Ulwandle olubanzi lweCaribbean luhlamba ngamanzi alo imihlaba ehlala amaqela ezizwe ezi Inkcubeko yeCaribbean, owamthiya igama lakhe. Olu gqatso lukhaliphileyo lwabaphumi-mkhosi lwahlwayela uloyiko phakathi kwaboyisi ngenxa yodumo lwalo loburhalarhume kunye nesimilo salo esingenakoyiswa esingazange sinikezele.
Inkcubeko yeCaribbean
Inkcubeko yeCaribbean ihambelana neqela labantu ababehlala ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithandathu, ngexesha lokufika kwabantu baseYurophu, inxalenye esemantla eColombia, emantla-ntshona eVenezuela kunye namanye ama-Antilles angaphantsi. Namhlanje inzala yabo, iiCariñas, zifumaneka eVenezuela, eBrazil, eGuyana, eSuriname naseFrench Guiana yaye ngomkhamo omncinane eHonduras. Kwii-Antilles eziNcinane zanyamalala ngenxa yokuhlasela kweYurophu, kwisiqithi saseSan Vicente baxubana namaAfrika, bavelisa iGarífuna.
Umvelaphi
Imvelaphi yenkcubeko yeCaribbean ayizange imiselwe ngokuthe ngqo ngabavubukuli kunye neengcali ze-anthropologists.Abanye babeka i-nucleus yokuqala kumahlathi e-Guianas (nokuba baseVenezuela, eGuyana, eFrench Guiana naseSuriname) okanye emazantsi nangasentla, kumbindi. kummandla woMlambo iAmazon eBrazil.
Ngo-1985, isazi ngendalo yaseVenezuela uKay Tarble wadwelisa iithiyori ezininzi malunga nemvelaphi yenkcubeko yeCaribbean: Ngo-1970, umvubukuli wase-United States uLahtrap wacebisa ukuba iziko lokusasaza laqala ukusuka eGuyana ecaleni komlambo osemantla woMlambo iAmazon kwaye njengendawo yokusingwa iAmazon yaseColombia. , unxweme lwaseGuyana kunye neeAntilles.
UGqr. Tarble uqhubeleka nengcaphephe yezityalo yaseMelika uKarl H. Schwerin (1972) ochaza udederhu lweentaba ezisempuma yeKholombiya njengemvelaphi enokwenzeka kunye noMlambo i-Orinoco, iGuayana kunye neAmazon njengeendawo zokusingwa kwaye kwelinye inqanaba ukusuka kuMbindi Orinoco ukuya eMazantsi. Orinoco kunye neAntilles; i-archaeologist yaseMntla Melika uBetty Jane Meggers (1975) ucebisa ukuba uMzantsi we-Amazon usingise emantla echibini lalo mlambo mkhulu kunye noMntla we-Amazon ukuya kummandla we-savannah kunye neminye i-Amazon.
Okokugqibela, isazi ngendalo uMarshall Durbin (1977) ucebisa indawo yemvelaphi kwiVenezuelan Guayana, Surinam okanye French Guiana kwindlela eya emazantsi-mpuma eKholombiya, emantla-mpuma eKholombiya nakumazantsi eAmazon, ngokulandelelanayo. Ngokwenxalenye yakhe, i-anthropologist Kay Tarble iphakamisa imodeli entsha yokwandiswa kwenkcubeko yeCaribbean, apho ibeka khona iProto-Caribbean, kwiindawo zaseGuianas ukusuka ngonyaka we-3000 BC ngokobungqina bezinto zakudala kunye nolwazi olukhoyo lweelwimi.
Intsapho yolwimi lwenkcubeko yeCaribbean yenye yezona zixhaphake kakhulu eMelika kwaye yenziwe liqela elikhulu lezizwe ezisasazeke kumhlaba omkhulu welizwekazi laseMelika. Obu bubanzi bubangele ukuba iilwimi zesiCarib ezithethwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ziphawule umahluko ngenxa yokuqhelaniswa nentsimi kunye nokunxibelelana namanye amaqela eentlanga.
Ukwandiswa kwenkcubeko yeCaribbean kumhlaba omkhulu kunesizathu sako kwiinkalo ezininzi ze-anthropological, phakathi kwabanye isakhono saso esikhulu sokuhamba ngolwandle nomlambo kunye nesiko lamadoda ale nkcubeko ukukhangela abafazi bamanye amaqela (exogamy .) Ikwaphembelele ukwanda kwayo ekubeni yidolophu elungiselelwe imfazwe.
Ngokwezifundo ze-anthropological kunye neempawu zembali, inkcubeko yeCaribbean isasazeka kwintsimi yelizwekazi ukuya kumntla we-Amazon kunye nezizwe zaseCarijona kunye nePanar; ukuya kutsho emazantsi eentaba zeAndes, apho izizwe zaseYukpas, eMocoas, eChaparros, eCaratos, eParisis, eKiri Kiris nezinye zazigqamile; ukusuka kwiplate yaseBrazil ukuya kwimithombo yomlambo iXingú: yuma, palmella, bacairi, kumlambo waseNegro; Yauperis kunye neCrichanas. KwiFrench Guiana Galibis, i-accavois kunye nenkungu. Iimpawu zenkcubeko yeCaribbean zifunyenwe kwisebe laseLoreto ePeru.
Ukwandiswa kwenkcubeko yeCaribbean kwenzeka ikakhulu ngonyaka we-1200 AD, okubakhokelela ekubeni bathathe inani elikhulu leeAntilles eziNcinane neziKhulu ezinje ngeCuba neHispaniola, kunye nokuhlala ngokupheleleyo eGranada, eTrinidad naseTobago, eDominica naseSaint Vincent kunye naseGrenadines. , ukushenxisa iiTaínos kwaza kwahlasela iPuerto Rico kwakunye nakumantla eColombia neVenezuela yanamhlanje.
Umbutho wentlalontle
IiCarib zilungelelaniswe ngokweentsapho ezibizwa ngokuba zii-cacicazgos, ezilawulwa yi-cacique efumana igunya lakhe kunyana okanye umtshana. Kwezinye iindawo zaseCarib, icacique yayikhethwa phakathi kwabasemagunyeni benkolo.
I-cacique yiyo eyathatha isigqibo kwaye yalawula yonke impilo yentlalo, inkolo kunye nezopolitiko yoluntu. Nangona bakha ibutho loosolusapho kwiindawo ezithile, lalinika indlela yolawulo-matriarchy, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezihlala eziqithini, umzekelo wolu tshintsho unokubonwa kwi-cacica enkulu yaseGaitana eColombia.
Umbutho wentlalontle kwinkcubeko yeCaribbean wawulawulwa ngamacaca, iinkokeli zomkhosi kunye neeshaman ezazingabefundisi benkolo. Eyona nto yayiphambili ekuhlaleni yayingabalimi, amagcisa, abarhwebi namabanjwa emfazwe. Intsapho yadlala indima enkulu, ekubeni yintsapho ye-cacique eyona nto ibalulekileyo. Imitshato yayisenziwa namalungu ezinye izizwe yaye isithembu sasisenziwa.
Kwinkcubeko yaseCaribbean, abafazi babenoluntu kwinqanaba eliphantsi kunamadoda, uxanduva lwabo lokunyamekela nokukhuliswa kwabantwana, umsebenzi wasekhaya, ukuveliswa kunye nokulungiswa kokutya, ukulungiswa kwempahla kunye nokutyala kunye nokuvuna. Amadoda azinikele emfazweni nasekufundiseni abantwana kwizithethe namasiko abo. Abafazi nabantwana babehlala kumanqugwala ahlukeneyo kumadoda.
Umsebenzi wezoqoqosho
Ngokobungqina bababhali-mbali baseYurophu, iiCaribs zazizinikele ekuzingeleni, ekulobeni, ekuqokeleleni nasekurhwebeni nezinye izizwe. Ulimo lwalungekho phakathi kweyona misebenzi ibalulekileyo, ukanti babelima icassava, iimbotyi, ibhatata, ikoko, nezinye iziqhamo ezikweleenjiko. Omnye wemisebenzi yokufumanela ukutya kweeCarib yayikukuloba.
Urhwebo lwalubaluleke kakhulu kuqoqosho lwenkcubeko yeCaribbean kwaye yayibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yentshukumo yayo eqhubekayo ukusuka kwindawo ukuya kwenye. Ubungqina bufunyenwe obubonisa ukuba iiCaribs zarhweba kunye neeTainos zaseMpuma ezihlala kwiziqithi zeCaribbean ezahlukeneyo. Njengobungqina boku, kuye kwaboniswa ukuba amaCarib athabatha isilivere eyafunyanwa ngumoyisi waseSpeyin uPonce de León kwindawo ngoku engummandla wasePuerto Rico.
Amalungu enkcubeko yaseCaribbean ahlala kwimimandla apho imozulu ebandayo yayixhaphakile kuthiwa aye enza amalaphu ekotoni awahombisa ngedayi yemifuno, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yayisetyenziselwa ukutshintshwa nabanye abantu.
Inkolo
AmaCarib ayenqula oothixo abaninzi. Unqulo olwaluqheliselwa kwiiCaribbean lwalunento yokwenza nehlelo looyisemkhulu. AmaCarib ezi ziqithi ayekholelwa kuthixo ongendawo obizwa ngokuba nguMaybouya ekwakufuneka amkholise ukuze amkholise aze ngaloo ndlela aphephe umonakalo awayenokuwenza. Omnye weyona misebenzi iphambili yeeshaman yayikukugcina uMabouya ezolile, ukongezelela ekuphiliseni abagulayo ngamayeza namakhubalo. Iishaman zazinodumo olukhulu ngokuba zizo zodwa ezazinokubuphepha ububi.
Izithethe ezazikhokelwa ziishaman zaziquka amadini. Njengama-Arawak namanye amaMerika Omthonyama, amaCarib ayetshaya icuba kwizithethe zonqulo lwawo. AmaNgesi abhalwe ngezenzo zobuzimu phakathi kweeCarib zeziqithi. Enyanisweni igama elithi cannibal lithatyathwe kwigama leCaribbean. Nangona amaCarib ayekwenza oko kuphela kwizithethe zawo zonqulo ezinxulumene nemfazwe ekwakusithiwa atye amalungu emizimba yeentshaba, bambi abantu baseYurophu babekholelwa ukuba amaCarib ayezitya abantu mihla le.
Kwinkcubeko yaseCaribbean kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo yokugcina amathambo ookhokho ezindlwini, ezachazwa ngabefundisi basemzini njengomboniso wenkolelo yamaCarib yokuba ookhokho babengabagcini nabagcini benzala yabo. Ngowe-1502, uKumkanikazi uElizabeth waquka amazimuzimu phakathi kwabantu ababenokwenziwa amakhoboka, oku kwanika abantu baseSpeyin inkuthazo engokwasemthethweni nesizathu sokuchaza amaqela ahlukahlukeneyo aseMerika ukuba ngamazimu ukuze abenze amakhoboka baze bahluthe umhlaba wabo.
Ngokutsho kombhali u-Basil A. Reid, kumsebenzi wakhe othi "Iinkolelo kunye neeNqobo zeMbali yeeCaribs" kukho ubungqina obaneleyo bezinto zakudala kunye nokuqwalaselwa ngokuthe ngqo okwenziwa ngabantu baseYurophu abahlukeneyo abaqinisekisa ngokuthembekileyo ukuba iiCaribs azizange zidle inyama yomntu.
Inkcubeko yeCaribbean eColombia
Inkcubeko yeCaribbean yasasazeka emantla eColombia, ngokuqhelekileyo ihlala kumanxweme olwandle kunye namathafa akufutshane nemilambo. Kukho izizwe ezininzi zenkcubeko yeCaribbean ezazivelela kwindawo eyaziwa ngokuba yiColombia.
AbakwaMuzo
I-Muzos ithathe indawo yendawo ngoku engumasipala waseMuzo kunye nabanye oomasipala abangabamelwane kumasebe aseBoyacá, eCundinamarca naseSantander. Njengoninzi lwezizwe zenkcubeko yeCaribbean, iMuzos yayingabantu abathanda imfazwe, apho imfazwe yayibaluleke kakhulu. Babenomkhwa wokugqwesa ukhakhayi lwabo ngokucinezela, belutyabeka kwicala elingasemva.
Kwintlangano yentlalo yomozi bekungekho minxiwa kodwa yinkosi kwisizwe ngasinye. Amandla ayesetyenziswa ngabadala nangabaphumi-mkhosi ababebalasele kakhulu edabini. Kwakungekho mithetho okanye imimiselo yokulawula imisebenzi yawo. Ayehlulwe ngokwentlalo phakathi kwamagorha, abantu ababalulekileyo kunye namachinga ayengabo bagxothiweyo apho kwakuqukwa namakhoboka awayedla ngokuba ngamabanjwa emfazwe aphuma kwezinye iintlanga.
Uqoqosho lwe-muzos lwalujikeleze ezolimo, ukwenziwa kwekhabhathi, ukutsalwa kunye nokukrolwa kwee-emeralds, kunye nomsebenzi we-ceramic. Kummandla owawuhlala iimuzos kwakukho iidiphozithi zesilivere, ubhedu, igolide, intsimbi, i-emeraldi kunye nemigodi ye-alum. Benza neempahla ezilukiweyo ezinje ngerhonya, amaqhekeza omqhaphu kunye neepita, kananjalo benza iziqwenga zeceramic. Iimuzos zazikholelwa kuthixo omkhulu, zinenani elincinane loothixo: Ngaba ngumdali wabantu, uMaquipa ababekholelwa ukuba baphilisa izifo, iLanga neNyanga.
IiPijaos
IiPijaos liqela labantu base-Amerindian abavela eTolima nakweminye imimandla eyingqongileyo eColombia. Ngaphambi kokufika kwabaseSpain, bahlala kwi-Central Cordillera ye-Andes, iindawo eziphakathi kwe-snow-capped e-Huila, i-Quindío ne-Tolima, intlambo ephezulu yoMlambo iMagdalena kunye ne-Valle del Cauca ephezulu.
Ngokwabanye ababhali, iipijaos zibandakanyiwe phakathi kwabantu benkcubeko yeCaribbean kuphela ngenxa yobuqhophololo babo. Kodwa kukho imiqondiso yokuba iiPijaos zaphenjelelwa ngabantu baseCarib abangena ngoMlambo iMagdalena kunye noMlambo i-Orinoco. NgeMagdalena kwafika abo bomnombo ongacacanga, iimuizes, iicolima, iipani, iiquimbayas, iiputimane kunye neepaniquitaes. Ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini iiPijaos kunye neAndaquíes zanikezela ukuchasana okunamandla kubanqobi, enyanisweni iiPijaos zatshatyalaliswa ngaphandle kokuzinikela.
I-pijaos, njenge-muzos, yayingenayo i-cacique kwaye igunya lalithathwa yinkosi. Amakhaya abo ayenziwe ngebhahareque kwaye ahlukene omnye komnye. Kwiindawo ezibandayo zeentaba, ulimo lwabo lwalubandakanya iitapile, i-arracachas, iimbotyi, i-cape gooseberries. Kwiindawo ezifudumeleyo: i-corn, i-cassava, i-coca, icuba, i-cotton, i-cocoa, i-chili, i-achiras, i-avocados, ithanga, i-guavas, i-mameyes.
Zaziphawuleka ngobuchule babo bokufuya izilwanyana. Ezi nkawu zaziqeqeshelwa ukuqokelela amaqanda eziqhamo namaqanda entaka kweyona mithi mide. Basebenzisa iimpungutye ukulandelela kunye nokwelusa amaxhama azingelayo, ii-capybaras kunye nezinye izilwanyana ze-savannah.
Bayiguqule imilo yokakayi beentsana ezisanda kuzalwa ngokufaka i-orthopedic splints kwi-occipital kunye nommandla ongaphambili ukubanika inkangeleko ekhohlakeleyo xa bekhulile. Baphinde baguqula iimilo zemilenze yakhe ephezulu kunye nesezantsi kwaye batshintsha inkangeleko yobuso bakhe ngokuqhekeza i-septum yempumlo.
Ngokungafaniyo nezinye izizwe zenkcubeko yeCaribbean, benza i-monotheism, bafumana izinto ezininzi zendalo ezingcwele kunye nemilingo: iinkwenkwezi, iziganeko zemozulu, imithombo yamanzi, izinto eziphilayo, imifuno, iiminerali kunye nobukho babo, benza uhlobo lwe-animism apho yonke into ikhona. inxalenye yobunye bobuthixo omnye.
Iipani
IiPanches, ezikwabizwa ngokuba yiTolimas, zazihlala kwiindonga ezimbini zoMlambo iMagdalena kunye nesiseko sayo ukusuka kuMlambo iGualí ukuya emantla-ntshona kunye noMlambo iNegro ukuya emantla-mpuma, ukuya kwisiseko soMlambo iCoello kumazantsi-ntshona kunye neFusagasugá emazantsi-mpuma. Nangona zijongwa njengezenkcubeko yeCaribbean, ngokweelwimi azizalani. Ngexesha lokufika kwabaseYurophu, iipaneli zazisempuma yesebe langoku laseTolima nakwintshona yesebe langoku laseCundinamarca.
Imimandla yabo yasikelwa umda ngasentshona kunye nemimandla yeepijaos, iicoyaimas kunye neenatagaima; ukuya kumntla-ntshona kunye nemimandla yeepantágoras; ukuya kumntla-mpuma imihlaba ehlala imizos okanye iiColima; ukuya kumzantsi-mpuma ummandla weeSutagaos kunye nasempuma imihlaba ehlala iMuiscas okanye iChibchas.
Ayelungelelaniswe ngokwezopolitiko ngokwezizwe ngezizwe kungekho nkosi okanye inkokeli elawula imimandla emikhulu, kwangokunjalo nabemi baseSpeyin bakwazi ukungqina ukuba kukho iinkokeli ezithi, ngenxa yesikhundla sazo njengamagcisa omkhosi amakhulu, imiyalelo yazo yalandelwa zezinye izizwe. iinkosi. Isizwe samaPanche sasiyilwe ziiTocaremas, iiAnapuimas, iiSuitamas, iiLachimíes, iiAnolaima, iiSiquimas, iiChapaima, iiCalandaima, iiCalandoima, iiBituimas, iiTocaremas, iiSaimas, iiGuatiquíes, nezinye.
Iipani zabo zazihamba ze kodwa zazihonjiswe ngamacici ezindlebeni nasempumlweni, iintambo ezimibalabala ezintanyeni nasezinqeni zabo, neentsiba ezimibalabala entloko, besebenzisa izihombiso zegolide ezingalweni zabo nasemilenzeni. Baye baguqula imilo yeenkayi zeentsana ezisanda kuzalwa ngokufaka i-orthopedic splints kwi-occipital kunye nommandla wangaphambili.
Ukubonisa isimo sabo sentlalo bahombisa amakhaya abo ngokhakhayi lweentshaba zabo. Ngokutsho kwabemi baseSpeyin baqhelisela ubuzimu, becinga ukuba busetyenziswa njengesiko, kukwachazwa ukuba babesela igazi edabini.
Umsebenzi oyintloko weepenki, apho bonke ubomi babo bujikeleza khona, yayiyimfazwe, nangona kunjalo kuyaziwa ukuba basebenze i-ceramics ukwenza iimbiza kunye nezixhobo zendlu. Babebazi ubugcisa bokusonta nokuluka, nangona babeqhelekile. Iingqayi zazingaqhelekanga: babengatshati ngamalungu esizwe sabo kuba babegqalana njengabazalwana, ngoko ke abafazi namadoda babekhangela amaqabane omtshato kwamanye amaqela okanye kwezinye iidolophu.
I-Baris
AmaBarís okanye amaMotilones Barí ngabantu bamaIndiya aseMerika abahlala kumahlathi oMlambo iCatatumbo, kumacala omabini omda ophakathi kweColombia neVenezuela, yaye bathetha isiBarí, ulwimi lwentsapho yolwimi lwamaChibcha. Imimandla yantlandlolo yebarís yayihlala kwizitya zeCatatumbo, iZulia kunye neSanta Ana, kodwa le mimandla iye yancipha kuqala ngenxa yoloyiso lwaseSpain kunye nekoloniyali kwaye kutshanje ngendlela eyoyikisayo ngakumbi, ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kweoyile kunye ne-oyile. yamalahle kulo mmandla ukusukela ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
Umbutho wezentlalo webarís wenziwa ngabantu abafikelela kumashumi amahlanu abahlala ukuya kutsho kwiibohíos ezintathu okanye “malokas” ezizindlu ezidityanelweyo ezihlala iintsapho ezininzi zenyukliya. Embindini wemaloka kukho izitovu apho ubomi boluntu buqhubeka khona kwaye emacaleni amagumbi okulala osapho ngalunye. Imaloka ibekwe kufutshane nemilambo eninzi ngokuloba kwiindawo ezingakhukuliswanga kwaye emva kweminyaka elishumi itshintshe indawo.
IiBarís zilima iyucca, ibhatata, iibhanana, amathanga, umbona, iiyam, iipayina, iipayina, iswekile, ikokho, umqhaphu, iachiote kunye nepelepele. Bakwangabazingeli kunye nabalobi abalungileyo, bobabini ekuzingeleni nasekulobeni basebenzisa isaphetha kunye notolo. Bazingela iintaka, iinkawu, iipeccaries, iitapi kunye neempuku. Ukuloba bakha amadama okwexeshana kwaye basebenzise ibarbasco.