Sazi kuphela inxalenye encinci ye-panorama jikelele yenkqubela phambili yale nkcubeko ukususela kwisine kuphela Iikhowudi zamaMayan baye bakwazi ukusinda kwaye bangowona butyebi bukhulu bempucuko elahlekileyo, ubungqina benkcubeko eyahlukileyo kunye nephuhliswe kakhulu yaba bantu baseMesoamerican.
Iikhowudi zamaMayan
IiCodices zamaMaya ziyimibhalo-ngqangi ekhanyisiweyo esongwe kwiphepha elingaqhelekanga, apho ulwazi lurekhodwa malunga nobomi baseMayans, kodwa malunga nenkolo, imfihlakalo, i-astronomy kunye nemathematika. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba yayiziincwadi zesikhokelo zababingeleli. AmaMayya ayenenkqubo yokubhala ephuhliswe kakhulu yemifanekiso, iileta kunye nenani labalinganiswa.
Iikhowudi zamaMaya ziyimibhalo-ngqangi ye-hieroglyphic yempucuko yamaMaya. Ngokobuchwephesha, ikhowudi yeMayan ngumcu we-accordion-folded of accordion paper of Mesoamerican paper, owenziwe kwi-tow yesityalo se-amate. Iifolthi ze-accordion zingagqunywa ngemifanekiso kunye nemibhalo ngaphambili nangasemva, ngamanye amaxesha umva awuzange uzaliswe ngokubhaliweyo kunye nemifanekiso. Izicatshulwa bezingenzelwanga ukuba zifundwe ngokulandelelana, kodwa zahlulwe ngokwezakhiwo zaba ziibhloko ezinemixholo.
Iikhowudi zamaMaya ezigcinwe kakhulu ziincwadi zababingeleli, ezinikezelwe kwisithethe, inzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi kunye nokuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi, iziprofeto kunye nezenzo zokuvumisa, ukubalwa komjikelo wezolimo kunye nekhalenda. Ngoncedo lwabo, abefundisi babetolika izinto ezenzeka kwindalo nakwizenzo zamandla kaThixo baze baphumeze izithethe zonqulo. Iicodex zamaMaya zazisetyenziswa imihla ngemihla kubabingeleli yaye ngokufuthi zazifakwa engcwabeni emva kokufa komninizo.
Umvelaphi
Ngexesha lokoyiswa kwamaSpeyin eYucatan ngenkulungwane ye-1562, kwakukho iincwadi ezininzi ezifanayo ezathi kamva zatshatyalaliswa ngomlinganiselo omkhulu ngabo babethimba nabefundisi babo. Ngaloo ndlela, ukutshatyalaliswa kwazo zonke iincwadi ezikhoyo eYucatan zayalelwa nguBhishophu u-Diego de Landa ngoJulayi XNUMX. Ezi khowudi, kunye nemibhalo emininzi kwizikhumbuzo kunye ne-stelae esagcinwe namhlanje, yayiyimibhalo ebhaliweyo yempucuko yamaMaya.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunokwenzeka ukuba iindidi zemixholo abayiphathayo zahluke kakhulu kwimixholo egcinwe ngamatye nakwizakhiwo; ngokutshatyalaliswa kwayo siphulukene nethuba lokujonga iinkalo ezibalulekileyo zobomi baseMayan. Namhlanje kuphela iincwadi ezine zokwenyani zamaMayan ezikhoyo namhlanje. Iikhowudi ezine mhlawumbi zidalwe kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa zokugqibela ngaphambi kokuba iSpanish ithathe, ixesha lePostclassic.
Ngenxa yokufana kweelwimi kunye nobugcisa kunye nemibhalo yasekuhlaleni, kucingelwa ukuba iincwadi ezintathu ezaziwayo (iMadrid, iDresden, iParis) zivela kummandla ofanayo, kummandla osemantla we-peninsula yaseYucatan. Indlela abafika ngayo ukusuka eYucatan ukuya eYurophu akwaziwa, nangona uphando olunzulu. Incwadi yokugqibela efunyenweyo (eMexico) ivela ekugrunjweni, iChiapas ifanele ukuba yindawo yemvelaphi.
Iikhowudi zamaMaya ezigciniweyo
Ngenxa yexesha labanqobi kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwazo zonke izinto "zabahedeni" (ingakumbi ngu-Diego de Landa ngo-1562), kuphela iincwadi ezine ze-Mayan eziqinisekileyo ezikhoyo namhlanje. Ukuzahlula, zonke zithiywe ngendawo yokugcina yazo elandelayo:
- ICodex yaseMadrid (kwakhona iCodex Tro-Cortesianus)
- I-Dresdner Codex (kunye neCodex Dresdensis)
- Paris Codex (kwakhona Codex Peresianus)
- ICodex yaseMayan yaseMexico (eyayisakuba yiCodex Grolier)
ICodex yaseMadrid
Icodex yincwadi esongwayo enamaphepha alikhulu elineshumi elinesibini (amashumi amahlanu anesithandathu amaphepha) enziwe ngeAmate paper, ekwagqunywe ngocweyo lwestucco. Ngobude becala obuziisentimitha ezingama-22,6 kunye nobude obuziimitha ezi-6,82, yeyona inde kwiikhowudi ezine zamaMaya eziye zagcinwa. Umbhalo-ngqangi wafunyanwa kwiindawo ezimbini kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo eSpain ngeminyaka yee-1860.
Nangona umgangatho wokubulawa ungaphantsi, iCodex yaseMadrid yahluke ngakumbi kuneDresden Codex kwaye imele ukuba iveliswe ngababhali abasibhozo abahlukeneyo. KuseMuseo de América eMadrid, eSpain, kufuneka ukuba ithunyelwe kwinkundla yaseSpain nguHernán Cortés. Kukho amaphepha alikhulu elineshumi elinesibini, ngaphambili ahlulahlulwe angamacandelo amabini ahlukeneyo aziwa ngokuba yiCodex Troano kunye neCodex Cortesianus aza adityaniswa ngowe-1888.
Umbhalo-ngqangi waseMadrid uneetafile, imiyalelo yemisitho yonqulo, iialmanacs, kunye neetafile zeenkwenkwezi (iitafile zeVenus). Ivumela ukwazi ubomi benkolo baseMayans. Iqulethe icandelo lamaphepha alishumi elinanye elijongene nokufuywa kweenyosi. Imifanekiso emininzi ibonisa izenzo zonqulo, amadini ngabantu, kunye nemiboniso emininzi yemihla ngemihla enjengokwaluka, ukuzingela, kunye nemfazwe. Kucingelwa ukuba le ncwadi yayisetyenziselwa ukuprofeta ngeenkwenkwezi yaye yayivumela imihla yokuhlwayela nokuvuna kwanexesha lezithethe zamadini.
Ikhowudi yaseDresden
ICodex yaseDresden inokufunyanwa kwimyuziyam yeencwadi yeSaxony State kunye neThala leeNcwadi leYunivesithi eDresden, eJamani. Yeyona icaciswe kakhulu kwiikhowudi zamaMaya, kunye nomsebenzi obalulekileyo wobugcisa. Amacandelo amaninzi angokwesithethe (kuquka okubizwa ngokuba yi "almanacs"), amanye akwindalo yeenkwenkwezi (eclipses, Venus cycle).
Le codex ibhalwe kwiphepha elide eligoqwe ukuze kuveliswe incwadi enamaphepha angamashumi amathathu anesithoba, ebhalwe macala omabini. Imele ukuba yabhalwa kungekudala ngaphambi kokuba iSpeyin ithinjwe. Ngandlel’ ithile yafumana indlela eya eYurophu yaza yathengwa lithala leencwadi lenkundla yasebukhosini yaseSaxony eDresden ngowe-1739.
I-Codex yaseParis
ICodex yaseParis igcinwe kwiThala leSizwe laseFransi yaye yialmanac yeziprofeto. Yafunyanwa kumgqomo wenkunkuma kwithala leencwadi ngowe-1859. Inobude obuziimitha ezisisi-1,45, inamaphepha angamashumi amabini anesibini, yaye iyeyona ikhuselweyo kakhulu kwimibhalo-ngqangi emine yombhalo wamaMayan. Oonobumba kunye nokupeyinta kunokubonwa kuphela phakathi kwamaphepha.
Amaphepha okugqibela achaza amakroza alishumi elinesithathu omjikelo wezodiac. Amanye amaphepha aqulethe ulwazi malunga nomjikelezo weminyaka engamashumi amahlanu anesibini, apho ikhalenda ye-365 yeentsuku ze-Haab kunye nekhalenda ye-260 yeentsuku ze-Tzolkin zibuyela kwindawo yazo yokuqala. Ekubeni imijikelo yekhalenda ibhekisela kwixesha lama-731 ukusa kowama-787, iCodex yaseParis isenokuba ngumbhalo wexesha lamandulo. Ibhalwe phakathi kwe-1300 kunye ne-1500.
ICodex yaseMayan yaseMexico
Le codex, kunye nezinye izinto zobugcisa, kukholelwa ukuba zavela kuphangi lokwembiwa komqolomba eChiapas ngeminyaka yee-1960. Umqokeleli waseMexico uGqr José Sáenz wathinjwa ngabathengisi ngenqwelomoya encinane ukuya kwindawo ekufutshane neSierra of Chiapas neTortuguero. . Apho bambonisa ezo zifunyenweyo waza wathenga isiqwenga secodex. Le codex yakha yaboniswa ngowe-1971 kwiGrolier Club eNew York. UGqr. Sáenz wanikela ngayo kuRhulumente waseMexico yaye namhlanje igciniwe kodwa ayiboniswa kwiNational Museum of Anthropology kwisiXeko saseMexico.
Le codex yayigqalwa njengeVenus Astrological Almanac, eyayixela kwangaphambili indawo esikuyo isijikelezi-langa iVenus kwisithuba seminyaka elikhulu elinesine. Iyafana nenxalenye yeDresden Codex enxulumene neVenus. Nangona i-Codex yaseDresden ichaza kuphela iVenus njengeenkwenkwezi zasekuseni kunye neenkwenkwezi zangokuhlwa, zonke iimeko ezine zirekhodwa kwi-codex yeSixeko saseMexico: njengenkwenkwezi yasekuseni, inyamalala ngokubambisana okuphezulu, njengenkwenkwezi ngokuhlwa kwaye iphinde ingabonakali kwindawo engaphantsi.
Icala ngalinye libonisa umzobo/uthixo ojonge ekhohlo, uphethe isixhobo kwaye udla ngokuba yintambo kunye nebanjwa. Iphepha lesihlanu nelesibhozo libonisa umzobo odubula utolo etempileni. Umfanekiso okwiphepha lesixhenxe usenokubonisa ijoni elalimi phambi komthi lingenzi nto. Iphepha lokuqala nelesine licebisa iK’awiil, yaye iphepha lesibini, lesithandathu, neleshumi, elineziqwenga ezibini, libonisa ukuba kukho uthixo wokufa.
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