Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba indalo iphela yadalwa njani ngokweMayans? Kwinqaku elilandelayo uya kufunda ngakumbi malunga iMayan cosmogony, umbono wabo ngehlabathi nesizathu sokuba bakholelwe ukuba indalo yahlulwe yangamacandelo amathathu awahlukahlukeneyo.
Imvelaphi yeMayan Cosmogony
Ngokuqinisekileyo uvile malunga ne-cosmogony yaseMayan kunye nayo yonke into ejikeleze imvelaphi kunye nendaleko yale nkcubeko yemveli enomdla. Kwinqaku lethu namhlanje siza kufunda ngakumbi malunga nenkcubeko yamaMaya, ngakumbi malunga nemvelaphi yayo kunye nendlela eyaba yenye yezona zizwe zibalulekileyo nezinempembelelo kwimbali yaseMexico nakwihlabathi.
Akukho mfihlo nakubani na ukuba amaMayans athathwa njengenye yezona nkcubeko zinomdla kwihlabathi. I-cosmogony yamaMaya ijikelezwe ngamabali anomdla, iintsomi kunye neenkolelo ezifanele ukwazi. Uninzi lwala mabali nezithethe zisahleli kwinkumbulo yabo basanqula kwaye beyihlonela nanamhlanje le nkcubeko ibangel’ umdla yamandulo.
Hlala nathi kwaye wonwabele uhambo olupheleleyo nge-cosmogony yaseMayan, ukuba yavela njani, zeziphi iintsomi kunye neenkolelo zayo ezibalulekileyo, kwaye kutheni ithathwa njengenye yezona nkcubeko zembali kwihlabathi. AmaMaya ashiye ilifa elikhulu lexabiso elingenakulinganiswa ekukhonzeni uluntu.
Yintoni iMayan cosmogony?
Nangona kuyinyani ukuba ligama elaziwa ngokubanzi ngabaninzi, akukho nto ininzi ukuchaza into esiyithethayo xa sithetha nge-cosmogony yaseMayan. Ngamagama ambalwa, lisebe le-Astronomy elinoxanduva ikakhulu lokufunda yonke into ngemvelaphi kunye nokuvela kwendalo.
Masikhumbule ukuba abemi baseMeya babenombono othile malunga nendalo yonke kunye nokwakheka kwayo. Ayekholelwa ukuba kukho ulungelelwaniso lwendalo lwehlabathi, apho nkwenkwezi nganye ekwindawo enkulu engaphandle yayifanekisela oothixo ababenqula baze banqule kubo.
AmaMayans abona icosmos xa iyonke kwaye oko kwawavumela ukuba abuqonde ngcono ubukho njengoko ayebazi kwaye yayiza kubanika iimpendulo kwimibuzo emininzi eyayisoloko ibuzwa.
Umbono weCosmological weMaya
Inkcubeko yamaMaya yayibonakaliswa ngokuphakamisa umbono wayo wendalo iphela. Ukusuka apho baye benza iinkolelo ezininzi abazigcina iminyaka emininzi. Ayesekela imbono yawo ngendalo iphela kwinkolelo eyintloko: Ayekholelwa ukuba yonke into ekwindalo iphela imela ucwangco yaye yayiphawulwa sisiganeko ngasinye esenzeka esibhakabhakeni.
Iinkwenkwezi zifanekisela ngamnye oothixo benkcubeko yamaMaya kwaye yayiyinkwenkwezi enembopheleleko yokulawula ubomi babo kunye nalapho kufuneka baye khona. Ngamagama ambalwa, ubomi baseMayans buxhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo kwiinkwenkwezi. Akukho nto bayenzayo ngaphandle kolwalathiso lwabo.
AmaMayans atolika kwaye anxulumene nehlabathi, ubukho bezinto eziphilayo, indawo, ixesha kunye nendalo kunye nendalo. Ngokweengcamango neengcinga zamaMaya, ubukho bomntu buphawulwa yindlela ababona ngayo izinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo, apho intanda-bulumko yabo yobomi igxile kwimpilo-ntle yezinto eziphathekayo, ehambisana nokuba sempilweni ngokomoya.
I-cosmogony yamaMaya: ukudalwa kwehlabathi
Akuyomfihlo nakubani na ukuba amaMayans amandulo asekela ubomi bawo kwiinkolelo zawo, kungekuphela nje intanda-bulumko kodwa nenkolo. Kwesi sizwe somthonyama, izithixo zaba nendima ebalulekileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Yonke imbono yakhe malunga nehlabathi kunye nokudalwa kwayo inokufumaneka kwisicatshulwa samaMaya esibizwa ngokuba yiPopol Vuh.
Kulo mbhalo wembali, amaMayya ayephethe ukushiya umbono wabo malunga nendlela abakholelwa ngayo ukuba ihlabathi ladalwa. Ngalo mbhalo-ngqangi, amaMayans acacisa ngokweenkcukacha imvelaphi yomntu kunye nendalo iphela. I-cosmogony yamaMeya ikhona kumgca ngamnye walo msebenzi woncwadi, apho indalo yenzeka ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo e-cosmic, kunye nobukho boothixo basentsomini abanika ubomi kunye nokumila kwindalo yonke.
Ngokutsho kwe-cosmogony yamaMaya, ukubunjwa kwendalo yonke akuzange kuqale ngomntu. Bathi indalo yaqala ngezityalo, kwaza kwalandela izilwanyana, kwaza ekugqibeleni kwadalwa umntu.
I-cosmology yamaMaya kunye noothixo bayo abakhulu
Oothixo badlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkcubeko yamaMeya. Kwesi sizwe, izithixo zazibaluleke kakhulu, zazide zijongwe njengabantu basentsomini ababenembopheleleko yokumela amandla angaphezu kwawemvelo. Kwakukho oothixo abaninzi kumaMayans, nangona kunjalo phakathi kwezona zibalulekileyo sinokubiza oku kulandelayo:
- UHunab Ku: UThixo weLanga okanye iNkosi yesibhakabhaka. Owona mfanekiso uphambili wamaMayans kwaye wawungaphezulu kwabanye oothixo.
- Chac: UThixo wemvula nokuchuma: Amandla okudala omntu
- Yun kaax: Thixo wombona. Ulawulwa yimigaqo ekrelekrele ebalaseleyo njengezilwanyana. izityalo, iiminerali, njl.
- Ah Puch: Thixo wokufa. Wayelawula ubudla-kudla, ubuvila, umona, ukongeza kwi-post-mortem states.
- Kauil: Thixo womlilo. Umlilo ongcwele wangaphakathi, amandla omoya.
- Ix Chel: Uthixokazi weNyanga. wawumele umgaqo ongunaphakade wobufazi nobudoda.
iindawo zaseMayan
Makhe sibone kule nxalenye yenqaku lethu ukuba wawunjani umbono awayenawo amaMayans ngendalo iphela. Ngokutsho kweMayan cosmogony, indalo yahlulahlulwe yangamacandelo amathathu. Kwelinye icala bachaza isibhakabhaka, esathi sona sakhiwe ngamanqanaba alishumi elinesithathu. AmaMayans ayekholelwa ukuba iinkwenkwezi zihleli esibhakabhakeni kunye nezinye izithixo ezifana neLanga, iNyanga, iVenus kwaye zonke zimelwe zizilwanyana ezinjengeenyoka, iimacaws, phakathi kwabanye.
Inxalenye yesibini apho indalo yahlulwa ngokweMaya yayinguMhlaba. Ngokombono weli qela lobuhlanga, uMhlaba udada emanzini kwaye umelwe kwi-lizard enkulu kwaye ukusuka kuyo, izityalo zifumana amandla. Ekugqibeleni sifumana indalo yesithathu, ilawulwa ngoothixo abalishumi elinesibini bokufa.
Aba balishumi elinambini oothixo bokufa babehlala phantsi komhlaba kwaye bachongwa njengeenkosi zeXibalbá. Yayiyindawo apho abantu babehlambulula izono zabo ngendlala, izifo, iintlungu nokufa.
IiMayans kunye nePopol Vuh
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi malunga nombono owawunawo amaMeya malunga nokudalwa kwendalo yonke, kubalulekile ukujika kwiPopol Vuh, kodwa ngaba uyazi ukuba kuthetha ukuthini? Ngumbhalo-ngqangi wokuqala apho amaMayans athatha imbono yawo yonke malunga nendalo kunye nemvelaphi yayo.
Le ncwadi ingcwele iquka imbono yehlabathi lonke yale nkcubeko yakudala, ngaphezu kokubonisa amaphepha ayo isibhengezo sehlabathi jikelele malunga nobume behlabathi. NgePopol Vuh, amaMayans abonisa umbono wabo wendlela abakholelwa ngayo ukuba ihlabathi ladalwa kwaye babengabantu bokuqala ukuhlala kulo.
Kwi-Popol Vuh ukukhankanywa okukhethekileyo kukwayenziwe ngoothixo kwaye yintoni umsebenzi owenziwe ngaba thixo kwinkqubo yokudala emhlabeni. KumaMayans, oothixo babebaluleke kakhulu kwaye oku kunokubonwa kumaphepha ale ncwadi ingcwele, apho kukhankanywa ukuba oothixo baphembelela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi kunye nesiphelo sabantu.
intsomi yamaMaya
AmaMayya asekela iinkolelo nonqulo lwawo kubukho bezithixo ezahlukeneyo awayekade enqula. Alithandabuzeki elokuba intsomi yamaMaya yenye yezona zinto zibangela umdla ehlabathini. Ibonakala ngokuba sisityebi kwaye ngayo sinokufunda amabali amnandi malunga nendlela umhlaba owadalwa ngayo.
Uninzi lwezi ntsomi zamaMaya zinokufunyanwa kumbhalo-ngqangi wamandulo oshiywe yile mpucuko kwaye okwangoku ithathwa njengowona msebenzi unomtsalane woncwadi lwaseMesoamerican.
Ngaba i-cosmogony yamaMaya iveza nayiphi na into efana ne-cosmology yamaGrike?
Kukho izinto ezininzi ezenzekayo phakathi kwe-cosmogony enye kunye nenye. Inyaniso kukuba amaMayans kunye namaGrike ayenombono ofanayo kakhulu malunga nobukho bendalo yonke. Izinto ezifanayo zibonakaliswe kuzo zombini iinkcubeko, umzekelo ngokwezo zombini i-cosmogony, kwakukho izikumkani ezintathu okanye iindalo, ezichazwe njengezulu, umhlaba kunye nomhlaba ophantsi.
Enye into eyenzekayo phakathi kweMayan cosmogony kunye ne-Greek cosmology inento yokwenza noothixo. Kuyo yomibini le mibono, ezi ndalo zintathu zichazwe ngasentla zaziphantsi koothixo. Uthixo uZeus wayephethe isibhakabhaka kunye nomhlaba, uthixo uPoseidon wayelawula ulwandle, ngelixa uthixo uHadesi wayelawula umhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba.
Aba thixo, ngamandla nangeempawu zabo, babelawula yonke into ekwindalo iphela, kuquka nobomi babantu.
Usenokuba nomdla kula manqaku alandelayo: