Iapile, ipesika kunye nomthi wom-amangile ziyafana ukuba ziyimithi yosapho lweRosaceae, kwaye iziqhamo zazo zithandwa kakhulu. I-Almond ngumthi ovuthulukileyo ovelisa iiamangile, isiqhamo esomileyo esimnandi kakhulu. Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwayo, iwela kudidi lwemithi yeziqhamo, ukuphucula ukukhula kwayo kunye nesivuno, igawulwa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Apha uya kwazi, ixesha lokuthenwa kwemithi yeamangile nokuba kwenziwa njani.
Ithenwa nini imithi yeamangile?
Ukulawulwa kwe-phytosanitary yemithi elinywayo, nokuba isetyenziselwa imveliso, iziqhamo, ukuhombisa okanye ukunyanga, kuyacetyiswa kwiinzuzo eziza kuziswa ngulo mkhwa, nokuba kukulungisa ukukhula kwayo, ukunyanga nasiphi na isifo, okanye ukukhuthaza ukuphucula. isivuno sabo. Njengoko kusenzeka ngokuthenwa komthi wom-amangile (IPrunus dulcis), umthi wentsapho yaseRosaceae, iziqhamo zayo, ii-almonds, zimnandi kakhulu kwaye zithandwa phakathi kwabathengi beziqhamo ezomisiweyo emhlabeni jikelele.
Ulawulo lwealmond
Xa imithi yeziqhamo ikhuliswa, efana neorenji, imithi yama-apile, ikoko, iitangerines kunye nemithi yealmondi, izithethe zenkcubeko kufuneka zenziwe ukuze kugcinwe ukulima kwabo kusempilweni kwaye kuphuculwe isivuno sabo. Ezinye izenzo zenkcubeko yezolimo ezisetyenziswa kwimithi yealmondi, njengokuthenwa kwe-phytosanitary, kufuneka zenziwe ngexesha lonke lokulinywa kwabo, njengoko kubalulekile ukwandisa umgangatho weziqhamo zabo. Ezinye izenzo zenkcubeko ezenziwayo zezi:
Ukukhetha okwahlukeneyo
Ukukhethwa kweentlobo ngeentlobo zomthi wom-amangile oza kutyalwa kuxhomekeke kwindawo oya kusetyenziswa kuyo, ngakumbi indlela okuchaphazela ngayo iimeko zemozulu ebusika.
Isityalo sikamama okanye isiphunzi
Ukusasaza imithi ye-almond, inkqubo yenkcubeko yokuxutywa iqhutyelwa, ngenxa yoko, ukunyamekela kufuneka kuthathwe ekukhethweni kwesityalo somama okanye i-rootstock. Idla ngokumiliselwa kwiindidi ezimbini zezityalo zoomama okanye iziphunzi zengcambu, ezi ziluhlobo olukhululekileyo kunye nomxube. Kuxhomekeka kwixesha lonyaka, amafama asebenzisa loam njengesiqu seengcambu kwixesha elomileyo okanye elomileyo. Endaweni yoko basebenzisa isiphunzi esingumxube kwizityalo ezinkcenkceshelwayo okanye ezinkcenkceshelwayo.
Indawo Abagadi
Xa utyala umthi wom-amangile emngxunyeni uze ugalele umhlaba ukuze uqine, kucetyiswa ukuba ucofe okanye uhlanganise umhlaba ojikeleze umthi wom-amangile namanzi. Emva kokuba oku kwenziwe, kubekwa isibonda ukuqinisekisa ukuba isiqu somthi wom-amangile sithe tye.
ulawulo lwezinambuzane
Ezona zinambuzane zitshabalalisayo isityalo som-amangile yintwala, umbungu wealmondi, isigcawu esityheli, inkumbi eluhlaza, ubukhulu becala. Ukuthintela ezi zinambuzane zingonakalisi isityalo som-amangile, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kuqwalaselwe isityalo ngamaxesha athile ukuze kubonwe ubukho bezinye zezi kwaye ukwazi ukuzilawula kwangethuba.
Ixesha lonkcenkceshelo
Ukufakwa kunye nokuphindaphinda kokunkcenkceshela kwisityalo som-amangile kuxhomekeke kwiminyaka yesityalo somthi wesiqhamo. Amaxesha okunkcenkceshela kufuneka abe phezulu ngelixa imithi ikhula kwaye inani elikhulu leengcambu likhula kwaye lenze. Xa isityalo sele sikhulile, ukunkcenkceshela rhoqo kuya kuncipha, nangona kufuneka uqaphele ukuba lo mthi weziqhamo ufuna amanzi amaninzi.
Ukuchumisa
Ngexesha lokukhula kwalo mthi kwiminyaka yawo yokuqala, kufuneka kugalelwe isichumiso senitrogen ukwenza amagqabi kunye neengcambu zomthi. Izicelo ezininzi ziyenziwa ngonyaka ngamnye. Emva kokuba isivuno sokuqala sifunyenwe, inani leekhilogram okanye iitoni zesiqhamo esivuniweyo kufuneka liqiniswe, ngolu lwazi lusetyenziswa njengesalathiso sokumisela ubungakanani bezondlo ezifunyenwe ngexesha lokuvuna.
Ukuthena amangile
Ukuthena kuqinisekisa ulawulo lwesi sityalo, kunye nokufezekiswa kolu qheliselo lwenkcubeko kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zesi sityalo, isivuno saso silawulwa kwaye ngoko ke iikhilogram zeziqhamo ze-almond ngexesha lokuvuna.
Izixhobo kunye noomatshini abasetyenziselwa ukuthena
Ukuqhuba ukuthenwa kwalo mthi weziqhamo, kukho izixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye noomatshini, baya kusetyenziswa ngokuxhomekeke kubungakanani bomthi weziqhamo kunye nohlobo lokuthena oluza kwenziwa. Okokuqala, khumbula ukubulala iintsholongwane phambi nasemva kokuthena. Oku kuya kuthintela ukusasazeka kwezifo ukusuka kwesinye isityalo ukuya kwesinye kwaye, kwakhona, ukugcina ngcono izixhobo. Ziziphi ezi zixhobo kunye noomatshini?
Izikere zokuthena, i-handsaw, isibonda sokuthena ukuphakama, i-chainsaw, kufuneka uqaphele ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwaye uzikhusele ngeeglavu kunye neeglasi zokukhusela. Izinyuko okanye i-scaffolding. imitya Izixhobo zokhuseleko ezisisiseko ezifana nesigcina-ntloko kunye neeglavu.
Iinzuzo zokuthena
Ukuthena ngumsebenzi wenkcubeko yezolimo, oquka ukucheba amasebe omthi wom-amangile. Ukuba lo msebenzi uqhutywe ngokucophelela nangokuchanekileyo, ukuthenwa kunceda ukwandisa isivuno kunye nokwakhiwa kweziqhamo ze-almond.
- Inceda umthi wom-amangile ukuba ube nezibane ezingcono, i-aeration kunye nokufunxa iimveliso ze-phytosanitary kunyango.
- Inceda ukusasazwa okuchanekileyo kweziqhamo, kwezona ndawo zifanelekileyo zesityalo.
- Yandisa imilinganiselo kunye nombala weziqhamo.
- Lungiselela imveliso yomthi wom-amangile kwaye uthintele iminyaka emininzi okanye ukungonelanga kwintyatyambo kunye neziqhamo.
- Ukulinganisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwamalungu ohlaza kunye nemveliso.
- Ukuphelisa amasebe agulayo, omileyo okanye angenamveliso, ngoku ukuguga komthi kulibaziseka kwaye ukusasazeka kwezinambuzane kunye nezifo kulawulwa.
Ithenwa nini imithi yeamangile?
Ukuthenwa kwe-Almendrón kuqhutywa ngokwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okukhula kwayo, ngelixa ikwinqanaba lolutsha: ngexesha lokutyala, kunyaka wokuqala ehlotyeni nasebusika, kunyaka wesibini wokutyala ebusika kwaye ke ngexesha lokutyala. unyaka wesithathu de isityalo sifikelele ebudaleni.
Umthi wom-amangile luhlobo oluvuthulukayo, oluthi luphulukane namagqabi awo phakathi kwamaxesha onyaka asekwindla de kube lixesha lentwasahlobo elandelayo. Xa amagqabi ephoswa kude, lixesha apho ukuthenwa kuqhutyelwa khona, njengoko ilithuba apho umthi unokugcinwa kwamandla. Into ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo bubushushu be-ambient.
Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba isityalo sikwindawo enamaqondo obushushu aphantsi kunye neeqabaka eziqatha, kucetyiswa ukuba kuthenwe ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Ukuba uhlala kwindawo enamaqondo obushushu aphezulu nalapho iqabaka ingenzeki khona, unokuthena nanini na ngexesha lokukhula kwe-almond. Okunye ukuthenwa kom-amangile nako kuya kwenziwa, njengokuthenwa kwamasebe omileyo, ukuthenwa kwamagqabi aluhlaza okwenziwa ehlotyeni.
indlela yokuthena
Ngexesha lokulinywa komthi wom-almond, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuthena zisetyenziswa ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha eliqhutywa ngalo. Ukuthena kuxhaphake kakhulu ukutyalwa kwezityalo zeziqhamo kunye nemithi yealmondi, akusindi oku. Iindidi zokuthena zezi: ukuthena okubunjwa, ukuthena iziqhamo kunye nokubuyisela ukuthena. Ukuthenwa okuhlukeneyo kwenziwa ngexesha lasebusika nakwixesha lokukhula komthi. Uhlobo lokuthena oluza kwenziwa luxhomekeke kwiminyaka kunye nempilo kunye nesimo semveliso yomthi we-almond.
Ukwenziwa ukuthenwa
Uqeqesho lokuthena lwenziwa xa umthi unomsebenzi omncinci womzimba, ngexesha lasebusika, ngeenyanga zikaNovemba ukuya kuFebruwari. Oku kuthenwa kwenziwa iminyaka emine. Ngeli xesha lexesha, nyaka ngamnye ukuqeqeshwa kuthenwa kumthi wom-amangile, oya kwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwinguquko yomthi.
Olu hlobo lokuthena lwenziwa ukunika isakhiwo esilungeleleneyo kumasebe omthi wom-almond. Ixesha lokuqala ukuthenwa koqeqesho kuxa umthi ufikelela phantse kwimitha ubude kwaye, ukusukela kweli xesha lokuqala usenziwa, ukuthenwa koqeqesho kwenziwa minyaka le kule minyaka mine izayo. Injongo yoku kuthenwa kukuqinisekisa ukuba umthi unokwakheka okanye ubungakanani obulungeleleneyo, ngoku kuthenwa injongo kukugxininisa amasebe anemveliso kwisithsaba nangaphandle, ngaphandle kokuba akhuphisane omnye nomnye ngokukhanya kunye namanzi.
Xa kusenziwa ukuthena kunyaka wokuqala, amasebe aphambili anqunyulwa, oko kukuthi, amasebe aphezulu ama-3 okanye ama-4, kuzo zonke ii-bud ezi-2 zomgama kunye namanye amasebe kumgama wehlumela elinye. Ukuthenwa koqeqesho olwenziwa kunyaka wesibini kushiya amasebe aphambili kwi-2/3 yobukhulu bawo kunye namanye amasebe kumgama we-1 bud.
Ekubunjweni kokwakhiwa komnyaka wesibini, amasebe angaphakathi apheliswa kunye namasebe aphantsi kwesiqu. Ngethuba lokuthenwa koqeqesho lonyaka wesithathu nowesine, i-suckers kunye namasebe angaphakathi komthi wom-almond ayasuswa, kule minyaka yonke imithi kufuneka isele yenziwe kakuhle.
Unyaka wokuqala
Enoba wawulimile umthi wom-amangile ukususela ebuntwaneni okanye wawuthenge kwindawo yokugcina abantwana, umthi lowo umele uqhubeke uthena isebe elingaphezu kwemitha okanye ngaphezulu. Loo masebe akhethwe malunga nesi-3 okanye esi-4 ukuba abe ngamasebe aphambili, aya kuthenwa abe ngamathupha ama-2 ngaphezulu kwehlumelo elisezantsi. La masebe alandelayo angaphantsi kwala masebe aphambili asikwa abe lithupha. La masebe abizwa ngokuba yi-tirasavias kwaye aya kunceda isiqu ukuba sijiye.
Emva kwexesha lasebusika, ngelixa umthi wom-amangile ukwixesha lawo lokuhluma, amagqabi ama-4 anamandla akhethwayo kuze kubekwe ibamba eli-3 okanye eli-4 kwihlumelo elivele kwihlumelo lesibini. La masebe aya kuthenwa ekuthenweni kwexesha lobusika elilandelayo.
Thena uhlaza ehlotyeni
Kwihlobo lokuqala lokutyala umthi wom-amangile, ukuthenwa okuluhlaza kwalo mthi kwenziwa. Oku kungenxa yokuba ayingawo onke amasetyana ahlumayo ngexesha lonyaka wasentwasahlobo ekufuneka alondolozwe, siyaqhubeka nokuphelisa iisuckers kunye namasetyana angafanelekanga. Oku kuthenwa kuqulathe ukusika okuncinci kwitheminali okanye kwindawo yeapical yehlumela ukunqanda ukukhula kwawo. Le nkqubo inceda ukuphuhliswa kwamasebe aphambili, ngale ndlela isakhiwo sayo siqiniswa.
Unyaka wesibini
Ngomnyaka wesibini, amasebe akhethiweyo njengawona aphezulu akhula kwaye amasebe okuqala aqala ukuvela. Amasebe aphambili anqunywe ukuya kubude be-2/3 ubude. Amanye amasebe aseleyo ngaphantsi komgca wokuthena, malunga neesentimitha ezingama-25, asikwe abe yihlumela. Amasebe asezantsi ashiywe ukuba enze amasebe esibini. Kulo nyaka wesibini, amasebe e-tirasavias ashiywe anqunywe kwisiseko.
Unyaka wesithathu
Kulo nyaka wesithathu, amasebe aphambili anqunyulwa abuyele kwi-2/3 yobude bawo, kwaye amasebe asele ngaphantsi kwama-25 centimeters ukusuka kumgca wokuthena anqunywe kwi-bud. Loo masebe angena ngaphakathi emthini ayasuswa, kushiyeke kuphela lawo abheka ngaphandle. Amasebe asezantsi asele, ekubeni aya kwenza amasebe esibini kwinqanaba lesibini.
Unyaka wesine
Kulo nyaka wesine ukuthenwa kubandakanya ukupheliswa kweesuckers, ezingena ngaphakathi. Kwimbono yokuba amasebe aphambili sele ekhula kancinci.
Ukuthena iziqhamo
Ukuphumeza imveliso enkulu yomthi, ukuthenwa kweziqhamo kuyenziwa, ngoku kuthenwa injongo kukulinganisa amasebe kunye namahlumelo amatsha ukuphucula nokwandisa iziqhamo zomthi wom-amangile. Oku kuphunyezwa ngokuseka amasebe esibini njengemveliso. Ukuthenwa kweziqhamo kwenziwa kwisithuba seminyaka emi-4 ukuya kwemi-5 yesityalo, kubandakanya ukupheliswa kweesuckers.
Ibhalansi yamasebe avelisayo ifezekiswa ngokupheliswa kwe-suckers, ukuphelisa amasebe omileyo, ukusika amasebe amade, ukuphelisa amasebe angenamveliso kunye nezifo. Njengoko isityalo somthi wom-amangile sikhula, imithi etyalwayo ayisayi kuba namveliso.
Oku kungenxa yomjikelo wobomi bemithi, xa ifikelele kwimveliso yayo ephezulu, ukwehla kwegophe lemveliso yeziqhamo kuyaqala. Ukuphumeza ukwandisa imveliso yomthi wom-amangile. Kucetyiswa ukuba kwenziwe ukuthenwa kancinci rhoqo emva kweminyaka emithathu, oku kuya kukhuthaza ukuveliswa kwamahlumela amatsha kwaye kugcinwe amasebe esibini evelisa.
Ukubuyisela izihlahla
Oku kuthenwa kuqhutywa kwimithi ye-almond, xa sele bekhulile ngamathambo kunye neminyaka emininzi yemveliso, imveliso yabo kunye nobukhulu beziqhamo buqala ukuncipha. Kwakhona, oku kuthenwa kwenziwa xa ufuna ukuphilisa umthi ekuhlaselweni sisibetho okanye isifo sezityalo. Ukomeleza le mithi, ukuthenwa okuqatha kwenziwa ukuze kubuyiselwe amandla abo. Oku kuthenwa kubizwa ngokuba kukubuyisela okanye ukuhlaziywa.
Nangona ukubuyisela okanye ukuthenwa ngokutsha kwenziwa ukwandisa amandla esityalo, kucetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe oku kuthenwa, ukuba akukho sisombululo. Oku kungenxa yobudala kunye neemeko ze-phytosanitary zomthi, ngamanye amaxesha umthi we-almond awuphenduli kakuhle koku kuthenwa kwakhona. Abanye abavelisi kunye neengcali ze-agro abacebisi ukwenza olu hlobo lokuthena kulawo masebe anobubanzi obungaphezu kwe-10 centimeters, ngoko ke bakhetha ukutshintsha umthi weziqhamo.
Xa ukubuyiselwa okanye ukuthenwa ngokutsha kwenziwa, amasebe aphambili anqunyulwa malunga neesentimitha ezingama-50 ukusuka kumthombo wawo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe lesibini lihlala. Injongo yokusebenzisa oku kuthenwa kukubuyisela umthi kwixesha kunye neemeko zefiziyoloji zifane kangangoko naxa kwakusenziwa uqeqesho lokuqala. Ngoko ukuba lo mthi uyasinda koku kuthenwa, uya kuhlaziyeka kakuhle uze womelele ngakumbi.
Khumbula ukuba ngexesha lokugqiba ukuthenwa kwamasebe ashinyeneyo, sebenzisa ukuthintela amanzi kunye ne-fungicide enxebeni ukuthintela umngundo ukuba ungangeni emthini. Ngokufanayo, kufuneka ugcine umkhondo wokuphiliswa kwamanxeba abangelwa kukuthenwa. Ukuba uqaphela naziphi na iimpawu zesifo esinokwenzeka kumthi wakho weziqhamo, ezinjengomonakalo owenziwe ngumngundo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ufake isibulali-mbumbulu esenziwe ekhaya.
Ukuthintela ubukho bomngundo ngenxa yokuthenwa, kuba amanxeba angawona manqaku abuthathaka, unokusebenzisa i-fungicide yasekhaya ngokuthintela kwaye ucoce izikere zokuthena, iblade yentonga yokuthena, isarha yesandla kunye nezinye izixhobo zokulima izityalo kunye nokwenza isitiya, ukuyigcina inentsholongwane kwaye ibukhali ngamaxesha onke ukwenza amanxeba acocekileyo nanempilo.
Ukuthenwa okuthe ngqo kohlobo lweguara
Kwimeko apho unayo nayiphi na inkxalabo malunga nokuba kwenziwa njani ukuthenwa kweentlobo ngeentlobo zeguara, luhlobo oludumileyo lomthi wom-amangile. Ukuthenwa okufanayo sele kuchaziwe kuya kwenziwa, kunye nezinye iindlela.
Iimpawu zeAlmond
Umthi wom-amangile unegama lezenzululwazi elithi IPrunus dulcisNgumthi onobude obuphakathi phakathi kwe-5 ukuya kwi-10 yeemitha. Xa umthi usemncinci, isithsaba sawo sivuleke kakhulu kwaye sithe nkqo, kunye namasebe awo aphambili ngokuthe tye, amancinci ngobukhulu kwaye akhuphuka nge-oblique shape. Xa umthi ufikelela ebuntwini obukhulu, isithsaba sawo siyadumba, sibe banzi, siyehla kwaye sibe nenkangeleko yamatyholo.
Isiphunzi sayo sijijekile, sityekile; umbala wexolo mnyama grey okanye brownish emnyama, kunye rhabaxa, fissured, texture engaqhelekanga xa umthi omdala. Amahlumelo awo athe nkqo kwaye agudileyo. Buluhlaza obukhazimlayo ngombala kwaye emva koko uguqule ngokugqunywa ngemiqolo emincinci.
Amagqabi ayo ahluka ngobukhulu phakathi kwe-4 ukuya kwi-12 yeesentimitha ubude naphakathi kwe-1,5 ukuya kwi-4 yeesentimitha ububanzi, kunye ne-oval okanye i-lanceolate shape, kunye ne-dge edge kwaye isongwe kwi-V kwisiqingatha esisezantsi. Zigudile kwaye azinayo pubescence, luhlaza mnyama okanye tyheli. Iintyatyambo zayo ziyi-hermaphrodite, zinkulu, zizalwa phakathi kweenyanga zikaJanuwari ukuya kuMeyi, ngaphambi kokuba amagqabi amatsha avele. Zimhlophe okanye zipinki kakhulu. Isiqhamo yi-almond, i-oval emide kwaye yomile.
Ukulinywa kwealmond
Ngumthi okhuliswa kumazwe ommandla weMeditera, ohambelana neemeko ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu ehlotyeni kunye namaqondo aphantsi ebusika ade akwazi ukoyisa iintsuku ezinde zembalela. Ngumthi okhula kumhlaba ombi kakhulu nowomileyo. Ukuba iimeko zokusingqongileyo zifanelekile ukulima kwayo, isivuno sayo esivelisayo siyanda.
Iiamangile
Isiqhamo sawo yidrupe, eyaziwa ngegama le-Almond, malunga ne-4 centimeters ubude; ukumila kwe-ovoid, ukukhanya okuluhlaza, ukuthungwa kwevelvety kunye ne-pubescence, dehiscent. Xa i-mesocarp (eyinyama kancinane) ikhula, ivuleka kwi-ventral suture, kwaye iqokobhe liyabonwa. Naxa iyidrupe ayijiyeki njengezinye iziqhamo zolu hlobo.
Propiedades
Iialmondi zinokuba mnandi okanye zibe krakra, ezo zityiwayo ziiamangile eziswiti ezingenatyhefu njengeeamangile ezikrakra. Esi siqhamo sinempahla eninzi yezondlo, yenziwe ngama-50% amafutha ayo, i-80% i-oleic acid; phakathi kwe-15 ukuya kwi-20% yi-Omega 6 (amafutha e-polyunsaturated). Iqulethe umlinganiselo omncinci we-Omega 3 kunye namafutha amancinci amancinci.
Izinzuzo
Iialmond zisisiqhamo esimnandi esomileyo, esisetyenziswa rhoqo, sinceda ukunciphisa iziganeko zezifo zentliziyo. Oku kungenxa yeenzuzo ze-fatty acids ezigcina i-cholesterol kunye namanqanaba e-triglyceride phantsi kolawulo kunye nokulawula uxinzelelo lwegazi. Inceda iirejimeni zokutya, kuba ayikwenzi utyebe; kuthintela ityhefu ekusetyenzisweni kotywala, ilawula uhlobo lwe-II yeswekile kwaye ngaloo ndlela ikwaqhina. I-antioxidant ekhusela izifo ezifana nomhlaza kunye nezifo eziphazamisayo zamalungu ahlukeneyo.
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