwa
Le nto ibalulekileyo yoyilo lweChachapoyas yahlala ingahoywa de kwangowe-1843. Isizathu sikukuba lo mmandla ungafikeleleki, onamahlathi kwaye uphantsi kwemvula engapheliyo.
Noko ke, ngoJanuwari 31 walo nyaka ukhankanywe ngasentla, ebudeni bomsebenzi kulo mmandla, uJuan Crisóstomo Nieto, ijaji yaseChachapoyas, wakwazi ukuncoma ubukhulu bayo ekhokelwa ngabemi basekuhlaleni ababesele besazi isiza sezinto zakudala ezimbiweyo. Le nyaniso inokuqwalaselwa "njengokufunyanwa" kweKuelap.
Kamva, loo ndawo yafumana ingqalelo yabaphengululi abathile yaye benomdla wokwazi izinto zakudala. Phakathi kwabo, indoda engumFrentshi uLouis Langlois, owayihlalutya ngeminyaka yee-1930, noAdolf Bandelier, owayichaza ngaphambili, bagqama.
Nangona kunjalo, yayingumvubukuli wasePeru kunye nombhali-mbali uFederico Kauffmann Doig ochithe ixesha lakhe elininzi efunda kwaye ephanda indawo yeChachapoyas kunye nenkcubeko.
Descripción
Ufikelelo oluphambili: Indawo yokungena ephambili ingqina ukusetyenziswa kwayo kumanani aphezulu, kungekuphela nje ngenxa yobume bayo kunye neenkcukacha zezakhiwo, kodwa nangenxa yokubekwa kweebhloko ezininzi zamatye ekwakhiweni kwayo zihonjiswe ngemiqondiso eyahlukeneyo yonqulo, kubandakanywa ubuso nezilwanyana, intsomi, iinyoka. , kunye nemiqondiso enomxholo onzulu wonqulo.
Kolu fikelelo, ubungqina benkqubo yokukhula kwendawo bugcinwe, ngokukodwa iileya ezinkulu zokuzalisa ezivumela ngokulandelelana ukwandiswa kokufikelela, kokubili ekuphakameni nasekukhuleni kwangaphakathi.
Itempile enkulu: lelinye lawona maziko angcwele abalulekileyo elitye lesikhumbuzo. Esi sakhiwo, sikwimilo yekhowuni eguquliweyo, silinganisa i-13.5m ububanzi kumphezulu waso, apho ubungqina obuninzi bubhalwe phantsi kweminikelo eyahlukeneyo kwizithethe ezintsonkothileyo ezibandakanya ukubekwa kwamathambo omntu ngaphakathi kwesikhongozeli. Ingaphakathi, eliguqulwe kakuhle laba yindlu enkulu ye-charnel.
Ukungqonge isakhiwo, ukungcwatywa kwabantu kunye neminikelo kuye kwafunyanwa ukusuka kunxweme olusemantla, njengeSierra de Ayacucho emazantsi kunye neCajamarca emantla.
Iqonga elijikelezayo: ibekwe ngokukhawuleza kudonga olusemazantsi lwesiza, yayinomsebenzi osondelelene noSodolophu weTemplo. Umntu onoxanduva lokusebenza itempile bekufanele ukuba uhlala kweli qonga.
Ukuphela kwebali le-Kuelap lidibaniswa nokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi okwenzeka ngokukodwa ngaphakathi kwemida yeli qonga, elingabandakanyi abafazi, kodwa lenziwa liqela lendawo elilungelelanisiweyo, kumxholo wokungquzulana kwamandla. .
Le nyaniso yalandelwa ngumlilo omkhulu ophawula iintsuku zokugqibela zokuhlala kweso siza. Eso siganeko silusizi simele ukuba senzeka malunga nowe-1570, xa inkqubo yenkundla yaseIndiya yasekwa ligunya lobukoloniyali baseSpain. Embindini weli qonga kwakukho ibhoksi efana naleyo ibhalwe kumntla nombindi kaSodolophu weTemplo.
Idolophu ePhakamileyo; ibekwe emantla nasentshona kwisiza kwaye inodonga oluyicandayo kwaye iyahlula kwindawo yonke yokuhlala.
Inamacandelo amathathu achazwe kakuhle, anokufumaneka kwiindawo ezimbini, enye inika ukufikelela kumacandelo aseMntla naseMbindini kwaye enye ivumela ukufikelela kuphela kwicandelo laseMzantsi, eliyindawo yokuhlala.
Ingcwaba le-Inca kwidolophu yaseAlto Sur: Ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo esikhethekileyo, ingcwaba le-Inca, lomntwana ofikisayo, liye lafunyanwa lineminikelo yodidi oluphezulu, kuquka izinto ezenziwe ngodongwe ezicolekileyo, izinto ezenziwe ngomthi ezitshatyalaliswe kakubi, nentsimbi yasempumlweni.
Kusenokwenzeka ukuba yayilidini leCapacocha, isiko lamaInca elaliphakathi kwezona ndawo zibalulekileyo zonqulo kubukhosi.
Indawo esembindini yePueblo Alto; eli candelo kuye kwafuneka lizalisekise umsebenzi woluntu ngemizuzu yokugqibela yokusebenza. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, zingaphi kuphela ezinezakhiwo ezithathu zesikweri kunye neemilo ezixande, ukusuka kwixesha le-Inca, ezithelelanayo kunye nezakhiwo ezindala ezijikelezayo.
Kwisiphelo esisemazantsi salo mmandla kukho isakhiwo esinamacala amane acekethekileyo, esiqulathe imingcwabo emininzi yabantu bokuqala kunye neyesibini. Esi sakhiwo kufuneka sibe nophahla olugayiweyo okanye olugayiweyo. Ngezantsi kukho imizila yezakhiwo ezindala.
Umsebenzi
Ngokuphathelele umsebenzi esakhelwe wona le ndawo ye-archaeological, impendulo eyanelisayo nayo ayikho. Isikhumbuzo sithandwa ngokuchazwa njenge "nqaba", ngenxa yendawo yayo kunye namandla kunye nokuphakama kweendonga zayo.
Abanye abembi bezinto zakudala bazama ukubonisa ukuba esi siza, esingaphezu kwenqaba, sasinokuba yinqaba ecetyelwe ukuba ibe yindawo yokusabela kubemi kwiimeko zongxamiseko. Bathi, mhlawumbi ngomzekeliso, indima efanayo neyayidlalwa zizithili kwiYurophu yamaxesha aphakathi.
Iindonga eziphakamileyo ezigquma iqonga kunye nokufikelela okumxinwa kwi-citadel kwinxalenye yayo yokugqibela zicebisa, eneneni, ukuba isikhumbuzo saseKuelap sasinokwakhiwa ukuze sisebenze njenge-redoubt yokukhusela, okanye ukuba ubuncinane bekuya kuba yindawo ekhuselweyo kuyo. abangeneleli. Kodwa oku kunokwenzeka akuthethi ukuchasa ezinye, mhlawumbi kubaluleke ngakumbi, ukutolika.
Nanga amanye amakhonkco omdla: