Umjikelo wobomi uguquguquka kakhulu kwiintlobo zezilwanyana ezahlukeneyo, ngamanye amaxesha inokuba ziiyure kunye namanye amaxesha iinyanga. Kweli nqaku siza kucacisa malunga nomjikelo wobomi bempukane. Lo mjikelo wobomi uya kuxhomekeka kwisini sayo, kodwa ngakumbi ukuba isekuthinjweni okanye endle. Kungenxa yoko le nto sikumema ukuba uqhubeke ufunda inqaku elilandelayo ukuze uzazi ezi zibakala zibangel’ umdla.
Fly Life Cycle
Ubomi beentlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana bulinganiselwe ngexesha elithile, oku kuthanda ukuhluka ngokweentlobo zazo. Obu bomi bunokuhlala iiyure, iintsuku, iinyanga, okanye mhlawumbi iminyaka. Kodwa xa kufikwa kumjikelo wobomi bempukane, kunzima kakhulu ukwazi ngokuqinisekileyo. Ekubeni kwinkululeko ngokwezifundo ezahlukeneyo kuqikelelwa ukuba umjikelo wobomi bempukane uhamba phakathi kweentsuku ezingama-25 ukuya kwezingama-52 njengomntu omdala. Kodwa oku kunokutshintsha xa besekuthinjweni, kuba abanye babo bakwazile ukufikelela kwiiveki ezilishumi elinanye. Kodwa inye into engatshintshiyo kukuba iinkunzi ziza kuphila ixesha elincinane kuneemazi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngo-2008 kwakukho ibali leendaba apho, ngokutsho kwabaphandi abaninzi abavela kwibhubhoratri ethile yaseSwitzerland, bathi ngenxa yokwanda komsebenzi wengqondo yeempukane, kubangele ukuba umjikelezo wobomi beempukane unciphise. Oko kukuthi, baphila ngaphantsi kakhulu kunoko kuchaziweyo. Ezi nzululwazi yayingoonjingalwazi ababini ababekwisebe le-ecology ne-evolution kwiYunivesithi yaseLausanne, eNtshona. Aba baphandi babizwa ngokuba nguTadeusz Kawecki kunye noJoep Burger, abathe bafumanisa unxulumano olubi xa babefunda inkqubela yabo kubuchule babo bokufunda beempukane kunye nobomi babo obude.
Ngoku sithetha ukuba, ngamafutshane, ezona mpukane zikrelekrele zaziphila kancinane kakhulu. Izazinzulu ezipapashe iziphumo zolu phononongo kwijenali eyaziwayo ebizwa ngokuba yi-Evolution bathathela kubo ukwahlula amanani eempukane ukuze kufundwe ngamaqela amabini. Elinye lala maqela lahlala likwimeko yalo yemvelo, ngoxa elinye laqalisa ukuphucula ubuchule balo bokufunda. Abaphandi bafundise eli qela ukuchonga ivumba lokutya elinencasa, nokuba limnandi okanye alikho, kwaye linxulumanise ivumba elenziwe elebhu kwivumba elichanekileyo.
Oku kwaqhutywa kwizizukulwana ezininzi kwaye emva kwezizukulwana ezingama-30 ukuya kwezingama-40 kamva. Izazinzulu ziye zafumana iimpukane zokuphuhlisa izakhono zokufunda ezingcono kwaye zikwazile ukunkqaya ixesha elide. Noko ke, phezu kwazo nje zonke ezi zifundo, kwaboniswa ukuba iqela leempukane ezazikwimeko yazo yendalo zazinomjikelo wobomi omde kakhulu kunezo zazikrelekrele ngakumbi. Ngoko ke umjikelo wobomi weempukane wawumiselwe ngaphezu kwako konke inkululeko yazo. Isiphumo solu phando yayikukuba okukhona impukane isiba krelekrele, kokukhona iphila mfutshane.
Izazinzulu ziqinisekisile kwaye zagqiba ukuba ukuguga kweempukane kwandiswa ngumsebenzi ophuhliswe kakhulu we-neural. Ke oku kuvelisa ukunxiba, okuya kuchaza into yokuba iimpukane azizange ziphuhlise ngokupheleleyo amandla azo e-neuronal. Le yokugqibela yagxininiswa kuphando lwakhe, oku kungenxa yokuba ingqondo ichitha 20% ukuya 25% yamandla zonke eziphilayo kwaye kuyaqondakala ukuba ezo zilwanyana zinethamsanqa ngokwaneleyo ukuba ingqondo idliwe kancinci baphila ixesha elide. .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5r-2uDSu4I
Ngoko ke, impukane iyinambuzane yasemhlabeni, enempembelelo enkulu kwindalo, eyeklasi yezinambuzane kunye nomyalelo weDiptera. Ngesi sizathu, eyona ixhaphakileyo yile yosapho lweMuscidae, olusasazwa kuninzi lwemimandla yehlabathi. Ngokuphathelele igama layo lesayensi, i-Musca domestica, ibonakaliswe ngokuba nemigca emi-4 emnyama ngasemva kwethorax yayo. Isisu saso sinombala okhanyayo kumacala omabini kwaye sinebhanti emnyama esembindini phezu kweendawo zesisu.
Iimpawu Zeempukane
Impukane ibonakala ngumzimba owenziwe ngamalungu amathathu, intloko, ithorax kunye nesisu. Amehlo akhe anombala obomvu, abunjwe ngamawakawaka eenkalo eziya kuqonda ukukhanya. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba basoloko besula amehlo abo ngokuhlikihla kwamathupha abo. Amehlo akhe, okanye ilungu lakhe elibonakalayo, liya kuswela i-lens ephakathi, ngenxa yezo nkalo okanye iiyunithi zokwamkela, ziya kumvumela ukuba abonise zonke iintshukumo ezenzeka ngeenxa zonke kuye ngokukhawuleza.
Ngokuphathelele intloko yeempukane, iqulethe yonke imilomo, ezi ziya kukuvumela ukuba uzisebenzise ukukhotha, ukumunca, ukugqobhoza okanye ukuluma. Kwaye kukho neentlobo ezithile zeempukane eziya kuba namandla okuluma nokufunxa igazi ebantwini. Ezi mpukane zikwabonakala ngokuba namaphiko aza kuzivumela ukuba zibhabhe. Kodwa ikwanazo nezinye ezincinci kakhulu, ezinobungakanani obuncinci obuya kuthatha igama leesaws okanye i-halteres, la maphiko amancinci aya kuba nomsebenzi wokuzinzisa ukuhamba kwawo.
Ngaphandle koko sele kuchaziwe, impukane igqunywe ziinwele kunye namanani amaninzi eesilika ezizivayo, eziya kuyivumela incasa, ivakale kwaye ijoje. Indlela eziziphethe ngayo iimpukane kukuba zisoloko zingcamla yonke into ezinyathela kuyo yaye ukuba le nto ziyithandayo, oko kukuthi, ibonakala imnandi, zithobe imilomo yazo ziphinde ziyizame. Oku kuziphatha kuqhelekile kakhulu kubo kwaye bayisebenzisela ukufumana izidlo zabo. Zikwancedisana nangemilenze yazo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zihambe kakuhle.
Oku kungenxa yokuba imilenze yabo inohlobo lwemiqamelo emincinci ebambelelayo eya kubavumela ukuba bakwazi ukuhamba kwiindawo ezigudileyo kakhulu njengeglasi. Iimpukane xa sele zikhulile zinobukhulu obuphakathi kweemilimitha ezi-5 nezisi-8 ubude kunye namaphiko amalunga ne-13 ne-15 leemilimitha. Enye into ebalulekileyo kukuba iimazi zinkulu kakhulu kunezinkunzi, ngokwamehlo azo, iimazi zinomgama omkhulu phakathi kwamehlo azo amabini kunamadoda.
Indawo yokuhlala kunye nokutya
Impukane ibhabha kwaye iphuphuma kwiindawo ezininzi apho kukho okanye kukho ubukho bomntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imozulu injani. Kwaye nolu didi lwezilwanyana zezo eziqhelana namaqondo obushushu amaninzi kule planethi. Iimpukane zitsaleleka kwiindawo ezinuka iintlanzi nenyama, ekubeni isitya inkunkuma. Ngenxa yoko, banokufumaneka apho kukho ukutya, inkunkuma kunye nenkunkuma. Kodwa iimpukane aziyi kutya kuphela inkunkuma, kodwa kunye neefesi, iziqhamo ezibolileyo, oko kukuthi, naluphi na uhlobo lwenkunkuma.
Olu hlobo lwesilwanyana, ngaphandle kokuba lucaphukisa kakhulu kumakhaya ethu, lukwayingozi kakhulu kwimpilo yethu. Ekubeni ezi zineentsholongwane ezinokubangela izifo ezinzulu ebantwini, kungenxa yoko le nto kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngokukhethekileyo ukutya ezinokusulela. Iimpukane xa zisitya azihlafuni, kodwa ziyakufunxa kwaye zilubuyisele ulwelo lwezi. Olunye uphawu olubalulekileyo kukuba bathwala ibhaktheriya emizimbeni yabo, yiyo loo nto olu hlobo lwezilwanyana luyingozi kakhulu empilweni. Ekubeni ebantwini oku kunokuba yingozi kakhulu kwaye kukhokelela nakwezinye izifo.
batya njani
Iimpukane zasendlwini zisebenzisa incindi yazo yokwetyisa ukutya. Olu lwelo lugandwa ziimpukane ekutyeni kwazo okuqinileyo. Oku kuya kubavumela ukuba banyibilikise ukutya kwabo kube ngamaqhekeza amancinci aya kuthi emva koko avumele umlomo wabo ukuba uthabathe ukutya kwabo. Ngokutsho kwezifundo ezahlukeneyo, le nkqubo yokutya yanikwa igama elithi "proboscis".
Bayakwazi ukungcamla ngamathupha abo
Njengezinye isinambuzane, ngeli xesha amabhabhathane, iimpukane zinokungcamla ukutya zisebenzisa imilenze yazo emincinane. Ubukhulu becala oku kubangelwa kukuba iimpukane zineempawu ezingaqhelekanga kakhulu. Ebekwe kumacandelo okugqibela emilenze yayo emincinci. Olu phawu kukuba inencasa yokungcamla, yiyo loo nto xa impukane iwela kwisitya esimnandi, esinokuba lindle lezilwanyana, isenokuba sisidlo sakho sangokuhlwa. Yiyo loo nto ukuziphatha kwabo phambi kokuba batye nakuphi na ukutya. Babhabha bengqengqa kuyo yonk’ into ukuze babone eyona nto ilungileyo kuye noko kumcaphukisayo ngelo xesha.
UkuVeliswa Kweempukane
Izinambuzane ziza kubonisa i-metamorphosis epheleleyo, ngoku sithetha ukuba, izigaba ze-preimaginal ziguquguquka kakhulu xa zikwinqanaba labantu abadala. Ixesha lebhayoloji liyadlula, nangona kunjalo, kukho iimeko ezimbalwa. Ezi ziya kubonwa ngezigaba ezi-4 ezichazwe kakuhle njengoko zinjalo; iqanda, umbungu, i-pupa kunye nomntu omdala. Kulapha apho iDiptera enamaphiko ngokubanzi iboniswa. Konke oku kuqhagamshelwe kwezi zigaba ze-4 zikhankanywe.
Ngokuphathelele ukuchumisa kwamaqanda kunye nokumelana nemibungu, idibaniswe ngokusondeleyo nobushushu obuthile. Xa sithetha ngobushushu sibhekisa kubushushu, obunokukhawulezisa imeko. Kodwa oku kunesiphumo sokubuyela kwakhona kuba ukuba ubushushu buyanda, imveliso inokwehla. Kwaye, ngokwezifundo abazenzileyo, amaqondo obushushu asebusuku nemini awazukuba nefuthe kubo. Kuba akufuneki kubekho mahluko mninzi phakathi kwezi.
Esinye isiphumo esibonakaliswe luphando kukuba iimpukane ziye zingabi ntsholongwane xa zidibene namaqondo obushushu angama-30°C. Ngokuphathelele ukuzala, kuphezulu kakhulu kunokuba kulindelwe kwizinambuzane. Kodwa enye ingongoma ebalulekileyo kukuba kuxhomekeke kuhlobo inani lamaqanda lidla ngokuhluka. Umzekelo woku yi-hypoboscoids eya kuvelisa kuphela umbungu omnye. Ngokubhekiselele kwezinye iDiptera, ziya kubeka kuphela phakathi kwamaqanda angama-6 ukuya kwayi-8, ngelixa kwezinye iintlobo zingabala ukusuka kumawaka ukuya kumawaka. Njengoko kuchaziwe, yonke into iya kuxhomekeka kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentlobo.
Xa sithetha ngeempukane, imazi inokuqhamisa ukuya kutsho kumaqanda angama-2000 100, ngokwamaqela aphakathi kwe-150 ne-100. Ngoku, kunokuqondwa ukuba ukuba imazi ishiya ubuncinane amaqanda ali-7.000.000.000 kwiqaqobana ngalinye . Ukuba oku kuyenzeka ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu, kunokufikelela amalandela amaninzi njengenani lamadoda aphila emhlabeni. Oku kuthatyathelwa kwi-XNUMX, ukuba bekunjalo ukuba ukufa kwabo akukho, kodwa uninzi lufa kwinqanaba labo lombungu. Okanye nasemva kokuba begqithile kweli nqanaba amanani abo ehla kakhulu kuba bengamaxhoba alula kumarhamncwa abo angenasiphelo.
Ngokuqhubeka nomjikelo wobomi beempukane, ezi zinambuzane ziya kuphuma emaqandeni zikwimo yombungu kwithuba leeyure ezingama-24 okanye zinokuphuma emva kweeyure ezili-12 ukuba amaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Imibungu, kule meko yeempukane iza kubizwa ngokuba ziimpethu, iza kuzinikela ekungcambeni ukutya okubolileyo. Kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba iimpethu aziyi kukwazi ukubonwa, kuba zihlala zingaphantsi komphezulu we-substrate ekhethwe yimpukane yabantu abadala ukuba ibeke amaqanda ayo.
Ukuba ezi zibekwe kwindawo evulekileyo, ziya kungena ngokukhawuleza ngaphakathi. Oku kungenxa yokuqina kwemisipha enamandla, oku kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba banokukwenyanya ukukhanya okanye babaleke ngoko nangoko kwizilwanyana ezizingelayo ngokwendalo, ezinjengeentaka, ezifanekisela amaqhekeza amnandi kwaye anesondlo. Kungenxa yoko le nto inani labo lincipha kweli nqanaba kuba belixhoba elilula kubalingane babo.
Kwelinye icala, baya kufuna ubushushu obungakumbi kunye nokufuma, ngoko baya koma ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu ukuba bavezwe emoyeni. Kuninzi lwezinambuzane, yimibungu eya kuqokelela uninzi lokutya abaya kukufuna. Oku akuyi kuba kukugcina ubomi babo kuphela, kodwa bakwenzela ukwakhiwa kwenymphal. Le yokugqibela yiyo eya kubangela abantu abadala, abanjongo yabo ikukuvelisa. Yonke into echaziweyo yinxalenye yomjikelo wobomi bempukane.
Emva koko, malunga neentsuku ezi-6 ziya kudlula apho kulapha ukuba zigqibe ukukhula, apho zikwazi ukulawula ukunyusa amaxesha angama-800 ubukhulu bomzimba wabo. Emva kokudlula kweli nqanaba, ulusu lwalo lwangaphandle luya kuba luqina ngakumbi, lude lube luqina, ngaloo ndlela luguquke lube yikhayithi emdaka. Eya kuphakanyiswa kwaye ijikelezwe, eya kuhlala i-pupa ngaphakathi. Olu phawu olumise okwekayiti luya kuthatha i-puparium njengegama layo. Emva kokuba kudlule ixesha, malunga neveki enye, i-pupa iguquka ibe yimpukane endala.
Le mpukane iguquka kwikhayiti ebivalelwe kuyo. Le yindlela intshontsho eliziphethe ngayo okanye elidlula kuyo xa kufuneka lophule iqokobhe leqanda. Zombini zibonelela ngengxaki efanayo, eyokuba ngokwayo kufuneka baphule "imvulophu" yabo ukuze baphume sele betshintshile. Kodwa into eyahlulayo kukuba, endaweni yomlomo weentaka, ziya kuba nesixhobo esibalulekileyo nesikhethekileyo kwesi sihlandlo, njenge<em>putilino. Okuza kubonakala kuhlobo lwe-vesicle ebekwe kwibunzi lezi. Phakathi kwamehlo akho, aya kusebenza njengoluhlobo lwe-hydraulic press.
Konke oku, esisele sikuchazile, kungomjikelo wobomi bempukane. Kodwa oku akuphelelanga apho, kukho esinye isigaba esenzekayo xa impukane ibamba ngesingqi umzimba wayo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba igazi limpompoze ngaphakathi kwi-vesicle. Oku kuya kudumba kubangela ukuba icinezele kakhulu kwipali yangaphambili ye-puparium. Emva kokuba amandla enziwe kule ndawo, aqhubela phambili ekuphuleni ubude bayo bonke ngendlela ejikelezayo, ebangela ukuba iphakame njengesiciko. Kungenxa yoko le nto bebiza eli qela likhethiweyo le-cyclorraphics. Emva kwexesha leentsuku ezi-3 ziphelile ukususela ekubeni i-puparium iphukile, iqala ukubeka amaqanda. Ukunika ngale ndlela isiqalo, kwakhona, somjikelo wobomi bempukane.
Ukuba unomdla kwesi sihloko malunga ne-Life Cycle ye-Fly, ndiyakumema ukuba uqhubeke ufunda amanqaku alandelayo malunga nezilwanyana zonke kunye neentlobo ezibandakanya: