Ngezityalo ezininzi kwihlabathi ezinobungakanani obahlukeneyo, iimilo kunye nezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, zibuze:zikhula njani izityalo? Kungokwemvelo ukuqonda iinkqubo eziqhutywa zezi zidalwa ziphilayo zibaluleke kakhulu kwindalo.
Zikhula njani izityalo?
Njengazo naziphi na izikumkani zezinto eziphilayo, ukwakheka kwayo kuvela njengemveliso yeenkqubo ezithile ezenziwa ngexesha elithile, ngoncedo lwemiba ethile kunye nakwiimeko ezithile ezithile, imbewu ifuna iimeko ezithile ezithile. ukuba ezi nkqubo zokukhula zilandelayo zingenzeka kwaye ingcambu yokuqala yesityalo ingabonwa, eya kuthi kamva ibe njalo (ngesiqu, amagqabi, iintyatyambo kunye neziqhamo).
Oku kusabela kumjikelo wobomi ukuba ngasinye kwezi zidalwa, kunye neenkqubo zezinye iintlobo, umzekelo bazalwa njani ookrebe, iminenga, iingonyama, abantu, umngundo, ibhaktheriya, njl. Yonke into ephilayo ikhula ngokubulela kuthotho lwezigaba apho iinkqubo zebhayoloji ezihambelanayo zenziwa, indlela isityalo esikhula ngayo yinto emiselwa ngamanqanaba amabini aphambili kunye nendlela ethile yokukhula xa ithelekiswa neyo yezinye izidalwa.
Eyokuqala ihambelana nokuntshula kwembewu ukuze isithole sivele kwaye siqhubeke nenkqubo yezityalo apho ezinye iindawo eziya kuba zikhule isityalo, umzekelo, iingcambu, isiqu kunye namagqabi. Emva kokukhula kwezi nxalenye, iya kwinqanaba lesibini elinokuthiwa: inqanaba lokuzala, apho esi sityalo senza imbewu evumela ukuba ibe nenzala.
Ezinye izityalo ziyatyatyamba kwaye zithwala isiqhamo, ukuze la malungu avele ezinye iinkqubo ziyenzeka ngesiqhelo xa isityalo sele sikhule ngokupheleleyo kula malungu akhankanywe ngasentla. Iintyatyambo kunye neziqhamo zezo ndawo ziya kuvumela isigaba sesibini sezo zivelisayo, umzekelo isityalo samaqunube. Kwezi meko, intyatyambo yenziwa kuqala, ekufuneka ichunyiswe ukuze isiqhamo sesityalo esiza kuba nembewu sikhule.
Siye sathetha ekuqaleni kweemeko ezithile eziyimfuneko kwiinkqubo ezikhankanyiweyo ukuba zenzeke ngempumelelo, ezi meko zinento yokwenza nezinto zekhemikhali ezithi, xa zidibana, ziyanelisa iimfuno zesityalo (umzekelo: cytokinin, ethylene, auxin, phakathi kwezinye) nezinye iimeko zangaphandle ezifana nobushushu bendawo ezityalwe kuyo, uhlobo lomhlaba, ubukho bezinye izichumisi, amanzi kunye nokukhanya ezikufumanayo, njl.
Ukuzaliswa kwezityalo
Ngokuphathelele ukuveliswa kwezityalo, kuyimfuneko ukwazi ukuba inokuba ngeendlela ezimbini, ngokwesondo okanye i-asexual. Esokuqala senzeka xa esinye isityalo kunye nesinye ziqhubela phambili nokuqhamisa ngenxa yezinambuzane ezisasaza ipoleni okanye umoya othwala iiseli zamadoda uzise apho zikhoyo iiseli zemazi zesinye isityalo, ezi zimele zahluke. Isenokwenzeka nasekuveliseni ngokwesondo ukuba isityalo sizichumise ngokwaso (oku kwaziwa ngokuba yi-autogamy kwaye ukuchumisa kwemizekelo emibini eyahlukeneyo kwaziwa ngokuba yi-allogamy).
Uhlobo lwesibini lokuzala (asexual) lwenzeka xa kwenzeka i-cell mitosis evumela ukubunjwa kwesinye isityalo esilingana ngokupheleleyo nomzali wayo, oku kwenzeka kakhulu kwizityalo ezingezona zemithambo okanye xa abantu beqhuba ukuphindaphinda kwe vegetative.
ukuzalwa kwezityalo
Ukuzalwa kwezityalo ngokwenene kuqala ngendawo ekuyo imbewu kwindawo efanelekileyo ukuze kuhlume, xa le nkqubo iqala, ukukhula kukhuselekile ngaphandle kokuba kuphazanyiswa kukuphelisa izinto ezinjengamanzi ezinokubangela ukufa kwesityalo. Isityalo, ezi nkqubo azinakuguqulwa ukuze isityalo siyeke ukukhula ixesha elide kwaye siphinde siqalise iinkqubo, nangona kunokwenzeka ukunyusa iimeko ze-medium ukuze zikhule ngokukhawuleza.
Ukudubula
Ngaloo ndlela, inkqubo yokuqala echaza indlela isityalo esikhula ngayo kukuntshula, kulapho ithole lizalwa khona, nto leyo eya kuba luhlobo oluthile lobomi obuya kwenza imbewu xa sikhula. Uninzi lweembewu zifuna iimeko ezithile, ezinye ngaphezulu kunezinye, umzekelo: ezinye zinokufuna ukuba ubushushu bube bufanele kwaye amanzi anele ukuze izithole zikhule ize imbewu intshule. Ezi mfuno zimbini ziya kuba bubuncinane obufunekayo, abanye banokufuna uhlobo oluthile lomhlaba, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Ukuhluma kubangelwa ngenxa yehomoni ebizwa ngokuba yi: gibberellin eveliswa yimbewu xa ifika emhlabeni. Ezi mbewu ziyimveliso yesondo eyenziwa ngokubulela ukuchumisa kweentlobo zezityalo. Umsebenzi wayo oyintloko kukunyusa ubungakanani bayo ngokubonga ngokuphindaphinda okanye ukusabalalisa okwenzayo kwindawo efunyenwe kuyo, oko kukuthi, kufuphi nesityalo esivela kuyo ekuqaleni.
Ngaphakathi kwembewu yinto ebizwa ngokuba yi "endosperm" kwibhayoloji, eya kuba yinto equlathe amandla abalulekileyo ukuze imbewu yenzeke ngempumelelo, oku emva kokuba ifunxa ubungakanani bamanzi ekufuneka ikhuphe i-gibberellic acid okanye igibberellin ethi, njengoko kuboniswe ngasentla: yenza intshule. Emva koko, ii-enzymes ziya kuveliswa eziza kuguqula i-endosperm de ibe yi-glucose.
Kungenzeka ukuba imbewu ayiqalisi inkqubo yokuntshula kwayo ngokuchanekileyo, enye iqale ikhuphe amanzi emzimbeni kwaye emva koko iqine njengendlela yokukhusela i-embryo yesityalo esikuyo, oku kunokwenzeka xa kungekho kufuma okwaneleyo, akukho oksijini eyaneleyo. ubushushu abulungile, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Kwimeko apho, i-imbibition okanye ukubuyisela amanzi emanzini kuya kufuneka ukuze kuhlume.
ukukhula kwesityalo
Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukukhula kwezityalo kwenzeka xa iimodyuli zazo ziphindaphindiwe, imodyuli nganye yesityalo iya kuba neqabunga, i-axillary bud kunye nama-nodes (ezo ndawo apho iqabunga libekwe khona). Oku kwenzeka ngolu hlobo ngenxa yokuba "izityalo ziyizinto eziphilayo zemodyuli" kwaye xa imodyuli nganye iphinda iphinda iboniswe apha ngasentla, ukubonakaliswa kwee-buds kwenzeka kwiindawo ezijongene nokuzala, umzekelo, iintyatyambo okanye amasebe (xa isityalo senza zingavelisi iintyatyambo).
Ngaloo ndlela, xa imbewu sele inandipha iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokukhula kwesityalo, ingcambu iya kuqala ukuvela, okokuqala kuzo zonke eziya kuba nazo. Le ngcambu inokuthatha iiyure ezintathu ukuya kwezisixhenxe ukukhula. Ingcambu iqala ukwenza izihlunu ezifana neprotoderm, i-meristem kunye neprocambium, emva koko ngokukhula kwayo ikhula ngokuthe nkqo emva koko izicubu ezenziweyo ziyaguqulwa zibe zizicubu ezikhethekileyo ezahlukileyo kwezo zezinye izityalo.
Ukubuyela kwiinkqubo zokukhula, ezimbini ezibalulekileyo kufuneka zichazwe ukuze uqonde ngcono indlela isityalo esikhula ngayo kunye nokunye okuncinci malunga nokuntshula:
Ukungcola
Le yenye yeenkqubo zenqanaba lokuzala ezinazo iintlobo zezityalo, kuyo into yokuqala eyenzekayo kukuba i-pollinating agents zithutha ii-gametes eziyinkunzi ezigcinwe kwindawo yeentyatyambo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-"stamen" ukuya nakwiindawo. yentyatyambo yemazi (pistils). I-pollination ivula indlela eya kwisigaba sokuzala kwezityalo, esiya kuba kukuchumisa kwaye kuzo zombini iinkqubo kuqinisekisa ukuba uhlobo luyanyamezela, luyaguquguquka kwaye luvelise imizekelo emitsha.
Ukuchumisa
Le yinkqubo ebalulekileyo kuyo yonke into enxulumene nendlela isityalo esikhula ngayo. Kakade xa i-gametes yamadoda ineeseli zesetyhini zezityalo, ziqhubela phambili ukudibanisa ukuze ukuchumisa kwenzeke, oku kwenzeka kuphela emva kokuba i-pollen ifikelele kwi-ovary yeentyantyambo ngenxa yenkqubo echazwe ngasentla.
Xa iseli yendoda eya kubizwa ngokuba yi "embryo" sele ikwi-ovary, iyaqhubeka ihlukana kwaye kancinci kancinci imbewu iyakhiwa. Izityalo ezivelisa iziqhamo zizenza zijikeleze imbewu.
Ukudubula
Emva kokuqhama, kuntshula, okuthi, njengoko kuchaziwe ngasentla, kuqalise xa imbewu sele ifumene iimeko ezifanelekileyo ukuze imbewu ikwazi ukuvuleka, idale iingcambu zize ziphume kuyo. Sele sele kuhlume ihlumelo lokuqala, imbewu yondliwe ngokuchanekileyo, ixesha lokuntshula linokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kumhlaba kwaye kwezinye iimeko imbewu, kuyo nayiphi na imeko izigaba ezithathu ezisisiseko zenzeka kule nkqubo:
- Ukucoca amanzi: Inkqubo yokuntshula yohlulwe ibe mithathu kuqalwa ngokufakwa kwamanzi kunye nokutyiswa kwembewu, le yeyona nto iphambili ukuze kuhlume kuba ukufuma kunye nemichiza efumaneka kumhlaba ochumileyo iyakuvumela ukuba imbewu ivuleke kwaye ibe namandla. ukwenza ihlumelo lokuqala.
- Ukuhluma: Oku kuxa ukuvulwa kocweyo olukhuselayo lwembewu ukuze ingcambu ikhule, oku kukhula kubangela uhlobo oluthile lokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni ngenxa yokuba umlinganiselo wamanzi afunxwa sisityalo uyancipha ngokupheleleyo.
- Phuhliso: Xa ihlumelo sele limile ngaphakathi kwembewu kwaye livuleka ukuze likhule, kuxa likhula ngobukhulu, ngexesha lokukhula kwalo aliyeki ukufunxa amanzi emhlabeni ekulo okanye ukutyisa izinto zemichiza ezithi Bona. iya kuvumela ukuba ikhule ngakumbi nangakumbi ngobukhulu, kamva ezinye iindawo zesityalo ziya kwenziwa.
Akunakuthiwa ngeli xesha ukusinda sele kuqinisekisiwe kuba izinto ezininzi zinokuphazamisa indlela isityalo esikhula ngayo okanye ngokufa kwaso xa sele senziwe. Inyaniso kukuba ekuphuhliseni isityalo i-macro kunye ne-micronutrients ethile iyimfuneko eya kuvumela ukuba kwenziwe ezinye iinkqubo.
Iimfuno zezityalo zophuhliso lwazo
Izityalo zihluke kwezinye iintlobo ezifana nezilwanyana kwimiba ethile ehambelana nendlela isityalo esikhula ngayo, umzekelo, ubungakanani abanokufikelela kubo bunqunywe, ukutya kwabo kuxhomekeke kwi-heterotrophic metabolism ukuba izityalo zinayo, ngelixa Izilwanyana zine-autotrophic metabolism, kwelinye icala, bekuya kuba yintoni umnombo wezityalo kunye nobunikazi beeseli zazo zigcinwa kwizizukulwana ezininzi, ngelixa kwizilwanyana ezi zinokutshintsha.
Eyona nto abafana ngayo kukuba bafuna izondlo nezinye izinto ukuze bakhule ngaphandle kweengxaki, ngokomzekelo, ukukhanya kwelanga namanzi kubalulekile ukuze izityalo zifumane amandla aza kuzivumela ukuba zikhule ngokuthe ngcembe. Ikharbhon dayoksayidi ibalulekile ngokunjalo neetyuwa zeminerali, nakumhlaba ezilinywa kuwo ziyakwazi ukufumana izondlo eziya kuzivumela ukuba zikhule, ezinye zazo zezi:
- Isalfure
- Boro
- Calcio
- ICopper
- Phosphorus
- Hierro
- Manganese
- Initrogen
- Potaziyam
- Izinki
Ezi macro kunye ne-micronutrients zivumela iinkqubo ezinje nge-organogenesis ukuba zenzeke kunye ne-enzymatic reactions ukuba zenzeke ngokuchanekileyo, ukuze izityalo zikwazi ukuzalisekisa zonke iinkqubo ezifunwa yi-heterotrophic metabolism, ebandakanya ukuqhawula amabhondi phakathi kwee-molecule. isidingo.
Emva kokubona indlela isityalo esikhula ngayo, umhlaba unokulungiswa ukuze uchume kubo bonke abo banqwenelwa ukutyalwa, oku kunokwenziwa ngoncedo lwesichumiso, izichumisi, ngokuthenwa komhlaba, kuqinisekiswe ukuba ngokwaneleyo. ukukhanya kwendalo kufikelela kuloo ndawo kwaye kunkcenkceshele umhlaba, nangona kungekho mbewu kuwo.