Ukuze ufunde ngcono kancinci kweli nqaku malunga Imizobo kaMurillo, siza kuthetha ngobomi bakhe, ukuqeqeshwa kobugcisa balo mmeli omkhulu we-Spanish baroque umzobo kunye nokunye okuninzi, siyakumema ukuba u tyelele esi sithuba esihle kakhulu. Ungayeki ukuyifunda!
Malunga noMzobi uBartolomé Esteban Murillo
Wayengomnye wabameli abakhulu be-Spanish Baroque yokupeyinta kwinto eyaziwayo kwimbali yobugcisa njengeGolden Age yaseSpain.
Ngokophando olwenziweyo, kuthiwa wabhaptizwa ngoJanuwari 01, 1618 waza wafa ngoAprili 03, 1682 eneminyaka engamashumi amathandathu anesine.
Eli gcisa libalaseleyo laqeqeshwa kwindalo kade, kungoko ukubaluleka kwemizobo kaMurillo apho waguqula umzobo wakhe ngokunxulumene nomzobo weBaroque waseSpain umiliselwe ngovakalelo olukhulu, nokuba ngumanduleli wenye intshukumo ababeza kuyazi kamva ebizwa ngokuba yiRococo.
Okufanayo kunobungqina komnye wemizobo emikhulu kaMurillo efana ne-Immaculate Conception kunye noMalusi oLungileyo ekumelaneni kwabantwana ukuba lo mculi wachaza.
Kubalulekile ukuba wazi ukuba eli gcisa libalaseleyo lalingumntu obaluleke kakhulu kwiSikolo saseSeville apho wayegcine inani elikhulu labafundi phantsi koqeqesho lwakhe.
Ukongeza kubantu abancomayo ababeyazi indlela yokuthwala ngokwahlukileyo ifuthe lemizobo kaMurillo de kube phakathi kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo.
Wayengomnye wabapeyinti abaxatyisiweyo nababalaseleyo ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwesizwe saseSpain, yayiyimpembelelo yalo mzobi kangangokuba wayengomnye wababhali bebhayoloji abamkelweyo ngalo mzuzu.
Ebizwa ngokuba nguSandra, wenza ibhayiloji emfutshane kwinguqulelo yentsomi enokufumaneka kwi-Academia Pinturae Erudite ukusuka ngonyaka we-1683.
Okukhapha umzobo wobuqu walo mzobi mkhulu owabhalwa nguRichard Collin ulandelayo:
“… uBartolomé Murillo seipsum depin/gens pro filiorum votis acpreci/bus explendis…”
Sinokuchaza lo mfanekiso womzobi owawenza ngonyaka we-1670 ngokulangazelela kwabantwana bakhe apho abeka isandla sakhe ngaphandle kokubumba ukuze anike isiphumo esikhulu sokukhanya esidityaniswe nendalo, uphethe kunye nezixhobo zakhe zorhwebo ebonisa ubume bakhe. ukunyuka kuluntu ngenxa yemizobo yakhe.
Kuya kufuneka uyazi ukuba imizobo kaMurillo yenziwe ngokwabathengi, umxhasi wakhe oyintloko yiCawe yamaKhatholika ngenxa yohlaziyo, ngaphandle koku wazinikela kuhlobo lokupeyinta ngokuzimeleyo emsebenzini wakhe.
Ukuzalwa kweli gcisa
Oku kulandela ukuba lo mculi ubalaseleyo wazalwa ekupheleni kukaDisemba 1617, yingakho wabhaptizwa ngoJanuwari 01, 1618 kwicawa yaseSanta María Magdalena kwisixeko saseSeville. Wayengoyena mncinci kubantwana abalishumi elinesine.
Abazali bakhe babe ngumchebi weenwele, ugqirha wotyando kunye negazi uGaspar Esteban kunye noMaría Pérez Murillo. Olu sapho luvela kumagcisa abizwa ngokuba ngabakhandi besilivere ekusebenzeni ngegolide besebenzisa isilivere njengento.
Uyise wayebizwa ngokuba nguBachiller ngenxa yorhwebo lwakhe kwaye wayengowosapho olutyebileyo kwicala lezoqoqosho, kuchazwa kuxwebhu olusukela ngonyaka we-1607 ukuba wayengumntu osisityebi kwaye ongqongqo, waba ngumnini-mhlaba wezindlu ezininzi ezikufutshane kakhulu. kwiCawa yaseSan Pablo.
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba ezi zihloko zokuqeshisa zazuzwa ngunyana wakhe omncinci, owamnika inzuzo yezoqoqosho ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe. Xa wayeneminyaka elithoba, ngokutsho engobomi bakhe, uyise wafa yaye emva kweenyanga ezintandathu unina.
Ngoko ke olu sana luphantsi kolawulo lomnye udade wabo omdala ogama linguAna owayetshate nendoda esebenza njengoyise ogama linguJuan Agustín de Lagares.
Wahlala apho de kwaba ngunyaka awagqiba kwelokuba atshate ngawo ngowe-1645, emva koko xa usibali wakhe waba ngumhlolokazi ngowe-1656, wammisela njengomgcini wezinto zakhe njengelifa.
Iminyaka yokuqala kunye noqeqesho lwakhe lobugcisa
Kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga nobuntwana beli gcisa elikhulu malunga noqeqesho lwakhe lwezemfundo, kuthiwa ngo-1633, eneminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, wayesele eqeqeshelwa ucweyo lukaJuan del Castillo, owayetshate nenye yeentombi. .kayisekazi womzobi wethu ogama linguAntonio Pérez.
Kuthiwa lo Juan del Castillo wayengumzobi onobulumko, enye yeempawu zakhe yipeyinti eyomileyo kunye nokucacisa ebusweni, kuthiwa le mpembelelo inokubonakaliswa kwimizobo yokuqala kaMurillo, ephakathi kwe-1638 kunye ne-1640.
Le mizobo kaMurillo yiNtombi Enyulu ehambisa irosari eSanto Domingo ekhoyo namhlanje kwiBhotwe likaBhishophu omkhulu kwaye yayiyengqokelela yabucala ye-Count of Toreno kwisixeko saseSeville.
Ukongeza kwiLa Virgen con Fray Lauterio, iSan Francisco de Asís kunye neSanto Tomás de Aquino ekwiMyuziyam yaseFitzwilliam kwisixeko saseCambridge apho ibonisa njengomgangatho womzobo owomileyo kodwa onemibala kule mizobo yokuqala kaMurillo.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba lo mculi onefani u-Esteban wamkela ifani yesibini kamama wakhe uMurillo ngomsebenzi wakhe wobugcisa.
Isixeko saseSeville ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX
Ndiyabulela kwi-economic boom phakathi kweYurophu kunye nelizwekazi elitsha laseMelika, isixeko saseSeville saba yindawo yorhwebo kunye nentlalontle ngenxa ye-Inquisition, kunye neCasa de la Moneda, i-Archbishopric kunye neCasa de Contratación.
Kuya kufuneka uyazi ukuba inani labantu liye lehla kakhulu ngenxa yesibetho sika-1599 kunye nokugxothwa kwamaMoors, ngoko ke ngexesha lokuzalwa kukaMurillo kunye nobuntwana esi sixeko sasibalasele kakhulu kuluntu lwaseSpain.
Nangona isibakala sokuba ngowe-1627 iziganeko zokuqala zengxaki yemali zaqalisa ukubonakala xa urhwebo lwafudukela kwisixeko saseCádiz kunye neMfazwe Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu yaphenjelelwa ukongezelela ekwahlukaneni kwesizwe nePortugal.
Nangona kubalulekile ukuba kugxininiswe ukuba esi Sibetho sikhulu saseSeville senzeka ngo-1649 sasingesiso, sitshabalalisa malunga ne-46% yabemi besi sixeko, sinciphisa umgangatho wobomi babantu, iintsapho ezithobekileyo zezona zichaphazeleka kakhulu.
Eyaye yancedwa buBuzalwane be-Charity ngenxa yesibhedlele sayo kunye nendawo yokukhosela yavuselelwa ngonyaka we-1663 nguMiguel Mañara owathi kwiminyaka ye-1650 kunye ne-1651 wayenguthixo wobhaptizo lwabantwana ababini bakaMurillo.
Ngokucacileyo, umzobi wethu wayelikholwa elithembekileyo waza wathelela uBuzalwana beRosari ngowe-1644. Ukongezelela koko, wayevulekele kwimisebenzi yoHlobo lweSithathu lweSaint Francis ngowe-1662.
Ukongezelela ekubeni yinxalenye yokusasazwa kokutya okwakusenziwa rhoqo ngamarhamente, wangenela uMbutho Wabazalwana Bothando ngowe-1665.
ICawa yamaKatolika yachatshazelwa nakukudodobala kwezoqoqosho okwakugubungele ilizwe laseSpeyin, ekubeni emva kowe-1649 kwasekwa izindlu zoonongendi ezintathu kuphela de kwayinkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Kaloku, okoko kwazalwa uMurillo, kwasekwa izindlu zoonongendi ezisithoba zamadoda nenye yabafazi, zafikelela kwinani lezakhiwo zonqulo ezingamashumi asixhenxe.
Kodwa iindawo ezingcwele kunye neecawa zamaKatolika zaqalisa ukutyebisa iindonga nezindlu zazo ngeminikelo evela kubantu abakumgangatho ophezulu, njengoko kunjalo eMañara.
Urhwebo phakathi kwelizwekazi elitsha lubonelela ngemithombo yengqesho kubaluki, amagcisa kunye nabathengisi beencwadi. Ke abakhandi besilivere ababephethe umsebenzi wokukrola intsimbi eCasa de la Moneda, babeziincutshe zesixeko saseSeville.
Kuba kuthiwani ukuba esi sixeko, ngaphandle kokufika kwengxaki, sasihlala sineendawo zorhwebo kuba ngonyaka ka-1665 malunga namawaka asixhenxe abantu basemzini bahlala.
Nangona bengengabo bonke ababezinikele kwicandelo lezorhwebo, phakathi kwabo nguJustino de Neve owayengumkhuseli weCawa yaseSanta María La Blanca kunye neSibhedlele saseVenerables.
Kuzo zombini ezi zakhiwo, lo mlinganiswa uphathise igcisa lethu ukuba lenze imisebenzi emininzi yobugcisa.Kubalulekile ukuba uyazi ukuba uNeve wayeyinzala yosapho lwabarhwebi bakudala baseFlemish ababehlala kwisixeko saseSeville ukusukela ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Kwakukho nabanye abarhwebi abathi kamva bafika kwisixeko saseSeville malunga nonyaka ka-1660, phakathi kwabo kukho amaDatshi uJosua van Belle kunye noFlemish Nicolás de Omazur, bobabini ababezotywe kwimizobo kaMurillo.
Babengabalinganiswa abanenkcubeko kakhulu, ngaphezu kokuchuma ngokupheleleyo kwezoqoqosho, bazisa eSpain imizobo kaBartholomeus van der Helst eyabonwa ngumculi wethu, ngoko ke impembelelo kwimisebenzi yakhe.
Kanye njengoko bathathe inxaxheba ekuqapheliseni udumo lwemizobo kaMurillo ngaphaya kwesizwe saseSpain, ngakumbi uNicolás de Omazur.
Ngubani owadibanisa ubuhlobo kunye nomzobi wamkhokelela ekubeni athumele umzobo we-Self-Portrait okhuselwe kwiGalari yeSizwe eLondon.
Uphethe umbhalo ocingisisiweyo wolwimi lwesiLatini ekusenokwenzeka ukuba wawubhalwe nguye ngenxa yokuba, ukongezelela ekubeni ngumrhwebi obalaseleyo, wayeyimbongi ebalaseleyo.
Iikhomishini zokuqala zemizobo kaMurillo ziqala
Kuyaziwa ngokwembali ukuba ngonyaka we-1645 uMurillo watshata nenenekazi eligama linguBeatriz Cabrera Villalobos owayeyinzala yentsapho ephumelelayo kwaye ephethe ukukrola.
Eli bhinqa liselula lalingumtshana kaTomás Villalobos, umkhandi wesilivere negolide, likunye nebandla leOfisi Engcwele elalimkhusela ngoxa babedlula kwisixeko saseSeville.
Abantwana abalishumi bazalwa kulo mtshato, apho bahlanu kuphela abasindayo kwaye ngoDisemba 31, 1663, umfazi wakhe omncinci wafa.
Kuyaziwa ukuba omnye woonyana bakhe ogama linguGabriel (1655-1700) wafudukela kwilizwekazi elitsha ngo-1678 eneminyaka engamashumi amabini ubudala, wafumana isikhundla seCorregidor de Naturales kwidolophu yase-Ubaque.
Kwinto ngoku eKholombiya, ukulawula umanyano phakathi kwamagunya ommandla kunye nokumkani ophethe indawo yommandla ukusuka kwiphondo ukuya kumasipala.
Kodwa xa sithetha ngomculi wethu, ngaloo nyaka watshata nomfazi wakhe, wafumana iikhomishini zakhe zokuqala. Ezi ziseyile ezilishumi elinanye zegumbi elincinane leConvent yaseSan Francisco eSeville, elisebenza kuzo ukususela ngowe-1645 ukuya kutsho ngowe-1648.
Le mizobo elishumi elinanye nguMurillo yachithwa emva kweMfazwe yokuzimela, kodwa ngeenjongo zemfundo amabali anxulumene nabangcwele boMyalelo weFrancisca abaliswa, kugxininiswe kulawulo lwamaKatolika olwaluncanyathiselwe kule ngcwele.
Ngokuphathelele imixholo eyenziwe kwimizobo kaMurillo, ubomi obucamngcayo kunye nomthandazo bubungqina, njengoko kunobungqina kumsebenzi wobugcisa ogama linguSan Francisco wathuthuzelwa yiNgelosi ekhoyo ngoku kwiRoyal Academy of Fine Arts yaseSan Fernando.
Njengomnye wemizobo kaMurillo ebizwa ngokuba yiKitchen of the Angels, eseLouvre, asinako ukusilela ukuqaqambisa uvuyo lukaFrancisca kwiingubo zakhe.
Oko kuphakamisa umzobo weSan Francisco Solano kunye neBull ekhuselweyo kwiRoyal Alcázar National Heritage yaseSeville.
Ukongeza, enye imizobo kaMurillo apho iimpawu zakhe zemifanekiso zibonwa luthando lwabanye alubonisa eSan Diego de Alcalá ukondla amahlwempu, ekwiRoyal Academy yaseSan Fernando.
Imizobo kaMurillo ibonisa impembelelo enkulu ebhekiselele kwindalo edibene neteknoloji ye-tenebrism yegcisa elikhulu uZurbarán.
Ngoko ke, kule canvasi yokugqibela, i-repertoire ye-portraits inokubonwa ukuba ihlelwe ngokuqaphela okukhulu phakathi kokubunjwa okulula kweendiza ezinqunywe kwimvelaphi emnyama.
I-cauldron ingabonwa embindini we-canvas kunye neqela labantwana abathobekileyo belinde indebe yabo yesobho kwaye kuyacaca ukuba umxholo wabantwana uya kuba yinxalenye yemifanekiso kaMurillo ngexesha lomsebenzi wakhe wobugcisa.
Kolu luhlu lwemizobo kaMurillo, ubuchule be-chiaroscuro bubonwa, obushiywe ngelo xesha kwimbali yobugcisa ngenxa yokubonakaliswa kobugcisa bukaVelázquez kunye no-Alonso Cano ngokwakhe.
Kodwa lo mtsalane ulivayo igcisa lethu usabonakala kwimizobo eliqela kaMurillo, efana neSidlo Sangokuhlwa Sokugqibela esasikwiCawe yaseSanta María la Blanca ukusuka ngonyaka we-1650, nangona eminye inokubonwa kwezinye iiseyile zaloo tempile yonqulo inye. kwimisebenzi yakhe yobugcisa.
Ukhanyiso olusasazekileyo lwesibhakabhaka lujongwa olujongene nokugubungela umngcelele wabangcwele abahamba neNtombi Enyulu kwiseyile apho uKufa kukaSanta Clara kumelwa.
Ekhoyo namhlanje kwisixeko saseDresden eGemäldegalerie kwaye isukela ngonyaka we-1646 Kule canvas ubuhle babangcwele bubonwa.
Umgangatho omele kwimizobo ka-Murillo ngokubhekiselele kumlinganiso wesetyhini kunye ne-dynamism kunye namandla okuba imifanekiso yabasetyhini imele kwi-Kitchen of the Angels.
Uyakwazi ukubona kule canvas umzobo kaFray Francisco de Alcalá kwindawo yokulinganisa kunye neengelosi zixakeke ngumsebenzi wazo ekhitshini elinefreyimu.
Ifomu esetyenziselwa ukusombulula iziphazamisi ngokwembono, ukubonelela ngemifanekiso ebhekiselele kubugcisa beflamenco njengenkuthazo.
Ngombulelo kolu hlobo lomsebenzi, kunokwenzeka ukujonga kwimizobo ka-Murillo i-dynamism egcwele imifanekiso yasezulwini neyeengelosi awayithatha kweminye imithombo yobugcisa, njengoRinaldo no-Armida.
Umzobo owenziwe nguPieter de Jode II ekuqanjweni kwegcisa u-Anton van Dyck kwiminyaka emibini ngaphambi kwekhomishini eyacelwa ku-Murillo, ebonisa ukuba igcisa lethu lalinolwazi lwangoku kunye neendlela zobugcisa zangoku.
Impembelelo yesibetho phakathi konyaka we-1649 nowe-1655
Ukuphakama okukhulu ebomvu ukuba iSibetho Esikhulu sazisa eSeville asiyomfihlo nakubani na, yingakho iCawa yamaKatolika yacela abaculi ngenani elikhulu lemizobo apho ukuzinikela kwabathembekileyo kubonakala khona.
Ngokubhekiselele koku, imizobo kaMurillo yayiyimisebenzi egqwesileyo kulo mbandela apho wabonisa ubugcisa obungenakulinganiswa kwaye iCawa yamaKatolika yayingomnye wabaxumi bakhe abaphambili.
Wabonisa intshukumo enkulu kubuchule bakhe kunye nokuziva xa etolika izihloko zonqulo ngobuntu obukhulu, kuba kwimizobo kaMurillo wenza iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zeNtombi Enyulu noMntwana.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba lo mfanekiso wenkolo uyaziwa nangegama leVirgen Del Rosario, yiyo loo nto uninzi lwale mizobo kaMurillo ifumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo namhlanje, njengeMyuziyam yaseCastro ukongeza kwiPitti Palace kunye Imyuziyam yasePrado..
Eminye imizobo ka-Murillo ibandakanya Ukuthotyelwa kwabelusi kunye neSagrada Familia del Pajarito, le mibini mibini imisebenzi yobugcisa ikwiMyuziyam yasePrado.
Ngokubhekiselele kwiseyile yolutsha lwaseMagdalena apho iguqukayo, ikhuselwe kwiGalari yeSizwe yaseIreland kunye nenye inguqulelo kwisixeko saseMadrid.
Kukho eminye imizobo kaMurillo ebalaseleyo, efana ne-Flight into Egypt, eseDetroit, eyinxalenye yalo mzuzu wembali apho ahlaziya khona ukumelwa kwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo, efana ne-Immaculate Conception kwiMyuziyam yoBugcisa obuhle esixekweni. eSeville.
Asikwazi ukusilela ukukhankanya eminye imizobo kaMurillo eyinxalenye yalo mzuzu wembali kwaye ihambelana nohlobo lomzobo wehlabathi, apho sinokukhankanya i-El Niño espulgando okanye umceli okwiMyuziyam yaseLouvre.
Le mizobo kaMurillo ibonisa umdla wakhe kwimisebenzi yobugcisa ngokunika iintsana iiprotagonists kwaye ubonisa kule canvas inkwenkwana ecocayo kwiiparasite ngelixa eyedwa. Lo msebenzi ufakwe kwi-melancholy.
Nangona kamva uya kubonisa imisebenzi yolu hlobo lunye kunye namandla amakhulu kunye novuyo, eminye imizobo eyaziwayo nguMurillo yinkosikazi endala enesikhukukazi kunye nebhasikithi yamaqanda, ekwidolophu yaseMunich eAlte Pinakothek, inxalenye yengqokelela kaNicolás de Omazur.
Impembelelo ethile yeFlemish inokubonwa kule mizobo nguMurillo, efana nemifanekiso eyenziwe nguCornelis Bloemaert, kwaye ukugqiba ngolu hlobo, umfanekiso obhaliweyo kaDon Juan de Saavedra ofunyenwe kwisixeko saseCórdoba, esisengqokelela yabucala. kunye nemihla ukususela kunyaka we-1650.
Khumbula ukuba kule nkulungwane ye-XNUMX umxhasi ophambili wemizobo kaMurillo yayiyiCawe yamaKhatholika kwaye kwisixeko saseSeville kwakukho malunga namashumi amathandathu oonongendi.
Ukongeza kwiitempile zonqulo, esi sixeko liziko lenkcubeko kwintsimi yenkolo, esonyusa ngamandla inkolelo yabathembekileyo.
Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba isibetho sonyaka we-1649 sandisa ukuzinikela kumahlelo onqulo ukongezelela ekuhlaziyeni okanye ekudaleni ubuzalwana obutsha, injalo imeko yoKufa kunye nomsebenzi wabo yayikukunika abo baxhwalekileyo ukungcwatywa kobuKristu.
Ngaphandle kokulibala i-counter-reformation, yiyo loo nto abathengi abacela imizobo ye-Murillo yohlobo lwenkolo yayinkulu kakhulu, kuba abathengi babengeyocawe kuphela.
Kodwa nabathengi babucala awayejongene nabo ukuphinda-phinda izinto awayesele ezenzile, injalo imeko yesiqingatha sobude buka-Saint Catherine wase-Alexandria.
Njengecala, kuya kufuneka wazi ukuba eyokuqala ukwenza ezi nguqulelo ikuFocus-Abengoa kwisixeko saseSeville.
Ndiyabulela kubantu ababenamandla ezoqoqosho okubonelela ngeetempile zonqulo ngemisebenzi yobugcisa, baba ngabakhuseli bezi zakhiwo.
Ukongeza, iintsapho emakhayeni abo zazinemizobo kaMurillo ezindongeni okanye ngomnye umzobi, kuba ngokophando olwenziwa phakathi kweminyaka ye-1600 ne-1670, ubuncinane isinye kwisithathu sabemi sifumana umsebenzi wobugcisa njengento exabisekileyo. i-asethi.
Ngokumalunga nezikhulu kunye nabefundisi, imizobo kaMurillo ebhekiselele kuhlobo olungcolileyo lwabonwa kwiiqoqo zabo zangasese kwaye njengoko inqanaba lentlalontle liye lahla, uluhlu lwempahla ngokubhekiselele kwipeyinti evela kwicandelo lezenkolo lwanda.
Ngoko ke, kwezona ntsapho zihlwempuzekileyo okanye kwezo zolimo, kwakubonwa imizobo enemifanekiso yonqulo kuphela kwiindonga zazo.
UHerrera el Mozo ufika kwisixeko saseSeville
Ngokucacileyo, xa abanye abaculi bafika kwisixeko saseSeville, impembelelo yabo kubugcisa yabonwa, kwaye omnye wabo yayinguFrancisco de Herrera, owaziwa ngokuba ngu-El Mozo, kuba uyise wayengu-El Viejo.
Eli gcisa lincinci livela kwisixeko saseMadrid emva kokuchitha ixesha lokufunda kwisizwe sase-Italiya, wafika kwisixeko saseSeville.
Apho wayalelwa ukuba enze i-El Triunfo del Sacramento kwiCathedral yaseSeville, amanani akhe amakhulu akhanyise ngasemva abekwe ngaphambili yayiyinguqulelo entsha.
Kwakhona wongeza inani leengelosi kunye nenkangeleko yomntwana ejikelezayo emsebenzini, ezenziwe nge-brushstroke yamanzi kunye ne-transparent ngenxa yomgama, le mpembelelo yobugcisa ibonakaliswe eSan Antonio de Padua.
Ngomnye wemizobo kaMurillo awayenzayo kwindlu yobhaptizo yaloo cathedral efanayo kunyaka olandelayo, wabonisa ubuchule obutsha ngokwenza umsebenzi ngokudayayo kunye nokwaphula ngokwesiqhelo, umntwana onguYesu ubekwe yedwa kwimvelaphi ekhanyisayo.
Ngelixa ingcwele ikwisiqingatha sobumnyama obuvula bunika ujoliso lwesibini lokukhanya okuvumela ukwandiswa kwendawo ukuthintela umahluko phakathi kwezulu nomhlaba.
Ewe, idibanisa zombini ezi zithuba ngenxa yokukhanya okusasaziweyo kunye nomngcelele weengelosi ngaphambili onceda ukukhanya okungasemva enkosi kufundo lwakhe olunzulu kubuchule obutsha, inguqu ibonwa kwimizobo kaMurillo.
Ngenxa yezinto ezintsha zeHerrerian nangonyaka ka-1655, kwinyanga ka-Agasti, isibini sabangcwele baseSevillian, uSan Leandro noSan Isidoro, babekwa kwingcwele yeCathedral.
Le mizobo kaMurillo ihlawulwe ngumkhuseli wecawa, njengoJuan Federighi, yayiyimifanekiso emikhulu kunaleyo wayesetyenziselwa ukuyenza.
Njengoko lo mculi waseSevillian ebona ukuba bafakwe kwisibane sesilivere kwaye babonisa kwiingubo ezimhlophe umphumo obonakalayo obenza bakhanye.
Ngokukwanjalo, eminye imizobo kaMurillo yeyalo mhla, njengeLactation yaseSaint Bernard kunye nokuBekwa kweChasable eSaint Ildefonso, yomibini imisebenzi yobugcisa ikwiMyuziyam yasePrado.
Ukupeyinta ngobuchule be-chiaroscuro kugcinwa kuzo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kokukhanya okuya kuba luphawu kwimizobo kaMurillo kamva.
Baphinde baqhayise ngokuba yimizobo kaMurillo, iiseyile ezintathu ezinkulu eziphefumlelwe ubomi kunye nomsebenzi kaJuan El Bautista, ziyaziwa ngolwazi olutyhilwe ngo-1781 kwaye namhlanje umsebenzi ngamnye ufumaneka kwimyuziyam eyahlukileyo .
Ukuba yiCambridge, iBerlin kunye neChicago ukongeza kuthotho lweecanvases ezihambelana noNyana wolahleko ekwiNational Gallery yaseIreland eDublin.
Nangona kukho umzobo walo msebenzi kwiMyuziyam yasePrado, olu landelelwano lwee-canvases lwaba lukhuthazo lwemizobo eyenziwe nguJacques Callot.
Kwimizobo kaMurillo wanika imvelaphi yakhe kwaye wongeza indawo yaseSevillian ngempahla kunye nobuso babalinganiswa. Ukuba ngumzekelo woku, Unyana Wolahleko wenza uBomi obungenasiphelo.
Iphawulwa ngomboniso wayo wentsomi yangoku ukusuka kwisixeko saseSeville ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezizezohlobo olusekhoyo lobomi.
Ezinye izinto zibonakala komnye wemizobo kaMurillo, efana neLos Músicos, apho umzobo umi ngokuchasene nokukhanya, nto leyo eyenza isidlo sibe mnandi ngakumbi.Ukongezelela, amanani amabhinqa aphuma phandle ngemibala yawo eqaqambileyo.
Ixesha lobuninzi kwimizobo kaMurillo
Kuchazwe kwimbali yalo mculi omkhulu ukuba ngonyaka we-1658 uchitha iinyanga ezimbalwa kwisixeko saseMadrid, mhlawumbi ukufunda iindlela ezintsha ezikhuthazwa nguHerrera el Mozo.
Emva koko wabuyela kwisixeko saseSeville, apho wayephethe khona i-academy ehambelana nokuzoba kwaye waqala ngoJanuwari 02, 1660 kwimarike yeentlanzi.
Ngenjongo yokuba ootitshala nabafundi baphucule kumzobo wendalo yomntu ngokubhekiselele kubunqunu.
Ngesi sikolo igcisa lethu likwazile ukugqibezela umsebenzi walo ngemodeli ephilayo kwaye nangemali eyinkunzi egalelwe ngabafundi intlawulo yootitshala yagqunywa kwaye yanele ukuhlawulwa kweenkuni namakhandlela ekubeni iiklasi beziqhutywa ebusuku.
UMurillo kunye noHerrera el Mozo basebenze njengomongameli kunye nomongameli ukusukela oko eli gcisa laya eMadrid ngaloo nyaka ukuya kusebenza njengomzobi wenkundla.
Kuhlonyelwe ngokophando olwenziwayo ukuba kwinyanga yeNkanga kunyaka ka-1663 kwavunyelwana ekubizweni komgaqo-siseko weziko lemfundo ephakamileyo kodwa ngalo mhla igcisa lethu lalisele liphumile kwisikhundla sobumongameli.
Ekubeni kumaxwebhu kuthiwa wayengumongameli uSebastián de Llanos y Valdés, ngoko ke wayephethe umsebenzi wokuqhuba isikolo esincinci ekhayeni lakhe.
Ukuze ungadibanisi nomlingiswa onekratshi womnye umzobi, njengoJuan de Valdés Leal, owayengumongameli olandelayo.
Ngomnyaka we-1660 wenza enye yemizobo kaMurillo ibaluleke kakhulu kwaye ithandwa kakhulu njengoko kunjalo ngemeko yokuzalwa kweNtombi enyulu ekhuselwe kwiMyuziyam yaseLouvre eyayipeyintwe ukuba isebenze njengendawo engaphandle kwiChapel ye Umbono oMkhulu weCathedral yaseSeville.
Kule canvasi inkulu, embindini, sinokubona iqela labasetyhini abangabazalisikazi kunye neengelosi ezikhupha ukukhanya kwazo ngokwembono ye-optical illusion eyenziwe ngumzobi kwaye ime kufutshane nosana olusanda kuzalwa olukhanya ngaphambili kunye nokukhanya. ukukhanya kwehla ukuya ezantsi kweseyile.
Ngoko ke, umphumo obonakalayo wenziwa kwiindawo ezisecaleni apho umthombo wokukhanya usebenza ngokuzimeleyo kwaye kwicala lasekhohlo nguSanta Ana ebhedini elayitiweyo kunye nabantu abatsha ababini kwicala lasekunene abaphethe ukomisa i-diapers phezu komlilo ovuthayo. iziko.
Apha uphononongo lwezibane olwenziwa nguMurillo lufana kakhulu nomzobo waseDatshi ngokukodwa kwisitayile sikaRembrandt awayesazi.
Ndiyabulela kubukho beminye yemisebenzi yakhe ekuqokeleleni umrhwebi othile osisityebi okanye isidwangube esinjengoMelchor de Guzmán owayenguMarquis waseVillamanrique.
Ngubani owayephethe umzobo kaRembrandt awawubonisa esidlangalaleni ngo-1665 xa kwakusungulwa icawa yaseSanta María la Blanca.
Ngokumalunga neyona mizobo igqwesileyo kaMurillo ngokubhekiselele kwimihlaba, ihambelana neeseyile ezine eziyinxalenye yebali elibalisiweyo likaYakobi.
Ukuba wayipeyinta njengekhomishini evela eMarquis yaseVillamanrique kwaye kamva yaboniswa kudonga lwebhotwe lakhe njengenxalenye yesikhumbuzo seCawe yaseSanta María la Blanca.
Kuthiwa olu ngcelele lwee-canvases ekuqaleni lwaluyimizobo emihlanu kaMurillo kodwa ezine kuphela ezaziwa kwaye ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX zaziphantsi kwamandla eMarquis yaseSantiago kodwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX zasasazeka kwezinye iindawo.
Namhlanje emibini yale mizobo kaMurillo ikwiMyuziyam yaseHermitage kwaye imele uYakobi osikelelwe nguIsake kunye neLadder kaYakobi elandelayo. Amanye amabini kolu ngcelele aseUnited States.
Ukuba ngomnye wabo uYakobi Ufuna izithixo zasekhaya kwivenkile kaRaquel ekwiMyuziyam yaseCleveland yoBugcisa kunye neyesine yale mizobo kaMurillo enesihloko esithi uYakobi ubeka iintonga kumhlambi kaLabhan weMeadows Museum kwisixeko saseDallas.
Kule mizobo kaMurillo, iindawo zakhe ezibanzi ziboniswa, ngokukodwa kule mibini yokugqibela e-United States, ebekwe malunga ne-motif engundoqo emsebenzini, apho imvelaphi enokukhanya okukhanyisa imifanekiso ivula. isebenza kwaye ilungisa iintaba.
Ke kuyacaca ukuba umzobi wethu waseSevillian wayebazi ubuchule beFlemish bamagcisa afana noJan Wildens kunye noJoos de Momper kunye namagcisa anemvelaphi yase-Italiya efana noGaspard Dughet owayephila ngelo xesha.
Enye into ebangela ingqalelo kulo mzobo yinkomo kwaye ibhekisela kwimisebenzi ye-Orrente apho ubuninzi buchazwa ngokutsha ngokolwimi lwe-colloquial lwaseSeville.
Ngendalo enkulu, uMurillo ukwasebenzisa ukukhwelana kweegusha njengoko kuchazwe kumbhalo weBhayibhile weGenesis 31,31, XNUMX . Kodwa yayifihlwe ukuhombisa umbulelo wokupeyinta ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kwaye lo mzobo ubuyela ekukhanyeni ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
Iikomishini ezidumileyo ezenziwe nguMurillo
Enye yeekhomishini ezinkulu ezibaluleke kakhulu kwimizobo kaMurillo ibhekisa kuthotho lwemizobo awayenzela iCawa yaseSanta María la Blanca kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokulahlekelwa nguPopu Urban VIII ngo-1644.
Ngenxa yommiselo webandla laseRoma leOfisi Engcwele eyayiphantsi kwamandla eDominicans, kwakungavumelekanga ukuba kubekwe igama elithi Immaculate ekukhawulweni kukaMariya, ngoko ke kwafuneka kwenziwe utshintsho kwindlela yokubiza lo mthandazo.
Lo myalelo awuzange ubhengezwe yaye waziwa xa iOfisi Engcwele yazihlolisisayo ezinye iindinyana zomthandazo. I-Cabildo yasabela kule nyaniso ngokubeka enye yemifanekiso kaMurillo apho okubhaliweyo kulandelayo kunokubonwa:
“…Wakhawulwa engenasono…”
Ukongezelela, abameli besixeko baya kwiinkundla zaseCastile ngo-1649 ukuze bacele ukungenelela kokumkani. Kodwa akukho nto yayinokwenziwa ngexesha lika-Pontificate ka-Innocent X.
Kodwa xa uAlexander VII wangena njengopopu omtsha ngowe-1655, uKumkani uFelipe VI wayejongene nokuphindaphinda yonke imigudu yokubhenela kulo mmiselo aze aphumeze ukuvunywa kweImmaculate Conception njengoko yayibhiyozelwa kangangeminyaka emininzi kwisizwe saseSpeyin.
Isizwe saseSpeyin sathabatha amanyathelo aliqela yaye ngoDisemba 08, 1661, uPopu Alexander VII wavuma ukuphumeza isibhengezo sabapostile esasivakalisa ubukho bamandulo bengcwele.
Ke ngoko ukuvunywa kwepati ebiyeyona ibalaseleyo kwisizwe saseSpain kunye namaqela amakhulu kwaye kwabhiyozelwa ngenxa yoku, imizobo kaMurillo ikhona njengesatifikethi sayo.
Ngenxa yalo mgaqo-siseko mtsha wabapostile, umfundisi wecawa yaseSanta María la Blanca, uDomingo Velázquez Soriano, wavuma ukuyihlaziya le ndawo ingcwele, eyayifudula iyindlu yesikhungu.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba le misebenzi yacinywa ngumkhuseli wale cawa owayenguJustino de Neve kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu wayephethe ukugunyazisa imizobo kaMurillo ukuba ihombise iindonga zale tempile yonqulo.
Le mizobo kaMurillo yayijongene nokunika umbono omtsha kwesi sakhiwo samaxesha aphakathi, siguqulela ekubeni yitempile ebukekayo ye-baroque.Yaqala ngo-1662.
Baye bagqiba ngonyaka we-1665 emva kokuba unikezelo lwenziwa kunye netheko elindilekileyo lokubanika imbeko, icawa ichazwa njengomzuzu wokusungulwa kwayo.
Apho kuphawulwe ukuba imizobo kaMurillo yafunyanwa kwiindonga zesi sakhiwo ukongeza kwimihlobiso kwisikwere esasiphambi kwetempile yonqulo.
Ukongeza, i-altare eyongezelelweyo yenziwa ukubonisa imizobo emithathu kaMurillo eyayiphethwe nguNeve, i-Immaculate Conception inkulu kwi-niche ephakathi kunye noMalusi Olungileyo kunye noYohane oNgcwele uMbhaptizi kwinguqulelo yabantwana emacaleni.
Eminye imizobo kaMurillo yayimele amabali anxulumene nesiseko seBasilica yaseSanta María la Mayor eyayikwisixeko saseRoma.
Le mizobo mikhulu yabekwa kwindawo esembindini yengcwele eyakhanyiswa ngokubulela kwidome yecawe.
Ngokubhekiselele emacaleni etempile kwakukho eminye imizobo emibini kaMurillo efana ne-Immaculate Conception kunye noloyiso lwe-Eucharist.
Kodwa le mizobo yashiya isizwe saseSpain ngexesha leMfazwe yokuzimela kwaye ngokubhekiselele kwimisebenzi emibini yokuqala yabuyiselwa ngo-1816 kwaye igcinwe kwiMyuziyam yasePrado.
Eminye imizobo emibini eseleyo nguMurillo yagqithiswa ukusuka kumnini ukuya kumnini ngokungqinelana nabaqokeleli bade baba yinxalenye yeMyuziyam yaseLouvre, ibe yileyo ye-Immaculate Conception kunye nengqokelela yabucala ebhekiselele kuLoyiso lwe-Eucharist.
Ngokubhekiselele kwimizobo emibini yokuqala kaMurillo, iyimisebenzi yobugcisa enobuchule obukhulu kwaye ibhekisa kwiPhupha likaPatricio Juan kunye noMfazi wakhe apho umzobi emele umzuzu apho iNtombi ibonakala kuye ngenyanga ka-Agasti ukuze icele itempile. indawo apho babona ikhephu kwintaba i-Esquiline.
Oku kumelwa kukaMurillo kubonisa ukuba boyiswa bubuthongo apho indoda ilele etafileni egqunywe ngumbhobho obomvu.
Apho kukho incwadi eshinyeneyo awayeyifunda ngoxa umfazi wakhe esemqameni ngokwesiko laloo maxesha intloko yakhe ithi gabhu bubuthongo emsebenzini wakhe.
Ukongeza, unokubona kulo msebenzi injana emhlophe elala yenza i-whirlpool ngomzimba wayo kwaye ngenxa yokubunjwa kwayo.
Ivakalisa imvakalelo yokuphumla kwaye ubumnyama buyinxalenye yesiganeko esaphukileyo xa siqwalasela umfanekiso weNtombi Enyulu noMntwana.
Zombini zisongelwe ngokukhanya okungafaniyo okwenza umsebenzi ubonakale ulungile.Eli bali libaliswa kwinkcazo-ntetho phambi kukaPope Liberio, ngoko ke lo mboniso wahlulwe ngasekhohlo ukuya kwipatrician kunye nenkosikazi yakhe phambi kopopu oye waba nephupha elinje. .
Ngelixa kwicala lasekunene umngcelele osingise entabeni ubonakala umgama ukuxhasa eli phupha kwaye upopu ubonakala esebenza kwicanopy.
Lo mboniso oyintloko ubekwe kwinqanaba elikhulu elenziwe nge-architecture ye-classical kwaye likhanyiswa ukusuka kwicala lasekhohlo ukwenzela ukuba ukukhanya kuwele ngokuthe ngqo kumfanekiso wesetyhini.
Umfundisi ohamba naye, ngoko kukho ukukhanya kumfanekiso kapopu ophethe ubuso buka-Alexander VII ebusweni bakhe, le seti yezibane ezikhanyayo zemizobo kaMurillo.
Inokubonwa kumngcelele, owawupeyintwe ngebrashi ekhaphukhaphu kakhulu, ephantse yazoba umzobo, kwaye imifanekiso yababukeli engaphambili ifana neemilo ezisethunzini kunye nokukhanya kwisenzo somngcelele kugqame.
Imizobo kaMurillo yeCawe yamaCapuchins
Eminye imizobo kaMurillo yenziwa ngowe-1644 ukuze ibekwe kwiindonga zeConvent yaseSan Agustín naphakathi kwemisebenzi yobugcisa ebalaseleyo.
Singakhankanya iSaint Augustine ecinga ngeNtombi Enyulu kunye noKristu Wabethelelwa, yomibini imisebenzi iyinxalenye yeMyuziyam yasePrado kwaye yenziwa phakathi kwe1665 kunye ne1669.
