Uya kwazi yonke into malungaYenzeka njani inkqubo yelanga?, IiPlanethi, iLanga, iiSatellites, inkcazo yokubunjwa kwazo, i-Solar Nebula kunye nokunye okuninzi.
Inkqubo yelanga
Ngokwezifundo ezenziweyo, kukholelwa ukuba indlela eyakhiwe ngayo iNkqubo yePlanethi kunye nokukhula kwayo kwaqala malunga namawaka amane namakhulu amathandathu ezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Xa kukho ukudilika okungaphakathi kwendawo esecaleni ekhuthazwa ngumxhuzulane wayo, iphele yenze umngxuma omnyama.
Oku kwenzeka kwinxalenye yobunzima obukhulu beemolekyuli. Inxalenye enkulu yeli lifu eliye lawa yayigxininiswe embindini, apho iKing Star yenziwa khona, intsalela yacandwa ngendlela yomsesane "iprotoplanetary".
Emva koko iiplanethi, i-asteroids, iinyanga kunye nezinye izinto ezincinci ezifunyenwe kwinkqubo yeplanethi zenziwa.
La I-Nebular Hypothesis evunywe kakhulu, yadalwa nguEmanuel Swedenborg, uPierre-Simon Laplace kunye no-Immanuel Kant, ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Ukuvela kwayo ngokuhamba kwexesha kunxibelelene neemfundiso ezahlukeneyo zodidi lwesayensi olunje ngefiziksi, ukuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi, ijoloji kunye nenzululwazi yeplanethi.
Ngokufika kwe "Space Age" ngonyaka we-1950 kunye nokufunyanwa kweePlanethi ezingaphandle kweSixokelelwano seSolar, kwishumi leminyaka lokugqibela lenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, ezi zikhombisi zahlaziywa ukuze zibandakanye izinto ezintsha ezifunyenweyo.
La Ukwenziwa kweSolar System yenza utshintsho olukhulu ukusukela ekusekweni kwayo. IiSatellite zenza imisesane enegesi kunye namasuntswana esanti adlulayo kwaye ajikeleze iiPlanethi eziyinxalenye yazo, kuyabonakala ukuba ezinye iiSatellite zadalwa ngabanye kwaye ekuhambeni kwexesha baba yinxalenye yeePlanethi ezikuzo.
Kwakhona kucingelwa ukuba idlule njengeSathelayithi yePlanethi yoMhlaba, ukuba imvelaphi yayo ivela kwingozi enkulu. Ezi ngquzulwano zinkulu zezinto ezahlukeneyo zenzeka rhoqo, ziyimfuneko kutshintsho kwinkqubo yeplanethi.
Umbono weeplanethi unokuhamba rhoqo. Inkolelo yangoku yeyokuba konke oku kufuduswa kweeplanethi kunoxanduva lokuqhubela phambili kweNkqubo yePlanethi.
uqeqesho lokuqala
Yahlulwe ngolwazi malunga ne Nebula Ilanga.
ilanga nebula
Uqikelelo olucingwayo ngalo mzuzu ukusekwa kweSolar System Yingcamango ecebisa ukuba yadalwa ngelifu lothuli elalisesithubeni.
Lo "sinamafu” yayiyingcamango kaEmanuel Swedenborg ekuqaleni. U-Immanuel Kant ngonyaka we-1775, ngolwazi awayenalo kumsebenzi owenziwe yiSwedenborg, wenza i-hypothesis enzulu. Kukho enye ingcamango efanayo eyenziwa ngabanye nguPierre Simo Laplace ngo-1796.
Ithiyori echazayo Ukwenziwa kweePlanethi okokuqala wabonakaliswa nguLaplace ngonyaka ka-1644 ADithi xa iNkqubo yePlanethi yadalwa malunga "iibhiliyoni ezine ezizigidi ezingamakhulu amathandathu eminyaka” yayiyimveliso yongquzulwano apho izakhi zasondelana zaza zadibana kwilifu elikhulu leemolekyuli.
Le cloudiness ngokuqinisekileyo yayisele yenziwe ngeminyaka emininzi yokukhanya kwaye iinkwenkwezi ezininzi zenziwe kuyo.
Esi siganeko sivela ngaphandle sasinombono omfiliba, iimeteorite zamandulo eziye zavavanywa ziye zaphosa iintsalela zezinto ezinokubunjwa kuphela ngaphakathi kwesiseko seenkwenkwezi ezinkulu eza kugqabhuka, okwenza kucace ukuba kwimeko apho Ilanga ladalwa ngaphakathi kwi-supernovae ekufutshane.
Ukunyanzeliswa okubangelwa kukungqubana ne-supernovae kunokuba yimbangela yendlela i-Sun eyakhiwe ngayo, ngokuveliswa kwamacandelo amaninzi amaninzi kumafu angabamelwane, okubangela ukuba omnye atshatyalaliswe.
Kushicilelo lweendaba olusuka ku-2009, ugxininisa ukuba iLanga laqala ukubunjwa kwalo ngokudibanisa isethi esecaleni ephakathi kwamakhulu amahlanu anesithathu amawaka eeelementi zelanga, kunye neradius ye-parsecs enye kunye nesithathu (umlinganiselo osetyenziswa kwi-astronomy).
Ngale nto kucingelwa ukuba iinkwenkwezi ezidalwe kwelo qela, kunye nexesha kunye neminyaka ziye zahlukana. Ngokutsho kwenqaku, kuthiwa inxalenye yezo nkwenkwezi phakathi kweshumi ukuya kwamashumi amathandathu, ifumaneka kwi-radius ye-100 parsecs. Ukujikeleza iLanga
Kukho elinye lala macandelo eegesi eziye zawa (enegama elithi "Protosolar Nebula"), yaba ngunobangela wokubunjwa kweLanga.Ummandla wawunobubanzi obungamawaka asixhenxe ukuya kumashumi amabini amawaka e-AU (iyunithi yeenkwenkwezi).
Ukuba nobukhulu mhlawumbi bukhulu kunomlinganiselo weLanga, malunga "ne-1.001 kunye ne-1,1 ye-solar matter".
Ukukholelwa ukuba umgaqo-siseko wayo wawufana nokwakheka kweLanga namhlanje: umyinge weepesenti ezingamashumi asithoba anesibhozo eepesenti ze-hydrogen kunye ne-helium nto efunyenwe ukususela ngexesha le-Big Bang, kunye neepesenti ezimbini zamasuntswana anepes enkulu, eyayiyintsalela. yeenkwenkwezi zezinyanya ezaphela zifile zakhutshwa zabuyiselwa emajukujukwini.
Ngelo xesha olu hlobo lwamafu lwawa, yonke into yaqala ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza. Izinto ezazingaphakathi kwelifu zaqalisa ukubumbana, ngaphakathi kwakukho iiathom ezingqubana enye kwenye, zikwazi ukwenza amandla ajike abe bubushushu.
Embindini, apho kufunyenwe inani elikhulu lezinto, ubushushu balo bonyuka ngakumbi nangakumbi, budlula umsesane osondeleyo.
Onke la mandla kunye nomxhuzulane, kunye noxinzelelo olwenziwa ziigesi, imimandla yemagnethi kunye nentshukumo yathatha inyathelo phambi kwayo, ilifu, xa lisenza isivumelwano, laqalisa inkqubo yokucaba, lenza uhlobo idiski yeprotoplanetary enomlinganiselo wamakhulu amabini e-AU ububanzi. Nge "Iprotostar” eyayinobushushu obuphezulu nobungqindilili emazantsi.
Uhlalutyo lweenkwenkwezi "T Tauri". Ziziphi ixesha elincinane, ziqulethe izinto ezingenakunyibilikiswa zelanga ezicingelwa ukuba zilingana namasuntswana eLanga kulo mzuzu wokuguqulwa, kukho imiqondiso yokuba bahlanganiswe ngamakhonkco ezinto ezingaphambi kweplanethi.
Amakhonkco athatha umgama omkhulu ukusuka kwi-AU kwaye ubushushu bawo buphantsi kakhulu, bufikelela malunga newaka le-K kubushushu bawo obuphezulu.
Emva kwekhulu lezigidi zeminyaka, uxinzelelo kunye nobushushu kumbindi weLanga bukhulu kangangokuba ihydrogen yaqalisa ukuhlangana, ibangela ukuzalwa kwamandla angaphakathi ukuba aveliswe alungelelanisa impembelelo yokucutheka komxhuzulane de kufike imvisiswano. .
Kungelo xesha ke elathi iLanga laba yiNkwenkwezi entsha.
Ekudibaneni kwamafu, uthuli kunye nomphunga (okuyi-nebula), kulapho kukholelwa ukuba Ukwenziwa kweePlanethi. Okwangoku oku kucingwa malunga nendlela iiPlanethi ezidalwe ngayo kwaye zinegama elithi "Accretion".
Apho iiPlanethi zazinesiqalo njengokhozo lothuli Orbit ngeenxa zonke kwi iprotostar ephakathi, leyo ekuqaleni yasekwa ngobudlelwane obuthe ngqo kunye nesethi ye-1 ukuya kwiikhilomitha ezili-10 ububanzi.
Ngaloo mzuzu badibana ukudala amaqumrhu ubukhulu "(planetesimals)", ukulinganisa malunga neekhilomitha ezintlanu, kunye nezothuso ezifanayo zanda malunga neshumi elinesihlanu cm ngonyaka kuzo zonke izigidi zeminyaka ezidlulileyo.
Ingaphakathi lenkqubo yeplanethi yayinobushushu obufudumele kakhulu ukwenzela ukuba iimolekyuli eziguquguqukayo zihlangane, njengoko kunjalo kwiimolekyuli zamanzi kunye nemethane, yiyo loo nto "iiplanethi" ezadalwa kuloo ndawo zazinobukhulu obungekho. inkulu kakhulu, babene-0,6% kuphela ye-ring agglomeration.
Idityaniswe ngokuyintloko ngezinto ezinepesenti ephezulu kwi-Foundry, njengesinyithi kunye ne-silicates. Kamva la malungu abunjwe ngamatye aba ziiplanethi ezisemhlabeni.
Umxhuzulane okwiJupiter awuzange uvumele umanyano lwamaziko eprotoplanetary awayelapho, agqibela ngokusuka kude "ibhanti ye-asteroid«.
Ngexesha elithile kamva, apho umda wokupholisa wafunyanwa khona, izinto ezenza iigesi zomkhenkce zikwazile ukuhlala zibambene, iiplanethi iSaturn kunye neJupiter zikwazile ukuqokelela izinto ezininzi ezingaphezulu kwezo zaziqokelelwe emhlabeni, kuba zaye zaqokelelana. buninzi.
Bakwazile ukuba umphunga omkhulu, endaweni yoko iiPlanethi ze-Uranus kunye neNeptune zikwazile ukuqokelela encinci yaloo element, bayinika igama le iqabaka enkulu, becinga ukuba embindini bane-hydrogen kuphela.
Ekuqaleni kweLanga, umphunga kunye namasuntswana othuli lwendandatho yeprotoplanetary yasasazeka kwi-cosmos, banika ikhefu ekuguqukeni kweePlanethi ngokunyuka.
I-T Tauri Stars inee-airs zelanga ezinamandla ngakumbi kunezo zeenkwenkwezi ezindala kwaye ezinozinzo ngakumbi.
Iingxaki ngeSolar Nebula Model
Enye ingxaki "kwimodeli ye-solar nebula" inxulumene nomfutho we-angular. Ngobuninzi bemiba ekwinkqubo ebambeneyo malunga nobumnyama obebuqhubeka, uphononongo lucingela ukuba uninzi loxinzelelo lwe-angular yale nkqubo kwakufuneka lupakishwe endaweni.
Ukuhamba kweLanga kuphantsi ngesantya njengoko kumiselwe, njengoko iiplanethi zineepesenti ezimalunga namashumi alithoba entshukumo yekinetic, oku kwenzeka nangona zinepesenti enye yezinto ezishiyekileyo zenkqubo.
Ngokuphathelele oku, kwafikelelwa impendulo, into ebangele ukuhla kwesantya kwinucleus kukukhuhlana okudale iimvuthuluka zothuli kwiring engundoqo.
Yingxaki enkulu evezwa kwi “ilifu lerhasi” malunga nendawo ezikuyo iiPlanethi. IiPlanethi zeNeptune kunye ne-Uranus zifumaneka kwicandelo apho ulungelelwaniso lwabo lunobuncinci bokuvunyelwa, ngenxa ye-viscosity ephantsi ye-cloudiness kwimizuzu ebanzi yokujikeleza kwicandelo.
Iiplanethi ezisekwinqanaba lokufudumeza ezibonwa zijikeleze ezinye iinkwenkwezi, kusenokwenzeka ukuba indalo yazo yayingekho kwindawo ekuyo ngalo mzuzu, ukuba eneneni ivela efini.
Impendulo yale ngxaki inokufezekiswa ekuhambeni kweeplanethi, apho zihlala zineendawo ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kumzuzu ngokubhekiselele kwiLanga, ukukwazi ukufuna ukusondela okanye ukuhamba kude nayo.
Iinkcukacha zeePlanethi zinokuba yingxaki. Ithiyori yemodeli "yelifu" ilumkisa ukuba iiPlanethi ngokubanzi zinendalo yazo ngokuchanekileyo kwi-Elliptical Plane. Yintoni engenzekiyo kwindlela yeeplanethi ezindala ezinotyekelo oluncinci.
KwiiPlanethi ezingenamatye, kodwa zinegesi, kuqikelelwa ukuba ukunyakaza kwazo kunye neenkqubo zesathelayithi azikho ukuthambekela ngokubhekiselele kwindiza ye-elliptical, kodwa iPlanethi ye-Uranus kule meko ithambekele ngamadigri angamashumi asithoba anesibhozo.
I-Lunar Satellite inkulu xa ithelekiswa nePlanethi yoMhlaba kunye nezinye iisathelayithi ezihamba ngokungaqhelekanga ngokunxulumene nePlanethi yazo, le yenye ingxaki. Into ecingwayo kukuba le meko inengcaciso yento eyenzekayo emva kokudalwa kwenkqubo yeplanethi.
Ubudala obuqikelelweyo
Izazinzulu zibalo apho zicinga ukuba inkqubo yesijikelezi-langa iqokelelana malunga namawaka amane anamakhulu amathandathu eminyaka. Kuye kwafunyanwa amatye kwiPlanethi yoMhlaba ekusenokwenzeka ukuba aneminyaka engama-XNUMX ubudala.
Ezi ntlobo zamatye amandulo zinqabile ukufunyanwa, kuba umphezulu womhlaba womhlaba uhlala usenza utshintsho ngenxa yemozulu, ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo, kunye nokutyibilika kwepleyiti.
Ukuze ubale iminyaka eqikelelweyo yenkqubo yeplanethi, izazinzulu zisebenzisa iisampulu zeemeteorites, ekukholelwa ukuba zenziwe ukususela ekuqaleni kokudalwa kwe "nebula".
Kukho imeteorite ye "Diablo Canyon” eyenye yezona zindala, ezisebenza njengomzekelo, ezinokufikelela kumawaka amane anamakhulu amathandathu eminyaka, kusuke kwalapho ukubala kwenziwa ukuba inkqubo yesijikelezi-langa ifanele ibe nobudala obufanayo.
Kamva iEvolution
Ekuqaleni kwakukho inkolelo yokuba iiPlanethi zasekwa kwindawo ekuyo ngoku okanye kumgama osondeleyo. Le nkcazo-bungcali iye yatshintshwa kakhulu kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi yokugqibela yenkulungwane edlulileyo kunye nenxalenye yenkulungwane esikuyo.
Okwangoku kukholelwa ukuba inkqubo yeplanethi yayinomnye umbono ngexesha lokudalwa kwayo, inezinto ezintlanu apho kwakukho iPlanethi yeMercury, eyayingaphakathi kwinkqubo kunye nezinye iiPlanethi ezine.
Inkqubo yeplanethi ekwindawo engaphandle yayinkulu kakhulu kunokuba injalo ngoku, njengoko i "Kuiper Belt" ngeli xesha ibekwe kwindawo engaphandle ukusuka kwindawo eyaqala kuyo.
Izazinzulu zicinga ukuba ungquzulwano yinto eqhelekileyo ekufuneka yenzeke, ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ayilandelwa. Kufuneka kuhlale kukhunjulwe ukuba iNyanga yadalwa ngomnye wabo, kwakhona inkqubo yePluto-Charon yaba ngumphumo wokungqubana kweengqungquthela ezivela kwi "Kuiper Belt".
Kucingelwa ukuba ezinye iisathelayithi ezijikeleze i-asteroids kunye neminye imiba "Ibhanti yaseKuiper» ziimpendulo nje ezothusayo.
Kuyakuhlala kukho ungquzulwano, isampulu yimpembelelo yeComet Shoemaker-Levy 9 nePlanet Jupiter ngo-1994 kunye netywina elashiywa yiMeteor Crater xa yawa e-Arizona, eMelika.
Inkqubo yePlanethi yangaphakathi
Okwangoku kukholelwa ukuba xa iPlanethi yoMhlaba yayiyilwa ibe nongquzulwano olukhulu kunye ne-elementi enobukhulu bePlanethi yeMars.
Ukusuka apho kwadalwa iNyanga. Le nkcazo-bungcali ithi le elementi ingqubene noMhlaba yenziwa ngokuguquguqukayo okuphakathi koMhlaba kunye noKumkani weNkwenkwezi, ebizwa ngokuba yi "Lagrange", emva kokungqubana yajika indlela yayo.
Ibhanti ye-Asteroid
Kukho uqikelelo lweilifu lelanga", uthi "ibhanti leAsteroid" ekuqaleni yayinenani lezinto eziyimfuneko ekudalweni kweplanethi, ukuba yinyani, iiplanetesimals ezininzi zikwazile ukuvuthwa.
Akunjalo imeko yeJupiter eyadalwa ngaphambi kokuba iiplanethi zeplanethi zenziwe. Amaza ajikelezayo kunye neJupiter, ngawona akhokela isithuba seAsteroid Belt.
Ezi resonances zahlula iiplanetesimals kwi "Asteroid Belt" okanye zigcinwe ibhanti elimxinwa le-orbital libathintela ekuzimiseni ngokwabo. Into eseleyo ziiplanethiimals eziseleyo ezadalwa ekuqaleni kwenkqubo yeplanethi.
I-Jupiter yabangela ukuba isixa esikhulu somcimbi ovela kwi "Asteroid Belt" isasazwe, ishiya kuphela into efana ne-1/10 yento efana nobukhulu bePlanethi yoMhlaba. Ilahleko yalo mba ngunobangela othintela “iAsteroid Belt ekubeni yiPlanethi.
Izinto ezinobunzima obukhulu zinendawo enkulu yomxhuzulane yokuyeka ukuphuncuka komcimbi wazo ngenxa yokungqubana okungalindelekanga kunye nobundlobongela.
Eli tyala aliqhelekanga kwi-Asteroid Belt. Ngenxa yoko, kukho izinto ezininzi eziye zaqhekeka zibe ziingceba, ngokuqhelekileyo izinto ezisandula kutsha nje zityhalelwa ngaphandle ngokothuka okuncinci.
Ubungqina bunokubonwa kwizothuso zeesathelayithi ezijikeleze i-asteroids, okwangoku oku kuneempendulo ngokuqinisa izinto eziqulunqwe yinto ephambili ekhululiwe engenawo onke amandla okuphuma apho.
Iiplanethi zangaphandle
Phakathi kweeplanethi ezingaphandle zezi: "Jupiter, Neptune, Saturn, Uranus."
isigebenga segesi
Kukho iiprotoplanets ezinkulu ezazizinkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba ziqulathe irhasi yeringi ye "protoplanetary", eza ukucinga ukuba iimpahla zabo eziphathekayo zinokuqondwa ukusuka kwindawo yazo kwiringi, oku kube yingcaciso elula yokuqonda ezinye iinkqubo zeeplanethi.
IJupiter yiplanetesimal yokuqala, yeyona ifikelele kweyona nto ibalulekileyo yokubamba irhasi yehelium kunye negesi yehydrogen, yeyona ikwindawo engaphakathi (ukwenza uthelekiso kunye nee-orbits ezahlulwe kwiLanga) kweli nqanaba amaza e-orbital ayakhawuleza. Ukuxinana kweringi kuphezulu kwaye ukothuka kwenzeka rhoqo.
I-Jupiter, eyiJovian, inkulu kuba ibambe isixa esikhulu segesi ye-hydrogen kunye negesi ye-helium ngexesha elide, kwaye iPlanethi yeSaturn iyixhase.
Ezi planethi zimbini zenziwe nge-hydrogen kunye ne-helium, eyigesi abayiqokelele kunye ne-97% kunye ne-90% yomcimbi, ngokulandelanayo.
Abanye ababini "iiprotoplanets” eziziiUranus neNeptune zisandul’ ukuba nkulu ukuba zime emva kwethuba, yaye kungenxa yoko le nto zazingenazo iigesi zaneleyo, okwangoku zithetha kuphela kwisithathu sezinto zazo.
Ukuqhubela phambili ukufunxwa kwegesi, ngeli xesha inkqubo yeplanethi yangaphandle icingelwa ukuba yenziwe ngokufuduka kweeplanethi.
Ngale ndlela ubunzima bezi planethi bungalawuleki indawo yezinto ezizezo "Ibhanti yaseKuiper", abaninzi bafudukela ngaphakathi kwePlanethi yeSaturn, iNeptune kunye ne-Uranus, njengoko iJupiter yayigxotha rhoqo ezi zinto kwiplanethi yeplanethi.
Ekugqibeleni, iJupiter yadityaniswa ngaphakathi, ngelixa iSaturn, iNeptune kunye ne-Uranus zaya ngaphandle. Ngo-2004, kwenziwa isityhilelo malunga nale nkqubo eyakhokelela kulwakhiwo lwangoku lwenkqubo yeplanethi.
Ngekhompyutheni ehlaziyiweyo, i-simulators ye-Jupiter kunye ne-Saturn yadalwa, okwenza ukuba kwaziwe ukuba i-Jupiter yaqala ukuthabatha inani elingaphantsi kwee-orbits ezimbini ze-Star King ngenye i-Uranus ne-Neptune ibanjwe ngexesha apho uSaturn wenza i-revolution.
Le ndlela yokufuduka iya kubeka iPlanethi yeJupiter kunye neSaturn kwi-2: 1 wave (resonance) xa ixesha lokugqiba i-Jupiter's orbit liza kuthatha isiqingatha sexesha leSaturn.
La maza ayeza kubeka i-Uranus kunye neNeptune kwiindawo ezijikelezayo, zikwazi ukuba neepesenti ezingamashumi amahlanu ezinokwenzeka ukuba zenze intshukumo yokungqinga. Iplanethi eyathatha indawo engaphandle yayiyiNeptune kwaye yayinokutyhalelwa ngaphandle, ukusuka kwi "Kuiper Belt" njengoko yayinjalo ekuqaleni.
Ubudlelwane obulandelayo beePlanethi kunye ne "Kuiper Belt" emva kokuba iiPlanethi zeSaturn kunye neJupiter ziwela i-2: i-wave ye-1 ibonisa iindidi ze-orbital spacing kunye nokuthambekela kombindi weePlanethi ezinkulu zangaphandle.
I-Saturn kunye no-Uranus bagqiba kweso sikhundla ngokumalunga noJupiter kunye nokulinganisa phakathi kwabo, iNeptune yahlala kwindawo ekhoyo ngoku ukususela kweso sithuba apho "i-Kuiper Belt" yaqala khona.
Ukusasazeka kwezixhobo ze "Kuiper Belt" kuchaza indlela ekwakubukhali ngayo ukuqhushumba kancinci okwenzeka malunga nezigidi ezine kwiminyaka eyadlulayo.
Ibhombu elinzima
Yonke inkqubo eyenziwa yi-Inner Planets xa isenza, kunokuthiwa yayiluhlobo lwebhomu.
IBombardment enzima kade
Emva kokuba i-gas ring ihlanjululwe ngomoya welanga, ezininzi iiplanethiimals bahlala ngasemva ngaphandle kokufumana ukwamkelwa nguwo nawuphi na umbutho weplanethi.
Iingcali zenzululwazi zicinga ukuba eli nani lafunyanwa kuqala emva kweeplanethi zangaphandle, apho amaxesha e-"planetesimal adhesion" makhulu kwaye ukubunjwa kwayo nayiphi na iplanethi ngaphambi kokusasazwa kwegesi kwakungenakwenzeka.
Isijikelezi-langa esibizwa ngokuba sisigebenga sangaphandle sasinxulumene nolo lwandlekazi.iplanethisimal”, esasaza iindawo ezincinci ezinamatye ukuya ngaphakathi, ngexesha elifanayo wahamba kunye nokunyakaza ukuya ngaphandle.
I-planetesimals yagqiba ukusasazeka ukusuka kwiplanethi elandelayo, kwenzeka oko kwenzeka ngaphambili, kwaye emva koko bazama enye iplanethi, ngelixa ezi planethi zihamba kwiindlela zazo ukuya ngaphandle, kwangaxeshanye iiplanethi zangena ngaphakathi.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, olu guqulelo lweplanethi lubangele i-adventure emnandi kwi-rumble yoqhagamshelwano kunye neePlanethi ezimbini zokuqala eziselula, esele zibiziwe.
Ngokubhekiselele kwezinye iiplanethi ezimbini, ngokukhawuleza babakhokela ngeentshukumo ezithile ukuya ngaphandle, ukuze basebenzisane nolwandle lweeplanethi.
Wonke loo mthamo weeplanethi zasiwa kwindawo engaphakathi, ukuze kamva uhlangane nento eyayikho kwinkqubo yeplanethi, eyayinokukhula rhoqo, ifumana ukothuka okuninzi kuyo yonke into eyayiyiplanethi kunye nomcimbi wenyanga owawufikeleleka. Eli nqanaba lithiyweiNgxobhozo eNcincisayo enamandla”.
Ngoko ke ezi planethi ze-rookie, ngakumbi ezimbini zokugqibela, zaphela nazo zonke i-planetesimal ezazikwiringi. Mhlawumbi kubangele ukuba bathathe ikhosi ukuya ekupheleni kwe "Oort Cloud" umgama omalunga namawaka angamashumi amahlanu e-AU.
Kwakhona ukutshintsha i-orbit ngezihlandlo ezithile ukuchaphazela ezinye iiplanethi kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba zahlala kwikhosi eqhubekayo njengoko kunjalo "kwi-Asteroid Belt."
Ixesha lebhombu elinzima laqhutywa kumakhulu ambalwa ezigidi zeminyaka, nto leyo yashiya uphawu lwayo kwimingxuma eyahlukeneyo, ishiyeke njengobungqina xa ijongwa kwimiba engenabomi ngokwejoloji kwinkqubo yeplanethi.
Mhlawumbi idume ngakumbi, ukuqhushumba kunye neengxabano phakathi kwe "iiplanethiimals" kwaye i "iiprotoplanets” kusenokwenzeka ukuba ibe ngunobangela wokudalwa kweesathelayithi, ukujikeleza kwesathelayithi, njengokuthambeka kweaxial engalindelekanga kwiinguqulelo ezihambelanayo.
Imingxuma engenakubalwa efumaneka kwiNyanga kunye nezinye izinto ezinkulu ezikwinkqubo yeplanethi, konke oku kunobungqina.
Ingozi enkulu eyanika "iprotoplanet" enemilinganiselo efana naleyo yePlanethi yeMars kuthiwa ibangele ukudalwa kwesathelayithi enkulu esemhlabeni.
Iimpawu zikabani ezifana nale nto, inokuba yimbangela yokutshintsha indawo yokuguqula le Planet, okwangoku i-23,5 ° ngokumalunga nokujikeleza kwayo.
Ngolu hlobo "ilifu lelanga” Iiplanethi zinendlela enye kuphela yokuchola iisathelayithi.
Los iisathelayithi zaseMars zinemilinganiselo embalwa kwaye zisicaba, ngokucacileyo zii-asteroids kwaye kukho nezinye iisampulu zesathelayithi ezibanjiweyo ezifunyenwe kwezinye iinkqubo zamva nje.
Unxibelelwano lwee-orbits eziqhelekileyo zeJupiter lubangelwa ngumzimba othile "Ibhanti ye-Asteroid” yaza yawuthintela ekuguquleni indlela yawo nendlela yawo yokuya kwesinye isijikelezi-langa esisemhlabeni esibaluleke gqitha.
Inxalenye enkulu yaloo mzimba iye yahlala ngaphakathi kwiindlela ezingaqhelekanga ezingqubana nezinye izinto; ubungakanani bento kwi "Asteroid Belt" namhlanje ingaphantsi kweshumi lobungakanani bezinto ezisemhlabeni.
I-Kuiper Belt kunye ne-Oort Cloud
I-Kuiper Belt ekuqaleni yayilicandelo lendawo engaphandle yenkqunto eyayikwinqanaba lomkhenkce, elalingenako ukuhambelana okwaneleyo kweathom ukomeleza.
Kungenzeka ukuba umda wecala langaphakathi wawubekwe kwelinye icala lePlanethi i-Uranus kunye neNeptune ekudalweni kwayo. Kuluhlu olumalunga neshumi elinesihlanu ukuya kumashumi amabini e-AU.
Umlinganiselo wecala ogqithisileyo wawumalunga namashumi amathathu e-AU. I-Kuiper Belt ekuqaleni i-distilled elements yafikelela kwinkqubo yeplanethi yangaphandle, oku kwabangela ukuba ubomi beplanethi buqale.
I-resonance ekhankanywe ngasentla yeeplanethi yabangela ukuba iNeptune iwele i-Kuiper Belt, iphuma inxalenye enkulu yezinto.
Ezinye zezi elementi zaye zandiswa ngaphakathi, de zadityaniswa neJupiter zaze zabekwa kwindawo ejikelezayo kakhulu, ezinye zakhutshwa kwinkqubo yeplanethi.
Izinto eziye zagqitywa kwii-elliptical orbits zidibanise ukubunjwa kwe Ilifu Oort. Ngasemva, kukho izinto ezaphoswa ngaphandle nguNeptune, zenza umsesane osasazekileyo, oku kwacaca ukuba "Ibhanti yaseKuiper” yayingenalizwi elincinane ngeli xesha.
Kule "Ibhanti yaseKuiper” Kwafunyanwa inani elikhulu lezinto ezisongeza kwiPluto, ezazigcinwe ngumxhuzulane kumjikelo weNeptune, ziwatyhalela kwimijikelo enezandi zezandi.
I-supernovae engummelwane ibe nefuthe ekukhuleni kweNkqubo yePlanethi kunye namafu aphakathi kweenkwenkwezi nawo asebenzisana.
Inxalenye yangaphandle yezinto ezifunyenwe kwinkqubo yeplanethi ifumene i-aclimatization yohlobo lwendawo ekhuthazwa ngumoya welanga, i-meteorites encinci, kunye nezinto ezingathathi hlangothi zokusingqongileyo, kwakukho impembelelo eyadlulayo njenge-supernovae. ezinye iinyikima zomhlaba.
UBeth E. Clark, ungomnye wezazinzulu ezifuna ulwazi malunga nemozulu yendawo kunye nokukhukuliseka kwayo, ngaphandle kokudibanisa ukungafani okuchazwe kwinkqubo yangaphandle yeplanethi.
Kukho ubungqina obuziswe yi "Stardust" ebuyile kwi "Comet Wild 2" ibonise ukuba imizimba eyadalwa ekuqaleni kwenkqubo yeplanethi yafudukela kwi "Kuiper Belt", nayo yafuduka amasuntswana esanti afunyanwa kudala ngaphambili. inkqubo yeplanethi yadalwa.
I-Satellites
Imizimba eyenziwe ngokwemvelo, ifunyenwe kwinkqubo yeplanethi, inxalenye enkulu yazo ijikeleze iiplanethi eziphambili kunye nezinye izinto ezifumaneka kwinkqubo yeplanethi. Imvelaphi yezi "nyanga zendalo" zinezizathu ezithathu zokuba zikhona:
I-Conformation evela kwindandatho ye "protoplanetary", oku kuqhelekileyo kwiiplanethi ezingenziwanga ngamatye.
Ukuqulunqwa okuvela kwiintsalela, kubangela uvakalelo olukhulu kwikona yangaphandle kunye nokubanjwa kwezinto ezithile kwipaseji.
Izigebenga zerhasi zisoloko zikhatshwa ziinyanga ezadalwa ngendandatho ye "protoplanetary".
Ngenxa yobukhulu obukhulu bezi Sathelayithi kunye nokusondela kwazo kwiiPlanethi, isenzo esinokwenzeka kuphela ngeeplanethi zegesi ezisebenza ngodaka lokutshatyalaliswa, ngaphandle kokukwazi ukufezekiswa ngokuthatha.
Iisathelayithi ezingeyonxalenye yeePlanethi ezenziwe ikakhulu ngamanzi, zihlala zincinci kwaye zinezijikelezo ezijikelezayo ezinokuthambekela okungonelanga. Ezi mpawu zixhaphakile kwizinto ezithathiweyo.
Xa kufika "Iiplanethi ezingabunjwanga ngamanzi” kunye nezinye izinto eziqinileyo zesixokelelwano seeplanethi, uninzi lwabadali “I-Satellites"Kungenxa yobungakanani bezinto ezityhalwa kukothuka, ziphele kwiindlela ezijikelezayo kwaye zidibanise enye okanye ezahlukeneyo."I-Satellites".
Ngale thiyori kukholelwa ukuba le yindlela iNyanga yePlanethi yoMhlaba eyadalwa ngayo.
I "Satellites" emva kokudalwa iya kuqhubeka ngendaleko yabo. Inokubonwa kwinto eyenzekayo kwiilwandle kunye notshintsho olwenzeka kwi-atmosfera nakwinqanaba elincinci lotshintsho lwenzeka nakwiplanethi.
Ukuba iplanethi ihamba ngokukhawuleza kunomjikelezo wenyanga, amaza aya kuhamba phambi kwenyanga. Ngenxa yoko umxhuzulane uya kukhula kwaye wenze "Isatellite” khawulezisa kwaye kancinci usuke kwiPlanethi njengoko kusenzeka ngeNyanga.
Xa inyanga ikhawuleza kuneplanethi okanye ijikeleza ngendlela echaseneyo, umahluko uya kuba ngasemva kwenyanga, ibe nokwanda komxhuzulane oya kuthi ekugqibeleni ubangele ukuba inyanga inciphe.
Kwenzeka ntoni nge"fob” inyanga yePlanethi kaMars, esehla ngokuthe chu.
Izijikelezi-langa zisenokuvelisa ukushukuma kwamaza ziinyanga, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ukucotha kokuhamba kwenyanga kwenzeke de ifikelele kwixesha layo lokujikeleza ngokubekwa kwindawo enye yotshintsho.
Ngale ndlela inyanga iya kubeka esinye sezigaba zayo ngokujonga iPlanethi, njengoko kusenzeka ngeNyanga noMhlaba.
Igama elinikwe le nkqubo lithi "ukujikeleza okuhambelanayo” yaye isebenza kwiinyanga ezahlukeneyo zesixokelelwano sezijikelezi-langa, njengoko sikwiSatellite yeJupiter. IPluto kunye neCharon zikungqamaniso oluqhutywa ngumsinga wenye, iPlanethi kunye nenyanga ziyangqamana.
Ixesha elizayo
Ukuba akukho nto ingaqhelekanga kwaye ingekho kwindawo eyenzekayo, njengoko kwenzeka ngomngxuma omnyama okanye isiganeko esithile kunye Iinkwenkwezi kwisithuba.
Izazi ngeenkwenkwezi eziqeqeshiweyo ziqikelela ukuba inkqubo yezijikelezi-langa njengoko injalo namhlanje isenokuba neminyaka ezizigidi ezimbalwa ikho, ngelo xesha iya kuba neenguqulelo ezininzi gqitha.
Iiringi zePlanethi yeSaturn zintsha kwaye izibalo zenziwe ukuba ziya kuba neminyaka engamakhulu amathathu ezigidi zobomi.
Intsimi yomxhuzulane yeenyanga ezahlukeneyo iPlanethi yeSaturn enayo iya kutshayela kancinane umda wangaphandle wamakhonkco kwaye iya kuwuthatha ibheke kwiPlanethi, iphele ngokugqabhuka ngenxa yeemeteorites kunye nentsimi yomxhuzulane iya kuqhubeka nomsebenzi, ishiywe ngaphandle kophawu. imisesane.
Kukho iithiyori ezenziwe kungekudala, zibhekiselele kubungqina obudalwe nguCassini-Huygens mission, abacinga ngokuchaseneyo, apho babonisa ukuba ezi zindandatho zinobomi obude, ezinye iibhiliyoni zeminyaka.
Xa malunga ne-1,4 ukuya kwi-3,5 yezigidigidi zeminyaka sele idlulile ukubala ukusuka ngoku, isiganeko singenzeka, apho inyanga kaNeptune, "I-Triton”, ethi ngalo mzuzu inemo yokucotha ngokubhekiselele kwi-orbit yayo ye-archaic, kunye nokuhla okujikeleze iqabane layo.
Eye yawa ecaleni kwe "Roche” yePlanethi yeNeptune, ngokuvutha komsindo okwabangela ukuba inyanga yahlukane, ishiya inkqubo ebanzi yezazinge ezijikeleze iPlanethi, into efana nePlanethi yeSaturn.
Ngenxa yokushukuma komsinga ngokuchasene nesihlalo saselwandle, iNyanga ngokuthe ngcembe ithatha inyathelo lokushukuma ukuya kwiPlanethi yoMhlaba; ebangela ukuhlehla okucothayo kweNyanga ngokubhekiselele eMhlabeni, ngokuguquguquka okungamashumi amathathu anesibhozo eemilimitha ngonyaka.
Ngeli xesha oku kuyenzeka, ukugcina “amandla angular” ifezekisa ukuba ukuhamba kwePlanethi kuncitshisiwe, okwenza iintsuku zihlale ixesha elide, ukwandisa umzuzwana omnye kwiminyaka engamashumi amathandathu amawaka. Kwiminyaka emalunga neebhiliyoni ezimbini, i-orbit yeNyanga iya kufikelela kwindawo eyaziwa ngokuba "spin kunye ne-orbit resonance".
Ngelo xesha uMhlaba neNyanga ziya kuba nokuhambelana ngokubhekiselele kwiilwandle. Ukulinganisa amaxesha eNyanga kunye neyoMhlaba, ukudibanisa nokujikeleza koMhlaba kunye nobuso beNyanga kuya kuhlala kuphambi koMhlaba, kwaye ngokuphambene noko.
I-Sun Evolution
ILanga liyenyuka ngokuqaqamba kwalo ngesantya seshumi ekhulwini kwibhiliyoni nganye yeminyaka. Kucingelwa ukuba kwithuba leminyaka eyibhiliyoni kuya kubakho uhlobo "ifuthe lamaqondo obushushu abanjwe lungcoliseko” engalawulekiyo kwisijikelezi-langa soMhlaba nto leyo eyabangela ukuba iilwandle ziqalise ukujika zibe ngumphunga.
Yonke into enobomi ngaphandle iya kucinywa, ibe nako ukuphila enzulwini yoLwandlekazi; mhlawumbi uhlala njengenyanga enkulu yeSaturn "Titan«.
I-Titan, ngoku, yindawo enemvula apho umphezulu wayo unamasimi eengqumba zentlabathi, apho kukho izaqhwithi ezinkulu eziya kudala ezidala amachibi, kunye nesixa esincinci samanzi afunyenwe kwiindawo ezigqithileyo, intsalela ilahleka emoyeni. ngemitha yeLanga.
Malunga namawaka amathathu anamakhulu amahlanu eminyaka, iPlanethi yoMhlaba iya kuba nokufana nePlanethi yeVenus njengoko injalo namhlanje; iilwandle ziya kugquma ukuya kowona mgangatho uphezulu, akunakubakho bukho balo.
Kwelo xesha okusingqongileyo kwiPlanethi Mars kuya kuba namaqondo obushushu aphezulu, amanzi angaphandle aya kuqala ukujika abe ngumphunga kunye nekharbon diokside ibe ngumkhenkce.
Baye babala ukuba malunga neminyaka engamawaka amathandathu eebhiliyoni, ukugcinwa kwe-hydrogen efunyenwe kumbindi we-Star King kuya kuba kudliwe kwaye kuya kuqalisa ukusebenzisa leyo ifunyenwe kwiindawo eziphezulu.
Ezingaqinanga kangako, xa zibala malunga namawaka asixhenxe anamakhulu amathandathu ezigidi zeminyaka ezayo, ziya kuguquka zibe yibhola enkulu ebomvu, enomkhenkce.
ILanga liya kunwebeka kwaye lijikeleze iMercury kunye neVenus, mhlawumbi kunye nePlanethi yoMhlaba.
Ngeli xesha apho iLanga liya kufana nebhola enkulu ebomvu kwaye liya kuhlala linjalo ixesha elide, bacinga ukuba malunga nekhulu lezigidi zeminyaka, enemilinganiselo ephindwe ngamakhulu amabini anamashumi amahlanu anesithandathu kunoko ikhoyo namhlanje, kuya kuba njalo. ubukhulu bayo 1,2 AU. Ngokukhanya okukhulu kunamawaka amabini anamakhulu amathathu kunangoku.
Ngeli xesha, ngokuqinisekileyo iiplanethi kunye nenyanga ezijikeleze "Ibhanti yaseKuiper", njengokuba kunjalo kwimeko yePluto kunye neCharon, iya kuba neqondo lokushisa elimnandi ukwenzela ukuba babe ziilwandle kwaye banethemba lokuba banokuba nendawo engqongileyo efana neyokuba abantu kufuneka bahlale kunye.
Umhlaba uya kubandezeleka kakhulu ngenxa yombane welanga, umoya awusayi kuba khona, kuba wonke umhlaba uya kuzaliswa lulwandle lwelava apho kuya kudada isinyithi kuphela, iindawo ezinkulu zesinyithi kunye "irefractory element glaciers”, ngamaqondo obushushu anokugqithisa iidigri ezingamawaka amabini.
Ukusondela kwenxalenye engaphezulu yendawo yoMhlaba-iNyanga kuya kufezekisa ukuba i-orbit yesathelayithi iya kuvalwa nokuba iNyanga ijikelezwe ngamawaka alishumi elinesibhozo eekhilomitha ukusuka eMhlabeni, umda we "Roche", umzuzu apho ubunzima boMhlaba buya kugqiba kunye neNyanga iguqule ibe ngamakhonkco afana namakhonkco eSaturn.
Ukuphela kwenkqubo ye-Earth-Moon akuqinisekanga kwaye kuxhomekeke kumbandela onyamalala kwiLanga ngaloo mizuzu yokugqibela yokuguqulwa kwayo.
Ezinye zeZenzo
Kwisithuba esimalunga neebhiliyoni ezintathu zeminyaka, siya kuba neLanga njengenkokeli kulandelelwano, "Andromeda” iya kuba nobuhlobo kule ndalo iphela, emva koko idale ungquzulwano ngokuyijoyina.
Oku kunokubangela umonakalo kwinkqubo yeplanethi xa iyonke, isenokungalichukumisi iLanga okanye iiplanethi ezithile ngenxa yokuba ziqelelene kangakanani na, nokuba kukothuka kumnyele. Ngokunokwenzeka, inkqubo yeplanethi iya kutyhalelwa ngaphandle kwendawo kwaye iphelele kwisangqa esitsha somnyele.
Emva kwexesha elide, ukuba neLanga sele liphelile kwaye litshintshile ngenxa yokuba lingasenawo amandla, kukho ithuba elikhulu lokuba enye inkwenkwezi iya kudlula kwinkqubo yeplanethi ukuyitshabalalisa, into eqhelekileyo ukuba iphindwe.
Njengoko izicwangciso ezisikhokelela kumothuko omkhulu okanye kwithiyori yokwandisa zingazaliseki, kumawaka eminyaka ezayo umxhuzulane wenkwenkwezi edlula ecaleni kwale nkqubo iya kuba ikwazile ukufumana iiPlanethi zayo eLangeni.
Basenokuthi bonke bakwazi ukuhlala iminyaka emininzi, oku kuya kuba sisiphelo senkqubo yesijikelezi-langa ngendlela engazange ibonwe.
Imbali yeeNgcaciso zokuCwangciswa kweSixokelelwano seSolar
Kwishumi leminyaka lokugqibela lenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, uhlolisiso lweKant-Laplace nebular lwenze izikhalazo ezininzi kwisazinzulu uJames Clerk Maxwell.
Ngubani owabonisa ukuba ukuba izinto zeeplanethi ezaziwa ngokwenene ziye zadlula ngokusasazwa okujikeleze iLanga lenza i-ring, imikhosi yentshukumo eyahlukileyo yayiza kuthintela i-agglomeration yeePlanethi ezizimeleyo.
Kukho esinye isikhalazo, kukuba iLanga linomfutho ongaphantsi kwe-angular kunelo libizwe yimodeli yaseKant-Laplace.
Kwakukho iminyaka emininzi apho izazinzulu, izazi ngeenkwenkwezi ezikhethekileyo, zavumelana ngethiyori yezothuso ezingabamelwane, ezazicingelwa malunga nokusekwa kweePlanethi ngenxa yokusondela kweenkwenkwezi kuKumkani weNkwenkwezi.
Ngolu qikelelo, inxalenye elungileyo yezakhi zale kunye nezinye iinkwenkwezi beziya kususwa, ngenxa yamandla omlambo, owathi, xa ugxininisekile, wenza iiPlanethi.
Ithiyori yomothuko nayo yachaswa, phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX, lo mzekelo we-nebular wakwazi ukuba nophuculo emva koko wafumana imvume yezazi ngeenkwenkwezi kunye nezazinzulu ezikhethekileyo.
Kuhlaziyo lwemodeli, kwavunyelwana ukuba eyona nto iphambili yeprotoplanet yayinkulu kwaye utshintsho kwisantya se-angular lwenziwe ngamandla kazibuthe.
Oku kuthetha ukuba iLanga ekuqaleni kobukho balo lithumele izinto kwisantya se-angular kwindandatho yeprotoplanetary kunye neeplanetesimals ngokusebenzisa imiqondiso ye-Alvén, njengoko kukholelwa ukuba kwenzeka kwiinkwenkwezi zeT Tauri.