Amandla enyukliya. Ngokwindla 1942 baya Goodyear abathengi ababefuna uhlobo lwebhaluni yomoya oshushu, njengabo inkampani yaseMelika yayiqale ukuvelisa kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka ngaphambili kwaye eyayisetyenziselwa iinqwelomoya. Babengafuni nje ukuba ingqukuva okanye ingqukuva kuyo nayiphi na imeko, kodwa cubic.
Kubonakala ngathi itekhnoloji yaseGoodyear yayibambekile. Mhlawumbi bazibuza ukuba "Iza kubhabha njani ibhaluni yetyhubhu?", Mhlawumbi bezama ukukholisa abathengi ukuba batshintshe iingqondo zabo. Eneneni, abo bathengi babengayikhathalelanga inqwelo-moya. Ngapha koko, bavela kwiDyunivesithi yaseChicago kwaye basebenza kwiprojekthi eyimfihlo ekhokelwa nguEnrico Fermi kuphuhliso lwekhonkco lokuqala lokusabela kwinyukliya, eyaziwa ngokuba Chicago Pile-1.
Babengafuni ukubhabha...
Kuyaqondakala ke ngoko, ukuba babengenako ukunika iinkcukacha ezininzi kakhulu ngezizathu zokuthenga kwabo, kungekuphela nje ukuba babengenakuze babhabhe esibhakabhakeni, kodwa babeya kuhlala kwindawo engaphantsi komhlaba ukuze basebenze njengendawo yokuhombisa. iqulethe malunga neebhloko zegraphite ezimalunga nama-45.000 kunye neetoni ezingama-50 phakathi kweuranium oxide kunye nentsimbi yeuranium eyenze le mfumba.
Ibhetri eyaqala ukusebenza kanye kwiminyaka engama-80 eyadlulayo. Ngeye-15:25 emva kwemini ngoDisemba 2, 1942, nge-23:25 ebusuku eItali, kwilebhu ephantsi kwebala lebhola ekhatywayo laseMerika.okanye iStagg Field ukusuka kwiYunivesithi yaseChicago - engazange isetyenziswe ngelo xesha - ihlabathi lalifunda ukuqonda amandla Ukulwa kwenyukliya enkosi kwigalelo elisisiseko lengcali yefiziksi yaseItali. Ngaphantsi kweminyaka emithathu kamva, Loo mandla anokusetyenziswa ngokulusizi kwiibhombu zeathom zaseHiroshima naseNagasaki. kwaye, emva kwemfazwe, ngeenjongo zoxolo kwii-reactors ze-fission namhlanje ezivelisa malunga ne-10% yombane wehlabathi.
Enrico Fermi kunye nombono waseMelika
Xa ujonga nje kuqala kubonakala ngathi u-Enrico Fermi uthathe isigqibo sokuhlala e-United States of America kuphela umbuzo wenkxaso-mali yawongwa kwiiyunivesithi nakumaziko ophando. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, ihlabathi lezenzululwazi lalithe saa. Idityanisiwe, kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini yokuqala, into ebizwa Ithiyori endala yeQuantum, Iingqikelelo ze-quantum mechanics zazivela kwisiqingatha sesibini se-1920. Izinto ezifunyaniswe zezenzululwazi enye emva kwenye kunye nengqondo yomntu yaqikelelwa kuphando olungenalusini lwento encinci engenasiphelo.
Iziko elikwi-Via Panisperna, embindini weRoma, likhokelwa ngu-Enrico Fermi kunye nabasebenzisana nabo abafana noSegrè, Amaldi, Pontecorvo, Majorana, Rasetti, D'Agostino, kwakufuneka izixhobo ezixabisa kakhulu ukuqhubeka nokukhuphisana kwinqanaba eliphezulu lophando.. Ukuphonononga i-radioactivity yezinto nge-intuition echanekileyo ye-bhombarding nuclei nge-neutron ifuna imfuno ye-accelerator yamasuntswana ekwazi ukuyivelisa kwimiqadi yamandla aneleyo kunye nobukhulu obuphezulu.
Konke kwaqala ngeradioactivity eyenziweyo
Inkqubo yezenzululwazi eyakhokelela kwisiphumo sikaDisemba 2 yaqala malunga neminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu ngaphambili, ngowe-1926, ngendibano kaFermi yiYunivesithi yaseRoma kwisitulo sokuqala saseItali sethiyori yefiziksi. Apho uFermi wazala iqela lamakhwenkwe e-Via Panisperna kwaye walathisa uphando lwabo kwi-nuclear physics, eyayivela apho ngenxa yomsebenzi weefiziksi ezininzi zaseYurophu. Ekhuthazwa kukufunyaniswa kweradioactivity eyenziwe ngu-Irène Curie kunye noFréderéric Joliot, uFermi wenza uthotho lwemifuniselo entsha phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1930 eyamenza wafumana ibhaso leNobel kwiFiziksi ngo-1938. kwinto eyenzekayo eChicago kwiminyaka engama-80 eyadlulayo.
Umxholo wembali
Ngaphandle kweemali ezibalulekileyo ezinikezelwe nguRhulumente kwiZiko, ezi azizange zibavumele ukuba bafumane i-accelerator ye-particle ehambelana neenjongo zamakhwenkwe avela kwi-Via Panisperna.. Umbuso, ngokwenene. Kungenxa yokuba ukutyeshela isiseko sentlalo-ntle yase-Italiya kwiminyaka yoo-30 kuya kuba yimpazamo enkulu esengqiqweni. Ikhefu eligqibeleleyo eligqitywe yintshukumo yokusabela ekhokelwa nguBenito Mussolini kwishumi leminyaka elidlulileyo e-Italiyane eyayidlakazwe yiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala.
Ulawulo olungenakuphikiswa lweQela lobuFasi likaZwelonke kunye nobudlelwane obungokweengcamango no-Adolf Hitler weNational Socialist German Workers' Party xa wathimba ulawulo kwiJamani eyayivutha ngumsindo ngowe-1933. Amathuba eengxoxo zezozakuzo aye abhanga ngokuqondakalayo ngenxa yokukhukuliswa kongquzulwano lwehlabathi olwalufihlwe ngokungafanelekanga. iiprojekthi zoozwilakhe abatsha. Le yindawo yaseYurophu eyendeleyo apho inzululwazi imi njengecathedral esentlango. Umququ owaphula umqolo wenkamela wawukukuba uEnrico Fermi, ekubhengezweni kwemithetho yobuhlanga ngowe-1938, apho uLaura Capon, umfazi wakhe ongumYuda, ephakathi kwabo bachaphazeleka ngokuthe ngqo..
Ngobusuku bangaphambi kweKrisimesi, usuku oluphambili lokuhamba
Ngobusuku bangaphambi kweKrisimesi, uFermi kunye nosapho lwakhe baqalisa i-liner yaseFranconia e-United States, banyanzelwa ukuba bayishiye i-Italiya ngemithetho yobuhlanga yobuFasi. Inqanawa eyathi, ngandlel’ ithile, yatyhutyha izihlandlo eziliqela kumanzi azaliswe ziinkathazo zeMfazwe Yehlabathi II: ukuzisa eUnited States ingcali yefiziksi eyayiza kuba ngomnye wabalingisi beProjekthi yeManhattan, ukuthutha imikhosi yaseBritane kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zemfazwe kunye nokusingatha uChurchill kunye negqiza laseBritane kwi-1945 ngexesha leentetho zaseYalta. Kwaye ngalo lonke ixesha ngexesha leKrisimesi uLise Meitner, ingcali yefiziksi yaseOstriya ekrelekrele owathi, ekubeni wayengumYuda, kwafuneka abaleke eJamani aye eSweden.
U-Enrico Fermi, uLaura noNiels Bohr bafika eNew York ngoJanuwari 2, 1939. Yaqala ke intsebenziswano kunye neYunivesithi yaseColumbia apho uFermi wayeza kusebenza njengenxalenye yeqela lophando lwenyukliya. Emva kwe ukufunyanwa kwamaJamani u-O. Hahn kunye no-F. Strassmann kwi-fissile kunye / okanye ubume bokuqhekeka kwezinto ezinzima, UFermi uqalise ngokupheleleyo kuphononongo loqoqosho lwe-neutron kwiimpendulo ze-fission ze-isotopes ezahlukeneyo ze-uranium.
imfumba yeathom
UFermi uqinisekisile i-hypothesis ephakanyiswe ngu-L.Szilard kwi-1933, malunga nokuba nokwenzeka kokuba kubekho uchungechunge lwee-reaction chain chain. Ukuqhekeka kwe-isotope U 235 Ivelisa i-avareji ye-2,8 yeeneutron ezikhawulezayo, zamandla phakathi kwe-10 k eV kunye ne-10 MeV. Ukufudumeza ngokufanelekileyo (kucothiswe) ngokuchithwa kobushushu kwiingqubo kunye neemodareyitha, kwandisa amathuba okubangela ukuba ezinye ii-U cores zihlukane. 235. Ukuhlehlisa uphononongo lweentshukumo zotshintsho lwenyukliya kwinqaku lexesha elizayo, kuyakwanela apha ukuchaza ukuba abaphandi babenethuba lokwakha ibhetri enokufaka amatyathanga okuphendula okuzigcinayo.
Isenzo senyukliya esithe, xa sithelekisa nendlela eqhelekileyo yokutshiswa kwemichiza, yakhupha amandla aphindwe kangangezigidi ezili-10 kwaye amandla awo omkhosi abonwa ngoko nangoko eUnited States nakwiJamani yamaNazi. Enkosi nakwimibono kaFermi, inkqubo yaseMelika iqhubele phambili ngokukhawuleza kwaye inqanaba elisisiseko yayikuphuhliso lwebhetri yeathom.
Enyanisweni, kwenzeka a rukusabela kwekhonkco lokuqhekeka kwenyukliya. Ukuqhekeka kwenucleus yeuranium kubangelwa kukungqubana kweneutron nayo. Ukubola kweuranium kuvelisa iinuclei ezikhaphukhaphu kunye neeneutron ezininzi, ngokomlinganiselo phakathi kwesibini nesithathu. Xa isixa esaneleyo se-uranium sigxininiswe kwindawo elinganiselweyo, iimeko ezinzima zinokufikelelwa, apho kuyo yonke impendulo ye-fission, ngokomlinganiselo, ubuncinane enye ye-neutron eveliswayo ibangela enye i-fragmentation. Ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lokugxeka, inkqubo inokuzimela kwaye ivelise amandla ngendlela elawulwayo-njengoko kwenzeka kwi-civil reactors- okanye ikhule ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokukhawuleza ikhuphe amandla amakhulu, njengoko kwenzeka kwizixhobo zenyukliya.
IChicago-Stack 1, Amandla eNyukliya
Le mfumba yayiquka iitoni ezi-5,6 zesinyithi se-uranium kunye neetoni ezingama-36 zeepellets zeuranium oxide. Ezi zatshintshwa ngeetoni ezingama-350 zeebhloko zegraphite ezinemisebenzi yokumodareyitha kunye nolwakhiwo. Indlela yodwa yokulawula ukusabela kunye nokufezekisa isimo sengqondo esibalulekileyo, esibonisa ukuqala kokuziphendulela kokuzimela, ngokulungelelanisa ukuhamba kweentonga zokulawula kwi-stack.
Imfumba iqala ukusebenza ngoDisemba 2, 1942. Emva kwemini ifikelela kwindawo enzima kwaye ivale emva kwemizuzu embalwa ngokubuyisela zonke iintonga zokulawula.. Ngaloo mini ibandayo yeminyaka elusizi yeMfazwe Yehlabathi II, umatiloshe waseItali wafika kwihlabathi elitsha. Kodwa Ngaphantsi kwe-epidermis yophando lwenzululwazi yenyukliya yaseMelika kwakukho iProjekthi yeManhattan.. Ke ngoko, ngokunxuseneyo nokusetyenziswa okusesikweni kwamandla enyukliya ekuveliseni umbane, sibona ukunyanzeliswa kweplutonium kwiimfazwe zenyukliya zomkhosi. Ababini kubo, Inkwenkwe encinci y Indoda Ekhululekileyo, baqala bayinciphisa iHiroshima baza bandula ke baseNagasaki yaba luthuli.
Uvuyo lokufumanisa ukuba kamva kwaba yintlekele
Ngo-15: 25 ngoDisemba 2, iChicago Pile-1 ifikelele ekubalulekeni ngendlela elawulwa ngokupheleleyo, ebonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka inkqubo. U-Eugene Wigner, enye yeengcali zefiziksi ebezikhona, ukhuphe ibhotile yeChianti ukubhiyozela umsitho, ehlonipha imvelaphi kaFermi yase-Italiya. Oosonzululwazi abangamashumi amane anesithoba ababekho batyikitya isiqwenga somququ webhotile, esagcinwe kwiYunivesithi yaseChicago. Kodwa-njengoko uLeona Woods, ingcali yefiziksi ethathe inxaxheba kwiprojekthi kwaye emva koko umfundi oneminyaka engamashumi amabini anesithathu ubudala, ukhumbula - yayiyi-toast ethuleyo, kuba, njengoko uWigner ngokwakhe wayeya kuthi kamva, "Sasisazi ukuba siza kukhulula isigebenga«. Isigebenga esasinokuthi kwiminyaka embalwa nje siphelise iMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi ngeendleko ezibuhlungu zokutshatyalaliswa kweHiroshima neNagasaki.
Inzululwazi ayinakubekwa tyala, kodwa ngumntu
Isikhumbuzo, eso sikaDisemba 2, 1942, ke ngoko, sinentsingiselo epheleleyo: ulingelo olukhulu lwenzululwazi, oluye lwaba nempembelelo enkulu kwimbali yanamhlanje. Imbali ayinakwenziwa nge "ukuba," kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuba iUnited States ayizange iyakhe imfumba eChicago, ngaxa lithile iJamani yamaNazi yayinokuphumelela, kunye nemiphumo enokucingeleka ngokulula kwihlabathi.
Ukutyhila ezona mfihlo zinzulu zomcimbi kuyeyona mpumelelo inkulu yengqondo yomntu kunye ne-protagonist, kunye Unxulumano kunye ne-quantum mechanics, yenguqulelo enkulu kwindlela esiliqonda ngayo ihlabathi eyaziswa yifiziksi ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Namhlanje, ngenxa yefiziksi yenyukliya, izifo ziyanyangwa, umzimba womntu uyaphononongwa, yaye umbane uveliswa kukuqhekeka kwezixhobo zombane ngaphandle kokukhupha iigesi zegreenhouse. Akukho malunga nesayensi, eyenze kwaye iya kuqhubeka ukwenza igalelo elikhulu kwintlalontle yoluntu kwaye esoloko isisixhobo soxolo, kodwa kunoko ukusetyenziswa kweziphumo zayo kunye nengqiqo yoxanduva kunye nokuqonda. akufunekanga ibe lubuntu.