Inkolo yamaSilamsi yinkolo yamaSilamsi yasekwa ngu-Mohammed ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, kwaye inamasebe amabini aphambili: amaSunni okanye amaOthodoki - sunna, yemveli - abalandeli beCaliph yokuqala emva koMuhammad, kunye namaShiite, abalandeli bomkhwenyana kaMuhammad, uAli. Ukwahluka kwabo kwakungokwemfundiso nezobupolitika. AmaSunni enza ama-90 ekhulwini ehlabathi lamaSilamsi, anabalandeli abasisi-1.200 sebhiliyoni.
Ngoko ufuna ukugrumba nzulu kancinci, apha siyacacisa umahluko phakathi kwamaShiite namaSunni.
Ngoobani amaSunni?
AmaSunni enza uninzi lwamaSilamsi. Kuqikelelwa ukuba phakathi kwama-86 nama-90 ekhulwini abemi bakweli qela. Ezi zithathwa njengelona sebe lemveli kunye ne-orthodox yamaSilamsi. Enyanisweni, igama leSunni lithatyathwe kwintetho "Ahl al-Sunna": ilali yesintu.
Kulo mongo, isithethe sibhekisela kwizenzo ezivela kwizenzo zoMprofeti uMuhammad kunye nabalindi bakhe. Ngoko ke, AmaSunni anqula bonke abaprofeti abakhankanywe kwiKoran, ngakumbi uMuhammad, ogqalwa njengomprofeti wokugqibela.
Kamva iinkokeli zamaSilamsi zabonwa njengabantu bexeshana. Ngaphandle koko, xa kuthelekiswa namaShiites, abafundisi benkolo yamaSunni kunye neenkokeli ngokwembali ziye zalawulwa ngurhulumente. Isithethe samaSunni sikwindawo ephezulu eSaudi Arabia. Kwaye ikwaxhasa inkqubo ebhalwe ngokucacileyo yomthetho wamaSilamsi, kunye nobulungu kwesinye sezikolo ezine zomthetho.
Ngoobani amaShiite?
UAli ekuthethwa ngaye wayengumkhwenyana woMprofeti uMahammad, kwaye amaShiites athi wona kunye nenzala yawo banelungelo lokukhokela amaSilamsi.. U-Ali wabulawa ngamayelenqe e-caliphate, ubundlobongela kunye nemfazwe yamakhaya. Oonyana bakhe uHassan noHussein balelwa oko babekholelwa ukuba lilungelo labo elisemthethweni lokulidla ilifa.
U-Hassan ukholelwa ukuba utyhefwe ngu-Muawiyah, i-Umayyad caliph yokuqala okanye inkokeli yamaSilamsi, ngelixa umntakwabo uHussein kunye namalungu amaninzi osapho lwakhe babulawa edabini. Ezi ziganeko zisemva kwengcamango yeShia yokufel’ ukholo kunye nezithethe zayo zokuzila, kwaye ukholo lwamaShia lukwanalo nenkalo yomesiya eyahlukileyo. Kwakhona amaShiite aneqela labefundisi abanikela iingcaciso ezicacileyo nezingaguquguqukiyo zemibhalo yamaSilamsi.
Inani lamaShiite namhlanje liqikelelwa ukuba liphakathi kwe-120 ne-170 lezigidi, okanye malunga neshumi lawo onke amaSilamsi. Luninzi lwabemi baseIran, Iraq, Bahrain, Azerbaijan kwaye, ngoqikelelo oluthile, iYemen. Kodwa iAfghanistan, iIndiya, iKuwait, iLebhanon, iPakistan, iQatar, iSyria, iTurkey, iSaudi Arabia kunye ne-United Arab Emirates nazo zineendawo ezibalulekileyo zamaShia.
Le yantlukwano idlala yiphi indima kungquzulwano lwezopolitiko?
Kumazwe alawulwa ngamaSunni, amaShiite adla ngokuba ngawona mahlwempu ekuhlaleni yaye azibona engamaxhoba engcinezelo nocalucalulo. Abanye abantu bamaSunni bade bashumayele ngentiyo kumaShiite.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, revolution yaseIran ngowe-1979 uphehlelele i-ajenda yobuSilamsi eqinileyo enokuthambekela kweShiite, icela umngeni koorhulumente bamaSunni, ngakumbi kwiPersian Gulf. Umgaqo-nkqubo kaTehran wokuxhasa amaqela amaShiite kunye namajoni aphesheya uye wachaswa ngamazwe aseGulf exhasa oorhulumente beSunni kunye neentshukumo zaphesheya.
Ngexesha imfazwe yamakhaya yaseLebhanon, amaShiites aphakama ngenxa yemisebenzi yasemkhosini yeHezbollah. Abavukeli beSunni, njengeTaliban, benze okufanayo ePakistan naseAfghanistan, bahlala bejolise kwiindawo zonqulo zamaShiite. Ngeli xesha, Iingxwabangxwaba zangoku eIraq naseSyria zikwangamahlelo.
Uninzi lwabantu abancinci baseSunni bajoyine amaqela abavukeli alwayo kula mazwe, uninzi lwawo luphindaphinda umbono we-Al Qaeda.. Ngelixa oogxa babo beShia bahlala besilwa ngaphakathi okanye ecaleni kwemikhosi karhulumente, zombini i-Iran kunye neSaudi Arabia zichonge utshaba oluqhelekileyo kurhulumente ozibiza ngokuba yi-Islamic State.
Umahluko phakathi kwamaShiites namaSunni
AmaShia kunye namaSunni babelana ngeenkolelo kunye nezenzo ezininzi, ngakumbi iintsika zamaSilamsi, kuquka uhambo oluya eMecca nemithandazo emihlanu yemihla ngemihla.
AmaShiite abona u-Ali njengendlalifa yokuqala yoMprofeti kwaye ambone kunye nabalishumi elinanye abalandela (i-Imams) njengomzekelo. UbuSilamsi beShia bunabefundisi bodidi oluphezulu abaneendidi ezahlukeneyo zeenkolo (ii-Imams, ii-Ayatollah). Bakholelwa ukuba umlandeli olahlekileyo woMprofeti weshumi elinesibini uya kubuyela eMhlabeni ngaphambi kokuphela kokuseka ubulungisa noxolo.
AmaSilamsi angamaSunni ajonga amalandela amane oMprofeti njenge "iiCaliphs ezifundileyo" yaye abakuxabisi ukulandela iinkokeli zabo.
AmaSilamsi angamaShia abhekisa kuAli kumsebenzi wokholo (shahada). Baneentsuku ezahlukeneyo zokubhiyozela kunye nokulila kuneSunni, ngokusekelwe kwintlonipho yabo kwintsapho yoMprofeti, njengemikhosi ka-Ashura kunye ne-Arbain enikezelwe kwinkumbulo ka-Imam Hussein, owafela ukholo.
Ngokutsho kophononongo lwe-2015 yi-Pew Forum yokucinga, kukho amaSilamsi angaphantsi kwe-1600 bhiliyoni ehlabathini, apho malunga ne-90% yabo ngamaSunni. I-10% eseleyo yenziwe ngamasebe ahlukeneyo eShia.
Amasebe amabini amaSilamsi asasazwa ngokulinganayo kuMbindi Mpuma, kunye noluntu oluninzi lwamaShia eIran, Iraq naseBahrain. Zikwakhona eSyria, eLebhanon naseYemen.
I-Iran lelona lizwe lininzi lamaShiite emhlabeni, enama-90 ekhulwini abantu bayo abazizigidi ezingama-79 abathi banokholo, yaye batyekele ekuvelaneni nabantu abambalwa abakwamanye amazwe. Kukwakho namasebe amaShiite kubamelwane abathathu be-Iran, iAzerbaijan, iPakistan neAfghanistan, kunye naseIndiya. ISaudi Arabia, indawo yokundwendwela eMecca naseMedina, ithathwa njengombindi weSunni Islam, kwaye ukumkani wayo "ungumgcini wezakhiwo ezimbini ezingcwele" kwezi zixeko. IYunivesithi yaseAl-Azhar eCairo lelona ziko lemfundo liphambili leSunni Islam kunye nomgangatho wamakholwa.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi lube luncedo kuwe. Kodwa ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga Islam ungafunda ngakumbi kule unxibelelwano.