Indalo iphela inesiqalo okanye ugqabhuko-dubulo olukhulu lokwandiswa kwayo (Big Bang) kwaye kukho intetho yesiphelo (Big Crunch). Kodwa kwenzeka ntoni ngelo xesha phakathi kwezi Zimbini ziKhulu? Indalo ibisoloko iguquka njani ngaphambi kokufika koKuwa okuKhulu? Kukho ubungqina obuninzi kunye nemibuzo malunga nezi nyaniso kangangokuba oko siqhele ukukwazi njenge I-Cosmology.
Yintoni iCosmology?
I-Cosmology yinzululwazi efumana imvelaphi kunye ukuguquka kweNdalo njengayo yonke into.
Iithiyori kunye neMbali yokuzivelela kweCosmology
El uphuhliso lwecosmology Ayihambanga kunye nokuqwalaselwa kovavanyo, kuba oku kudla ngokuntsonkotha kakhulu ukwenza, kwaye kuphela ziinyani ezithile ezaziwayo ezisetyenziselwa ukunika iingxoxo zokugqwesa kwithiyori engakholelekiyo enokubonakaliswa ngokwenyani ngokwemigaqo yayo yokugqibela.
Ngalo mqondo, okwangoku, umfuniselo, ikakhulu iiprobe ezithunyelwe kwi indawo kunye nemitha le yecosmos okanye yendalo iphela esiyiphuthaphutha eMhlabeni, ibangela ixesha legolide kwithiyori ye-cosmological, kwaye kwakhona iziganeko ziphambi kwethu. Nangona kunjalo, uluntu luyayazi kwaye izizathu zokuba inxalenye yentelekelelo ngokungathandabuzekiyo inxulumene nale nxalenye yeFiziksi.
Singafumana isiqalo se-Western Cosmology kwiminyaka engama-2500 eyadlulayo, kwixesha lamaGrike. Kunokuchazwa ukuba inkulu yokuqala ithiyori yecosmological, eyahlala de kwayiRenaissance, yayikhuselwe nguPlato yaye, ngaphezu kwako konke, uAristotle, eneenxalenye zayo ezine, oko kukuthi, umhlaba, amanzi, umoya nomlilo.
Ukongeza kuloo ntshukumo inyamezelayo negqibeleleyo yezinto zasezulwini ezichazwe kwiingqukuva ezisibhozo ezijikelezayo zekristale, into leyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-quintessence. Yonke yenziwe nguMenzi oMkhulu, kunye ne Umhlaba esiphakathini.
Ngokunjalo, ixesha le-Aristotelian Cosmology nalo linokubhencwa lutshintsho lwe-ad hoc olwenziwa sisazi ngeenkwenkwezi uClaudius Ptolemy ukuze kucaciswe izinto ezingaqondakaliyo eziye zabonwa kwindalo. intshukumo yeenkwenkwezi (ngokukodwa ukuhlehla kweeplanethi).
Kwelinye icala, akuzange kube ngunyaka we-1543 xa imodeli yejografi ka-Aristotle yatshintshwa yimodeli ye-heliocentric yesazi sezibalo sasePoland uNicholas Copernicus, owathi kanye ngonyaka wokufa kwakhe wabhengeza umsebenzi wakhe wohlaziyo lwehlabathi. Izijikelezi zezulu.
Ngaloo ndlela, ezi ngcamango ziye zavunyelwa ngokuqhubekayo kwaye zafezekiswa izazi ngeenkwenkwezi njengoJohannes Kepler waseJamani ukuya kuMmandla omtsha womxhuzulane weNgesi uIsaac Newton, owaqhubeka de uAlbert Einstein wachaza ingcamango yakhe yeGeneral Relativity ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
Ekugqibeleni, kwinqanaba lokugqibela le-Cosmology intetho iye yatshintsha kakhulu, oko kukuthi, i ulwazi lwe Indalo ngomlinganiselo omkhulu ayinakwahlulwa kuphononongo lwefiziksi kweyona incinci, kwakuyimfuneko ukuba i-Astronomy kunye neParticle Physics zihamba kunye ukuze kwakhiwe nayiphi na ithiyori yecosmological.
Unokuba nomdla: AMAQELA: IMFIHLO EFIHLEKILEYO YEZINKWEZI KWINDLELA YETHU YOBUSI
Umgaqo weCosmological
El Umgaqo wendalo yonke, Iqinisekisa ukuba bonke abakhi-mkhanyo abasisiseko bajonga i-cosmohistory efanayo. Ngokufanayo, lo mgaqo uchasene nale "migaqo ye-anthropic" ekhankanywe ngasentla, apho imbono yethu kwi-Universe iya kuba nelungelo.
3 Idatha ngokumalunga noMgaqo weCosmological
Kubalulekile ukwazi yonke into enxulumene nolu qwalaselo ukuze uqonde ngokulula ngakumbi ukuqala i-cosmological.
1. Iziphumo ezithe ngqo
Esinye seziphumo ezithe ngqo zomgaqo-nkqubo we-cosmological kukuqikelela ukulingana kunye ne-isotropy ye Indalo ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Kukho ukrokrelelo olukhulu lokuba ubume beNdalo iphela bubonisa ukufana okungaqhelekanga kwento kunye nemitha yemitha kwizikali zeminyaka yokukhanya eyi-108.
2. I-metric kaRobertson-Walker
Umgaqo wecosmological ukwazisa i Ijometri ekufuneka sisebenzise ukulinganisa imigama kunye namathuba exesha kwesi sikali, kwaye ngenxa yoku kufuneka sifumane i-metric elawula le jiyometri kumlinganiselo omkhulu.
3. Uzifumana njani izibalo?
Ezi zibalo zisekelwe kwi Unxulumano Einstein Jikelele, kodwa akufuneki siyishiye ecaleni into yokuba yonke into isekelwe ngokulandelelana kwimisebenzi yeegeometers ezinkulu, kwaye ngaphandle kwezo zikayise wejometri, u-Euclid, imisebenzi yejometri engeyiyo ye-Euclidean yamaJamani uCarl Friedrich Gauss kunye UBernhard Riemann, ummi waseHungary uJános Bolyai noNikolai Lobachevski waseRashiya, ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, bathabatha isigqibo. Ke makhe sibone ukuba ithathwa njani imetric.
Ngokuqhelekileyo iqala kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-Weyl postulate ethatha ukufana kwe Indalo njenge-substrate okanye ulwelo olugqibeleleyo apho i-geodesics i-orthogonal kusapho lwe-space-genus hypersurfaces.
Oko kukuthi, siya kusebenza nento eyaziwa ngokuba ukuhambisa ulungelelwaniso, ezichazwe ngokuwa kwamahhala kwabakhi-mkhanyo abayimfuneko, ukwenzela ukuba ii-geodesics ezimbini zingaphambanisi ngaphandle kwendawo enye kwixesha elidlulileyo okanye elizayo.
Ukuba abakhi-mkhanyo abasisiseko badibanisa iiwotshi zabo xa bebonke iiparamitha zecosmological banamaxabiso afanayo (ubushushu, ubuninzi obuphakathi, uxinzelelo, phakathi kwezinye) ixesha eliqhelekileyo elisebenzayo yinto eyaziwa ngokuba lixesha le-cosmic t, eliya kuchaza umphezulu wexesha elinye. Imizobo yeeparamitha ezibonwa ngabakhi-mkhanyo bokuqala yinto esiyibiza ngokuba yi-cosmohistory.
I-Cosmology kunye neBig Bang
Nangona imodeli ye Isandi esikhulu okanye ekwaziwa ngokuba yiBig Bang, ngumzekelo wethiyori obonwa ngamandla kwaye wamkelwa ngesisa phakathi koluntu lwezenzululwazi, kukho imiba ekusafuneka isonjululwe.
Unokuba nomdla: BIG BANG: INGCACISO KUNYE NOBUNGQINA OBUBONISA UKUQALA KWESIZWE
Izifundo eziSisiseko ezi-6 zobudlelwane phakathi kweCosmology kunye neBig Bang
Ezinye zezi zifundo zezi:
1. Ukungazi ngeMvelaphi yeCosmology
Akwaziwa ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kwiintsuku zokuqala emva kohambo Isandi esikhulu. Impendulo ihlolisiswa kuhlolisiso lwendalo yokuqala, olunye usukelo lwayo ikukufumana ingcaciso yomanyano olusenokubakho lwamandla amane asisiseko. Ezi zezi: amandla anamandla enyukliya, amandla angenamandla enyukliya, amandla ombane we-electromagnetic kunye neyona mikhosi ibuthathaka kwezine ezaziwa ngokuba ngumxhuzulane).
2. Ukungaphumeleli kweModeli eQinisekayo
Akukho mzekelo uqinisekileyo wokudala izakhiwo zangoku, ukusuka kwiBig Bang. Impendulo ifunwa ngokufunda i ukuveliswa kunye nokuvela kweminyele kunye nokunyuka kwe-cosmic.
3. Amathandabuzo malunga ne-Big Crunch
Akwaziwa ukuba yintoni ikamva elimiselweyo iphela.
4. Izinto eziMnyama kunye naMandla aMnyama
Ubukhulu becala, ubume be into emnyama kunye namandla amnyama.
5. Amanqaku asisiseko
Ngomzuzu emva kweBig Bang kwavela amasuntswana asisiseko, i quark phezulu kwiiprotons kunye neequarks phantsi kwi-neutron, kwaye umlinganiselo ochanekileyo weeprotons kwi-neutron awaziwa.
6. Umgaqo-siseko wamaNqanaba angamaNqanaba
Amasuntswana asisiseko adalwe ziiquarks ezimbini ezinentlawulo efanayo yombane, bebengenakukwazi ukutshatana ngenxa yentsebenziswano ye-electromagnetic, akunamsebenzi ukuya intsebenziswano enamandla yenyukliya.
Kulungile, oku kunokugqithisa kuphela ubukhulu besayizi ka i-athom nucleus kwaye nangenxa yokuba unxibelelwano lwe-electromagnetic lunomda omkhulu kwaye ukuba indalo iphela yandiswa ngesekhondi enye izihlandlo ezilikhulu lee-octillion, kweli xesha lethutyana unxibelelwano olunamandla lwenyukliya alukwazanga ukuhlanganisa phantse zonke (ukuba azikho zonke) iiquarks.
Unokuba nomdla: IIMIELELE, IIFOMU ZAZO EZINYOBEKILEYO KWANYE NEYONA MIDLALO YAYO EQHELEKILEYO.
Ukuqukumbela, iCosmology yi isebe le IPhysics enemibuzo emininzi, kwaye ngokoluvo lwam, ndicinga ukuba ziseninzi izifundo ekufuneka zifake izicelo zokuqhubeka nokukhulisa le nzululwazi.