Wayalelwa ukuba enze iiseyile ezilishumi elinesithandathu kwizigaba ezibini zeCawe yeCapuchin Convent kwisixeko saseSeville, ezazijongwe ukuhombisa isibingelelo esikhulu.
Ukongeza kwindawo yesibingelelo kwiicawe ezisecaleni nakwikwayara yesi sakhiwo, wayalela umzobo obhekiselele kwi-Immaculate Conception.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba le mizobo kaMurillo ngonyaka we-1836 ibe yinxalenye yeMyuziyam yezoBugcisa obuhle kwisixeko saseSeville, ngaphandle kweJubilee yePorziuncula, ekwiMyuziyam yaseWallraf-Richartz eCologne.
Ngokumalunga nabangcwele abafakwe kule mizobo nguMurillo apho amanani angabonwa ngababini, kunjalo ke imeko yaseSan Leandro kunye neSan Buenaventura.
Njengabangcwele uJusta kunye noRufina ababonakala kakhulu kulo mzobi ngenxa yemibala ecacileyo kunye nendalo yendalo angena ngayo kwimizobo kwi-canvas.
Omabini la manani abonisa uvakalelo olukhulu oluhlawuliswa yi-melancholy ngokubhekiselele kumsebenzi wobugcisa we-Santas Sevillanas ngezinto ezithile ze-ceramic ezibonisa urhwebo lwabo njengababumbi.
Singakwazi kwakhona ukuthetha ngeGiralda njengengqungquthela kwinyikima ye-1504 apho, ngokwesithethe, banqanda ukuwa kwayo ngokuwola umfanekiso.
Ewe, ubukho besibingelelo kwitempile yonqulo bubhekiselele kwiholo yemidlalo yeqonga yakudala apho ingcwele yafela ukholo, ibhekisa kwiSan Leandro nayo yenziwa.
Apho iseyile yakhe yayifudula iyikhaya loonongendi yayakhiwe ngaphambi kokuba amaSilamsi athimbe kwisizwe saseSpain kwaye ngoku yatshintshelwa eSan Buenaventura.
Ngoko umzobi wambonisa njengendoda enentshebe kuba umsebenzi wawubekwe kwi-Capuchin convent kunye nomzekelo weGothic ukufuzisela izinto zakudala zebali elibaliswa kwiseyile.
Kukho imizobo kaMurillo enikezelwe kwabangcwele baseFrancisca, kuquka iSan Antonio de Padua kunye neSan Cantalicio, kodwa siya kubhekisela kuleyo yaseSan Francisco eyamkela uKristu emnqamlezweni, ibe yenye yezona zinto zimele imisebenzi yalo mzobi omkhulu waseSevillian.
Ukuthamba kokukhanya kunye nomxube wemibala kuboniswa kule canvas ehambelana nomkhwa waseFrancisca kunye nemvelaphi eluhlaza yomsebenzi.
Ukongeza emzimbeni ze kaKristu, ukuqinisa imibono yasentsomini le ngcwele ngaphandle idrama emsebenzini.
Ngoko ke, ukuguqulwa kobugcisa bomzobi kunokubonwa kwenye i-canvas enesihloko esithi I-Adoration of the Shepherds, eyayipeyintwe ukuba ibekwe kwisibingelelo secawa esecaleni.
Xa uthelekisa kunye nezinye iinguqulelo zesihloko esifanayo, injalo imeko yalowo ufunyenwe kwiMyuziyam yasePrado esuka kwi-1650.
I-brushstroke ekhanyayo ibonakaliswe ngaphezu kokusetyenziswa kokukhanya ukuvumela indawo enkulu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-backlight ejongene ne-chiaroscuro kunye ne-mearance relief of Murillo's first paints.
Omnye wemizobo emikhulu kaMurillo eyabizwa ngumzobi Ikhanvasi yakho kwaye apho wabonisa khona ubuchule bakhe obukhulu kwipeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpain kuluhlu olunikezelwe kuTomás de Villanueva owayekade engumAugustinian kwaye kutshanje enziwe waba ngcwele nguPopu Alexander VII.
NjengoBhishophu Omkhulu waseValencia, enye yeempawu zakhe yayikumoya wakhe wokungqiba, obalaseliswa kwiseyile ngokumngqonga neqela elikhulu labangqibi.
Abo bancedisayo bejikeleza itafile nencwadi evuliweyo awayeyifunda kodwa bemka apho ukuze ancede aba bantu kuba inzululwazi yezakwalizwi ayincedi ngaphandle kwesisa.
Lo mboniso uboniswe kwigumbi elinengqiqo kunye ne-architecture yeklasikhi kunye nobunzulu obukhulu ngokubulela kwiindawo ezikhanyisiweyo kunye nomdlalo owenzayo wokusetyenziswa kwethunzi.
Ikholamu enkulu inokubonwa ukuba izibane zangasemva kwinqwelomoya ephakathi zenza i-halo ekhanyayo ejikeleze intloko yengcwele kwaye ukuphakama kwakhe kukhulu kakhulu ngenxa yesiqhwala esingqiba esiguqe phambi komzobo wengcwele.
Uphononongo lomqolo ongenanto lubonakaliswa kunye nobuso babaceli abasindisiweyo, ngokuqala ngendoda endala egobileyo esondeza isandla sayo.
Emehlweni ngesenzo sokungakholelwa kukho nexhegokazi elijonge ngobuso oburhabaxa plus nenkwenkwe elinda ngomonde ecenga.
Ngaphandle kokulibala inkwenkwe ekwikona esezantsi ekhohlo kulo msebenzi wobugcisa kwaye igqamile ngenxa yokukhanya ngasemva okwenziwa ngumzobi obonisa unina iingqekembe zemali azifumene kwingcwele ngovuyo olukhulu ebusweni bakhe.
Siyanixelela ukuba uBuzalwane be-Charity, ngokwezithethe zomlomo, basekwa ngenkulungwane ye-1578 ngummi uPedro Martínez owayengumlandeli wecathedral kwaye apho bangcwatyelwa khona ababuleweyo, owaqala ngonyaka we-XNUMX.
Xa abazalwana babephethe iChapel of Saint George to the Crown, eyayikwiRoyal Sheds, umthetho wokuqala wobu buzalwana, wokungcwaba abafi, wabekwa apho.
Kubalulekile ukuba wazi ukuba ngonyaka we-1640 le nkonzo yayingamabhodlo kwaye abazalwana be-Charity benza isigqibo sokuyidiliza ukuze kuqaliswe ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esitsha esathatha iminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu ukugqiba.
Isibetho sonyaka we-1649 savumela lo msebenzi ukuba uhlaziywe kwaye ngenxa yomvuzo womkhuseli onemali eninzi evumela ukuba ukuqhubela phambili komsebenzi.
Njengoko wayesisityebi uMiguel Mañara owayeyinzala yosapho lwabarhwebi abanemvelaphi yaseCorsican kwaye wakhethwa njengomzalwana omdala womyalelo ngo-1663 wavumela ukuba isakhiwo sigqitywe.
Indawo yokugcina impahla yakwa-Atarazana kwindawo yokunyamekela abagulela ukufa nayo yadityaniswa kwesi sakhiwo ukongezelela kuhlaziyo loBuzalwana Bothando olwalunenjongo yokunceda abantu abangenamakhaya.
Banike ukutya kwindawo yokukhosela eyayiza kuguqulwa ngoku ibe sisibhedlele ukuze ikwazi ukubanyanga nokuchola-chola abagulayo ababelahlwe ezitratweni njengoko babethwalwa emagxeni abazalwana baka-Charity.
Ndiyabulela kwigalelo lemali likaMañara kunye nomdla wakhe wokuqhuba inkqubo eyayihambelana nentetho yoBuzalwane be-Charity, wayenoxanduva lokukhetha abaculi abaza kunika ubomi kwiindonga zezi zakhiwo, njengabaculi uMurillo noValdés. Leal.
Ngokuphathelele izakhiwo, wakhetha uBernardo Simón de Pineda nomzobi, umzobi uPedro Roldán.” Ngenxa yoku, ingxelo yentlanganiso yabazalwana boMbutho Woncedo yenziwa ngoJulayi 13, 1670, enokufunyanwa kwiCabildos Book. enika ulwazi malunga nento eyenziwayo.
“…ucebise uNro. USodolophu waseHermano uMiguel de Mañara njengoko egqibile umsebenzi we-nra. Icawa kwaye ibekwe kuyo ubukhulu kunye nobuhle obunokubonwa kwii-hieroglyphs ezintandathu… "
«... oko kuchaza imisebenzi emithandathu yeNceba, eyishiya ukuba ingcwabe abafileyo, eyona nto iphambili ye-no. Iziko leCawe ePhambili…”
Ngokubhekiselele kwi-hieroglyphics ekhankanywe kwisicatshulwa sangaphambili, ibhekisela kwimisebenzi yeNceba kwaye ichaza imizobo emithandathu kaMurillo eyayixhonywe kwiindonga zeCawa ngaphantsi kwe-cornice.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba uyazi ukuba ezine kule mizobo yabiwa nguMarshal Soult ngexesha leMfazwe yeNkululeko.
Nganye kule mizobo kaMurillo ibhekisa kwimisebenzi yenceba, injalo imeko yokuPhilisa umntu okhubazekileyo ekwiGalari yeSizwe kwisixeko saseLondon kwaye ibhekisa ekutyeleleni abagulayo.
Omnye umzobo uSt Peter wakhululwa yiNgelosi useSaint Petersburg kwiMyuziyam yaseHermitage kwaye ihambelana nokukhulula abathinjwa.
Ilandelwa ngomnye umsebenzi wobugcisa onesihloko esithi Ukuphindaphinda Kwezonka Neentlanzi obhekiselele ekondleni abalambileyo kwaye ikumyuziyam enye eSaint Petersburg.
Omnye wemizobo kaMurillo enesihloko esithi, UkuBuyiswa koNyana wolahleko, okubhekiselele kwesinye isenzo senceba sokunxibisa abahamba ze, ikwiNational Gallery eWashington.
Kwakweli lizwe linye kukho eminye imisebenzi emibini kwisixeko saseOttawa ukusuka kwiGalari yeSizwe, ebhekisa kuDar Posada al Peregrino enesihloko esithi Abraham kunye neeNgelosi ezintathu.
Omnye umsebenzi nguMoses wokukhupha amanzi kwiliwa laseHorebhe, nto leyo ebhekisela kwisenzo senceba esinjengokuseza amanzi kumntu onxaniweyo. Umphandi uCeán Bermúdez ugqabaza ngale mizobo mihle kaMurillo:
“… uya kukwazi ukujonga ngasemva komntu ofe umzimba equleni ukuba wayewuqonda njani ukwakheka komzimba womntu. Ngokusingisele kwiiNgelosi ezintathu ezibonakala kuAbraham, umlinganiselo womntu…”
"... ubuhandiba babalinganiswa, ukubonakaliswa komoya kwimizekeliso yonyana wolahleko ... uya kubona kule mizobo ibalaseleyo imithetho yokuqulunqa eyenziwayo..."
"... yembono kunye ne-optics ... yabonisa ubuhle kunye neminqweno yentliziyo yomntu..."
Kubalulekile ukuba uqonde malunga nothotho lwemizobo kaMurillo ngokunxulumene neNceba inxibelelane neqela lemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yeEntombment kaKristu.
Eyenziwe nguPedro Roldán emele owona msebenzi wesisa wobuzalwana beSisa wokungcwaba abafileyo wathatha isibingelelo esikhulu.
Emva kwale misebenzi yobugcisa, ubuzalwana beCharity barhoxisa eminye imizobo kaMurillo kunye noValdés Leal ngo-1672, kwaye bawugqiba umxholo wangaphambili ngokuhambelana nomdla womkhuseli oyintloko wobuzalwana, uMiguel de Mañara.
Ngokubhekiselele kwimizobo emibini kaMurillo, uphakamisa izenzo kubazalwana be-Charity ukuba bazichaze njengomsebenzi wobugcisa ka-Saint John kaThixo kunye no-Saint Elizabeth waseHungary ephilisa i-tiñosos, zombini imisebenzi namhlanje kwitempile yonqulo.
Babonisa ukusetyenziswa kwesisa. Ukuba bekuyimfuneko ukulayisha abantu abangenakuzinceda kumadoda akhe njengoko wenzayo uYohane oNgcwele kaThixo okanye ukucoca amanxeba ngaphandle kokuguqula ubuso bakhe.
Umzekelo wengcwele yaseHungary kunye nemizobo kaMurillo ukutolika ngokwenyani kwamanxeba emzimbeni wabagulayo kwabonakaliswa ngendalo yonke.
Ngenxa yoko wagxekwa ngenxa yokwazi ukudibanisa i-sublime kunye ne-vulgar xa lo mzobo udluliselwe eParis yimikhosi yaseFransi kwiimfazwe phakathi kwamazwe amabini.
Imizobo Yentsimi Yonqulo
Kukho eminye imizobo ka-Murillo ngokumalunga ne-iconography yenkolo ebaluleke kakhulu ukukhankanya kweli nqaku elinomdla, ke siyakumema ukuba ufunde malunga nenye yazo.
Ngokuphathelele kwiMithetho Enyulu
Kwimizobo kaMurillo kukho malunga namashumi amabini emisebenzi yobugcisa enxulumene nesi sihloko se-Immaculate Conception, isixa esadlulayo nguJosé Antolínez kuphela, ngenxa yesi sizathu waziwa ngokuba ngumzobi we-Immaculate Conception.
Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba isiqalo sale mizobo nguMurillo ebhekiselele kulo mfanekiso wemifanekiso eqingqiweyo ibhekiselele kuMbaliso oMkhulu okwiMyuziyam yezoBugcisa obuLungileyo kwisixeko saseSeville.
Yapeyintwa iodolo yeFrancisca kwaye yafakwa kwi-arch ye-chapel ephambili, ngoko ke ukuphakama ekufuneka kujongwe kuyo kuyachazwa kwaye kungoko umfanekiso obambekayo walo msebenzi. Ithathwa njengeyomhla ukusuka kunyaka we-1650 ngenxa yendlela yebrashi yomzobi.
Kulo msebenzi, ujongene nokuqhawula izibalo, ukunika i-Immaculate Conception nge-dynamism kunye nemvakalelo yokunyuka ngentshukumo ebonwa kwi-cape ye-Virgin. kumbono wePhuthukezi uBeatriz de Silva.
Eyakhunjulwa nguPacheco kwimiyalelo ye-iconography kodwa uMurillo wenza izinto ezintsha kuphela washiya inyanga phantsi kweenyawo zakhe kwaye emafini izithunywa zezulu zabantwana zinokubonwa ngokubhekiselele kwimvelaphi ye-landscape ngumcu omfutshane kakhulu kunye nenkungu.
Enye i-canvas yesibini yolu melo yenzelwe umyalelo weFrancisca, ababengabakhuseli abakhulu bemfihlakalo, besenza umfanekiso weFray Juan de Quirós ngonyaka we-1652.
Apha i-friar ibonakala izotywe phambi komfanekiso we-Immaculate Conception ojikelezwe zizithunywa zezulu ezize nazo iimpawu ezibhekiselele kwii-litanies, ngoko ke uphazamisa ukubhala kwakhe ukuze akwazi ukujonga ababukeli bomsebenzi.
Uhleli phambi kwetafile apho kubonakala iincwadi ezimbini ezishinyeneyo awazibhalayo enika imbeko kwiNtombi Enyulu uMariya. umfanekiso we-Immaculate.
Ukuba ngumzobo phakathi komnye umzobo owenziwe ngokubulela ngokusetyenziswa kweekholamu kunye neefestoons zeentyantyambo, iNtombikazi ibuye inqumle izandla esifubeni sayo.
Ujongo lwakhe luphakanyiselwe esibhakabhakeni, lo mfanekiso ngulowo aya kuwuphinda kwimizobo emininzi kaMurillo malunga neenguqulelo zalo msebenzi wobugcisa.
Ngokuphathelele i-Immaculate Conception awayizobela iCawa yaseSanta María la Blanca, inxulunyaniswa ne-Eucharist, eyona nto isisiseko kwimfundiso yeCawa yamaKatolika egcina uMariya esonweni.
Ufanele ukwazi ukuba ngaphambi kokuba ukwazi ukungena kwi-Drawing Academy, abadwebi be-Sevillian kwafuneka bathathe isifungo sokuthembeka kwiSakramente eNgcwele kunye neMfundiso ye-Immaculate Conception.
Kulo mboniso we-Murillo iimpawu zayo zibonwa ngokukodwa ngonyaka we-1660 apho i-Immaculate Conception ye-El Escorial yenziwa, namhlanje kwiMyuziyam yasePrado, ibe yenye yezona zinto zihle kakhulu ezenziwe ngumzobi.
Ukwenza lo mzobo omhle, wasebenzisa imodeli yokufikisa ebonisa ulutsha oluninzi kunezinye iinguqulelo kunye neprofayili engabonakaliyo yeNtombikazi ene-cape enokuthi ikhutshwe ngokungaqhelekanga emzimbeni.
Ukongeza kwimvisiswano yesiqhelo imibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye emhlophe kunye nokusetyenziswa amafu esilivere ngaphantsi ukukhanya okuncinci kwegolide ejikeleze indawo ejikeleze umzobo we-Immaculate.
Ziya kuba ziimpawu eziya kuqheleka kwezinye iinguqulelo zale ntombi enyulu, eyokugqibela kwezi nguqulelo ibe yenye enesihloko esithi Immaculate Conception of the Venerables.
Iyaziwa ngegama le-Immaculate Soult kwiMyuziyam yasePrado, eyenziwa kwi-1678 ngumkhuseli u-Justino de Neve kwenye yezibingelelo eziphambili zeSibhedlele de los Venerables.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba umzobo mkhulu ngelixa iNtombi Enyulu incinci kuba ijikelezwe linani elikhulu leengelosi ezincinci ezivuyayo zijikeleza ngeenxa zonke kuye, zibe ngumanduleli wentshukumo entsha ye-rococo.
Lo msebenzi wobugcisa we-Murillo wabiwa eSpeyin nguMarshal Soult, ngoko wafunyanwa yiMyuziyam yaseLouvre ngo-1852 ngexabiso le-franc zegolide ze-586.000, ukuba ngomnye wamanani aphezulu ahlawulwe umsebenzi wobugcisa.
Emva koko ibuyela kwisizwe saseSpain kwaye ikhuselwe kwiMyuziyam yasePrado ngenxa yesivumelwano esisayinwe phakathi koorhulumente ababini, iFransi neSpain, ngo-1940.
Kule nto, i-Lady of Elche kunye neminye imisebenzi yobugcisa yatshintshwa ngomzobo we-portrait ka-Mariana wase-Austria eyenziwa nguVelázquez, eyayiphethwe yiMyuziyam yasePrado kwaye yayithathwa njengenguqulo yokuqala yalo mzobo.
Umntwana onguYesu kunye noYohane oNgcwele
Omnye wemizobo kaMurillo awayedla ngokuyenza ibhekisa kwiNtombi Enyulu kunye noMntwana eyedwa okanye emzimbeni opheleleyo, babencinci ngobukhulu kuba babeneendawo ezichongiweyo zokunqula ngasese kunye ngokubhekiselele kwimisebenzi egciniweyo kuye. iminyaka 1650 ukuya 1660.
Ubuchwephesha be-chiaroscuro buyabonwa kwaye ngaphandle kokuzinikela kwakhe ubonisa ukuthanda ubuhle bomfazi ngokwendalo edibene nobabalo oluphantse lube ngathi lomntwana ngenxa yempembelelo yegcisa lase-Italiya eligama linguRaphael awadibana nalo ngokubulela kwimikrolo.
Apho iimodeli zolutsha ezibhityileyo zeeNtombi ziyabonakala ukongeza kwintetho ethambileyo ebusweni babo kamama owenza ukusetyenziswa kwezinye iisimboli ngokungeyomfuneko ukongeza kwimpembelelo yepeyinti yeFlemish.
Oko kwabonwa kwimpahla kwaye phakathi kwezo zinokuchazwa yiNtombi Enyulu yeRosari kunye noMntwana okwiMyuziyam yasePrado.
Ukongeza kwiNtombi Enyulu kunye noMntwana wePitti Palace apho imbonakalo yethenda yeNtombi ibonwa kunye noncumo oludlalayo loMntwana apho iintlobo ngeentlobo zemithunzi epinki kunye nebhlowu zidityaniswa njengokungcamla kwentshukumo entsha yobugcisa. , iRococo.
Njengale mizobo kaMurillo, umdla wakhe kweminye imisebenzi yobugcisa ehambelana nomjikelo wobusana bukaKristu wabonwa, njengeFlight into Egypt ekwidolophu yaseDetroit kwiZiko loBugcisa.
Singakhankanya kwakhona iSagrada Familia ekwiMyuziyam yasePrado kunye nezinye iinguqulelo zayo ezimbini eDerbyshire naseChatsworth House.
UMurillo wayenomdla kwimiba yobuntwana kaKristu kunye neemvakalelo zomzobo weBaroque waseSpain ubonakala kweminye imizobo kaMurillo, njengoMntwana uYesu elele emnqamlezweni okanye esikelela uMbhaptizi njengomntwana okanye obizwa ngokuba yiSan Juanito.
Singakhankanya inguqulelo ekhuselweyo kwiMyuziyam yasePrado, ithathwa njengomsebenzi kade ngulo mculi kwaye usukela ngo-1675, ibe yenye yezona ziyaziwa kakhulu, eyayitsalwa ngebrashi yolwelo kwimvelaphi yesilivere yeeprofayili ukuba bafumana inkunkuma. .
Ngokubhekiselele kwiSihloko soMalusi oLungileyo ukuba umzobi wethu sele etolikiwe, ubhenela kwinguqulelo yabantwana awayiqulunqa kwimisebenzi emithathu yobugcisa, mhlawumbi eyona nto indala kakhulu ukususela ngonyaka we-1660 ikwiMyuziyam yasePrado.
Okumele umntwana onegusha elahlekileyo enethoni yokuphola kunye nokuzinikela, ehleli ngasemva kwimvelaphi yomhlaba ongamabhodlo.
Enye inguqulelo yemizobo kaMurillo ibalaselisa uYesu emi ekhokela umhlambi kwaye ifumaneka kwisixeko saseLondon kwiNgqokelela yeLane apho kubonwa indawo yokwalusa, ukongeza kubuso boMntwana obujonge esibhakabhakeni, efumana ngokuvakalayo.
Ekugqibeleni kukho eyaseSan Juanito kunye netakane ekwisixeko saseLondon kwiGalari yeSizwe apho uJuan omncinane umBhaptizi ebonakala encumile.
Ngelixa esanga itakane, asinakusilela ukukhankanya iLos Niños de la Concha, ekwakwiMyuziyam yasePrado kwaye ukhumbula iSanta John kunye noMntwana onguYesu odlala ngokunxulumene nokuhlonela uThixo kwaye ngumsebenzi odumileyo wemifanekiso. .
Izihloko ezibhekiselele kwiPassion
Kwimizobo kaMurillo unokubona imiboniso enxulumene nokufela ukholo, njengokufela ukholo kuka-Saint Andrew, egcinwe kwiMyuziyam yasePrado, nangona imifanekiso ebhekiselele ekuzinikeleni njengePassion kaKristu ihlala rhoqo.
Esinye sezihloko eziphindaphindwayo kakhulu kwimizobo kaMurillo ibhekisela kwi-Ecce Homo ngokuzimeleyo okanye ukwenza isibini kunye neDolorosa ngokweemodeli ezenziwe nguTiti kwaye zibonwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yobugcisa efumaneka kwiMyuziyam yasePrado.
Kwakhona isiqingatha-ubude njengoko kufunyenwe Heckscher Museum eNew York ukuthandana phakathi kweminyaka 1660 ukuya 1670. Kukho neminye imizobo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi ezifana Texas kwiMyuziyam of Art kwakunye kwisixeko Boston kwi Museum. yoBugcisa obuGcisa.
Singakhankanya iMyuziyam yoBugcisa obuLungileyo eSeville kunye neYunivesithi yase-Illinois e-Urbana-Champaign engeyiyo ivangeli.
Kodwa ixubusha ngemibandela engcwele ebalulekileyo kwiCawa yamaKatolika ngenxa yokuchaza kwayo ngokucacileyo apho umhlawuleli egqalwa njengongenakuzinceda ngokupheleleyo yaye egruzukile.
Apho aqokelela iimpahla ezithe saa egumbini engumzekelo wokuthobeka kunye nobulali. Omnye wemizobo kaMurillo enxulumene nesi sihloko ibhekisa kuKristu weKholamu ecaleni kweSaint Peter iinyembezi.
Oku kuthetha ukuxolelwa kwaye yenzelwe iCanon Justino de Neve Ukongeza, izinto ezityebileyo ezisetyenziselwa inkxaso zibalaseleyo, namhlanje yaziwa ngokuba ishidi le-obsidian elaziswa kwisizwe saseMexico.
Esi siqwenga sikhankanywe kwi-inventory ye-asethi ye-Justino de Neve ngexesha lokufa kwakhe, ngaphezu koMthandazo kwiGadi eyayipeyintwe kule nto inye.
Baye bafunyanwa kwifandesi ngugqirha wotyando uJuan Salvador Navarro kwaye ukusuka kuye ukuya eNicolás Omazur kwaye namhlanje bakwiMyuziyam yaseLouvre.
Ngokuphathelele kuHlobo oluNyucu
Ngokubhekiselele kwimizobo kaMurillo, kukho malunga namashumi amabini anesihlanu emveliso yobugcisa enxulumene nolu hlobo apho imisebenzi yobugcisa ehambelana nemixholo yabantwana inokubonwa.Kufuneka wazi ukuba uninzi lwale mixholo lwaziswa eSpeyin ngabarhwebi baseFlemish ababehlala eSeville.
Phakathi kwaba bathengi kwakukho uNicolás de Omazur, owayengumqokeleli obalulekileyo wemisebenzi yomzobi owayesingelwe kwimarike yaseNordic, phakathi kwabanye babo ngaBantwana Abadlala Idayisi ekwiAlte Pinakothek kwisixeko saseMunich.
Kuyabonakala kwimizobo kaMurillo ukuba abalinganiswa bakhe ngabantwana abangqibayo okanye iintsapho ezithobekileyo ezinxibe iimpahla eziphantse zibe ngamadlavu kodwa ezichasene nolonwabo abakulo ngalo mzuzu baboniswe kuwo.
Umzekelo woku nguMntwana oxakeke kakhulu ekucoceni umzimba wakhe weentakumba kwaye okwiMyuziyam yaseLouvre, ethi ngokwendlela yokuphatha kwakhe obu buchule ijongwe ukusukela kunyaka we-1665 ukuya kowe-1675.
Inokubonwa kwimizobo kaMurillo ukuba umoya wobuntwana uhlala ulungele ukudlala, njengoko unokubona umntwana ephethe isonka sakhe kwaye uphazanyiswa yinjana edlala ngaxeshanye phakathi kwemilenze yakhe ngelixa umakhulu wakhe ehlambulula intloko yeentwala. kwaye ibhekisa kwintetho yakudala:
“…umntwana oneentwala usempilweni kwaye mhle…”
Ubonisa uvuyo lomntwana komnye wemizobo kaMurillo, efana noChild Smiling at the Window, engenantsingiselo ngaphezu koncumo lwakhe oluhle xa ejonge efestileni into ebangela ukuba abe nobabalo olunjalo kodwa ababukeli bathintelwe ekuwazini umcimbi. .
Eminye imizobo kaMurillo, efana naBantwana ababini Abatya kwiPan okanye Abantwana Abadlala Idayisi, yayingumdlalo owawungavunywanga ngabantu abanesimilo.
Kodwa injongo yayo yayikukubonisa ulonwabo kumdlalo olula, njengoko kunokubonwa nakumsebenzi Isimemo soMdlalo weBhola kwiFosholo.
Apho amathandabuzo omntwana aboniswa ukuba ufanele enze okuthile okanye ahlale edlala nomnye ophawula ububi bakhe aze amcele ukuba adlale. Sinokukhankanya enye yemisebenzi yakhe iTres Muchachos okanye iDos Golfillos y un Negrito.
Apho ukujongana ngokwengqondo kubonwa phambi kwesiganeko esingalindelekanga, inkwenkwe emnyama ethwele ingqayi emagxeni akhe.
Umzobi wethu unokubhekisa kulo mzobo kuMartin ikhoboka lakhe elimnyama elimnyama owazalwa malunga nonyaka ka-1662 likufutshane namakhwenkwe amabini alungele ukufumana ikeyiki.
Ngobubele ucela iqhekeza kwaye omnye wabo ubonakala ehlekisa ngokumnika ngoxa enye inkwenkwe ngoloyiko izama ukulifihla ezandleni zayo.
Omnye umzekelo woku ngumsebenzi wobugcisa obizwa ngokuba ngabafazi ababini efestileni ekwiNational Gallery of Art eWashington, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yeyomboniso webrothel kunye nokuba uNicolás de Omazur wayenokuwufumana kwifandesi yetestamente kaJustino de Neve. . .
Ngokuphathelele kwiMifanekiso
Kukho imizobo embalwa kaMurillo malunga nohlobo lomzobo, omnye wabo ngulo weCanon Justino de Neve, okwisixeko saseLondon kwiGalari yeSizwe. Apho uboniswa ehleli edesikeni yakhe kunye nenja yenja ezinyaweni zakhe enemvelaphi entle kakhulu evula igadi eqheleke kakhulu kwipeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpain.
Kwakhona wenza i-portraits yobude obupheleleyo, njengoko kubonakaliswe ngumfanekiso kaDon Juan Antonio de Miranda y Ramírez de Vergara, oyinxalenye yengqokelela yeeDukes zaseAlba kwaye ibuyele kwi-1680. Singakhankanya imifanekiso kaNicolás de Omazur. ukuba babekwiMyuziyam yasePrado kunye nezo zenkosikazi yakhe u-Isabel de Malcampo apho incasa yeflamenco iboniswa.
Ewe, uphethe iintyatyambo ezandleni zakhe ngelixa ephethe ukhakhayi, olufuzisela umzobo we-vanitas, ongokwesithethe saseNordic. Uphinde wasebenzisa le fomu ukwenza imizobo yakhe emibini yobuqu kwenye yazo akhangeleka eselula kwaye iphezu kwelitye lebhastile ngokungathi yinto yokukhulula.
Ngokubhekiselele kwelinye elipeyintiweyo ngesicelo sabantwana bakhe, likwisakhelo se-oval kwaye lidlala nge-optical illusion njengoko esinye sezandla zakhe siphuma emsebenzini kwaye sihamba kunye nezixhobo zakhe zokudweba.
Omnye wemizobo kaMurillo eyodwa kakhulu kwaye inomtsalane ngumfanekiso kaDon Antonio Hurtado de Salcedo, owaziwa ngokuba nguMfanekiso woMzingeli kwaye usukela ngo-1664 kwaye uyinxalenye yengqokelela yabucala.
Ipeyinti enkulu kwaye iMarquis yaseLegarda yi-protagonist yalo msebenzi, ngubani ekuphakameni kwakhe ekuzingeleni, ethe tye kwaye ejonge phambili kunye ne-shotgun ehleli phantsi.Uhamba kunye nomfanekiso wesicaka kunye nezinja ezintathu. .
Imizobo yokugqibela kaMurillo kunye nokufa kwakhe
Emva kokwenza uthotho alwenzele iSibhedlele i-de la Caridad, eyacinywa kakhulu, uMurillo akazange afumane iikomishini zolo bukhulu ngonyaka we-1678.
Kwabakho indlala kwisizwe saseSpeyin yaye ngowe-1680 kwabakho inyikima eyadala umonakalo omtsha.
Ngoko ke, ubutyebi bezoqoqosho becawa batyalwe kwi-charity, yingakho bengenakukwazi ukuhombisa iitempile, nangona oku kwenzeka kumculi wethu, akazange aswele iikhomishini ezivela kwabanye abaxhasi, njengoJustino de Neve, kunye nabarhwebi bangaphandle. owayehlala kwisixeko saseSeville.
Abacele imisebenzi yobugcisa benkolo yee-oratorio zabo zabucala kunye nemizobo kaMurillo kwezinye iindidi. Ngokuphathelele uNicolás de Omazur, wafika kwisixeko saseSeville ngo-1656 kwaye kwiminyaka nje elishumi elinesine wagunyazisa imisebenzi engamashumi amathathu ananye yigcisa lethu.
Phakathi kwayo kukho uMtshato waseKana okwiziko leBarber eBirmingham. Sinokukhankanya omnye umxhasi wemvelaphi yaseGenoese, uGiovanni Bielato, owahlala kwisixeko saseCádiz ngo-1662.
Kuya kufuneka uyazi ukuba lo mrhwebi wasweleka ngo-1681 kwaye wazuza njengelifa kwi-Capuchin convent kwidolophu yakowabo imizobo esixhenxe nguMurillo esuka kwiminyaka eyahlukeneyo anayo, ekhoyo ngoku kwiimyuziyam ezahlukeneyo.
Ngokumalunga nale mizobo kaMurillo, singakhankanya uSanto Tomás de Villanueva enika amalizo afumaneka kwisixeko saseLondon kwiNgqokelela yeWallace ngonyaka we-1670.
Kuthiwa ukufa kuka-Murillo kwaba ngumphumo wokuwa kwi-scaffolding xa wayepeyinta umzobo omkhulu othi Los Desposorios de Santa Catalina.
Oku kuwa kwaveliswa kwigcisa i-hernia eyayingenakuhlolwa kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu wafa emva kwexesha elifutshane, ekubeni akazange ashiye isixeko saseSeville kwakhona ukususela ekupheleni kwe-1681 kwaye ngo-Aprili 03, 1682 wafa.
Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi koko, ngokukhethekileyo ngoMatshi 28, 1682, wayekwisinye sezonka zokwabiwa kwezonka ezaziququzelelwa yiBrotherhood of Charity awayeyinxalenye yayo. Ngolwazi lwakho, uzuze ilifa lakhe kunyana wakhe uGaspar Esteban Murillo, owayengumfundisi, kunye noJustino de Neve kunye noPedro Núñez de Villavicencio.
Lo mnqophiso ubhalwe ngomhla wokufa kwakhe.Kolu xwebhu, wachaza ukuba unetyala kuNicolás de Omazur kuba wayemnike iiseyile ezimbini ezincinci ezixabisa amashumi amathandathu eepesos kwaye usemtyala amashumi amane eepeso kwikhulu awayenalo. wamnika.
Iiseyile ezimbini ebezingekagqitywa, enye yaseSanta Catalina, eyagunyaziswa nguDiego del Campo ngexabiso leepesos ezingamashumi amathathu anesibini. Ukongeza komnye umzobo obude besiqingatha seNkosikazi Yethu kumluki kwaye andizange ndikhumbule igama lale ndoda.
Kwakhona kwakulahlekile i-canvas enkulu yeMitshato yeMystic yaseSanta Catalina yesibingelelo esikhulu samaCapuchins aseCádiz, apho wenza kuphela umzobo kwi-canvas kwaye wasebenzisa umbala kumanani amathathu.
Lo mzobo wagqitywa ngomnye wabafundi bakhe ogama linguFrancisco Meneses Osorio owayephethe ukwenza eminye imizobo yale tempile yonqulo kwisixeko saseCádiz, ekhuselweyo namhlanje kwiMyuziyam yaseCádiz.
Abafundi kunye nabalandeli bakaMurillo
Kuya kufuneka uyazi ukuba imizobo kaMurillo ebhekiselele kwimixholo yonqulo iye yanda ekuthandeni kwayo ekupheleni kwamashumi eminyaka edlulileyo enkulungwane ye-XNUMX kwisixeko saseSeville nakwinkulungwane elandelayo.
Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba akukho namnye wabafundi bakhe owakwaziyo ukufunda ubuchule bukaMurillo bokukhanya kunye nokuvuleka komzobo, kuncinci ukukhanya kunye nokubonakala kombala, okwakungumgangatho omkhulu wegcisa.
Omnye wabafundi abaziwayo kakhulu nguFrancisco Meneses Osorio, owayephethe ukugqiba umsebenzi oqaliswe nguMurillo emva kokuwa kwakhe kwisibingelelo saseCapuchin kwisixeko saseCádiz.
Singaphinda sikhankanye uCornelio Schut owafika kwisixeko saseSeville kwaye ezinye iiseyile ezifanayo kakhulu kwimizobo kaMurillo zaziwa, kodwa ngokwemizobo yeoyile yakhe zazingeyonto ngaphandle kokuqonda.
Omnye wabafundi bakhe kunye nabahlobo bakhe yayinguPedro Núñez de Villavicencio kwaye wayengowoMyalelo waseMalta, evumela ukunxibelelana nomzobo womnye umzobi. Kwakukho abafundi abaliqela bemizobo kaMurillo, esinokuthi sikhankanye:
- UJerome waseBobadilla
- UJuan Simon Gutierrez
- Esteban Marquez de Velasco
- Sebastian Gomez
- UJuan de Pareja
Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo abapeyinti u-Alonso Miguel de Tovar kunye noBernardo Lorente Germán owayephethe ukupeyinta i-Divine Shepherdesses ngenxa yempembelelo kaMurillo, omnye umzobi obaluleke kakhulu kule nkulungwane nguDomingo Martínez owayekhonza enkundleni. ukusuka kunyaka we-1729 ukuya ku-1733.
Ukuba lixesha lozuko kumculi uMurillo ngenxa yokubaluleka okukhulu u-Queen Isabel de Farnese wamnika, owayephethe ukuthenga yonke imizobo kaMurillo eyayikulo mzi waseSeville. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba le mizobo namhlanje yile igcinwe kwiMyuziyam yasePrado.
Uvavanyo olubalulekileyo lweli gcisa
Inani elikhulu lemizobo ye-Murillo inokubonwa kwiingqokelela ze-Flemish nakwiingingqi zaseJamani ezihambelana ngokuthe ngqo nemiboniso yohlobo, umzekelo woku abantwana abadla iidiliya kunye ne-Melon, ehlala kwisixeko sase-Antwerp ukususela ngo-1658.
Ngokubhekiselele komnye wemizobo kaMurillo, Abantwana abadlala idayisi bagqama, ebhalwe ngonyaka we-1698 kwisixeko sase-Antwerp, kuba zombini iiseyile zathengwa nguMaximilian II.
Eminye imizobo kaMurillo ifunyenwe kwisizwe sase-Italiya esanikelwa ngumrhwebi uGiovanni Bielato kwiCawe yamaCapuchins nalapho uMurillo ngokwakhe wawa kwisibingelelo esikhulu.
Ngokubhekiselele kwisizwe saseNgilani, imizobo kaMurillo yathathwa nguLord Godolphin ngo-1693, owathenga umzobo obizwa ngokuba ngabantwana baseMorella ngesixa esikhulu, namhlanje esibizwa ngokuba ngamakhwenkwe amathathu.
Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba imizobo kaMurillo yakhuthazwa ngenxa yebhayiloji yokuqala enikezelwe kulo mzobi ubalaseleyo ngo-1683, owaqukwa kwi-Academia nobilissima artis victoriae, kunye nombhali wencwadi uJoachim von Sandrart, owayethetha kuphela ngeVelázquez.
Ke umzobi wethu uMurillo nguye yedwa waseSpain onebhayiloji yakhe kunye nokuzotywa kwakhe. Ngokufanayo, iFransi nayo yafumana imizobo kaMurillo.
Njengoko iyimisebenzi emibini eyayiyipropathi ye-Countess yaseVerrue ukongeza kwimizobo emine yenkolo eyafunyanwa nguLouis XVI ukuba ibekwe eLouvre, kungoko ukuthandwa okukhulu kwalo mzobi kumazwe aseFransi.
Ngokumalunga nenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, imizobo emininzi kaMurillo yalishiya iFransi ukuze ibekwe kwiMyuziyam yaseNapoleon. Ukongeza, uMashal Jean de Dieu Soult webe imisebenzi yobugcisa emininzi eyenziwe ligcisa lethu eSeville.
Apho wagcina imizobo elishumi elinesine kaMurillo kwingqokelela yakhe yabucala, engazange ibuyele kwisixeko saseSpain nakwifandesi awayeyibambe kwisixeko saseParis ngo-1852.
Isixa-mali esingaqhelekanga sama-586.000 eefranc zegolide sahlawulelwa iSoult's Immaculate, lixabiso eliphezulu kakhulu elihlawulweyo kude kube ngoko ngomsebenzi wobugcisa.
Eminye imizobo kaMurillo yathengiswa eFransi naseLondon, ingqokelela yomgcini-bhanki uAlejandro María Aguado noLuis Felipe I, eyayixatyiswe kakhulu emva komboniso owawubanjwe ngowe-1848.
Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku linomdla, ndiyakumema ukuba undwendwele amakhonkco alandelayo: