Inkcubeko ye-Chavín ithathwa ziingcali ukuba yinkcubeko yokuqala ephuhliswe kakhulu kwi-Peru yangaphambi kwe-Hispanic, impembelelo yayo yasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kuyo yonke into ngoku ekumntla welizwe. Bonke ubugcisa bale nkcubeko yakudala iyamangalisa ngomgangatho wayo, ifanelwe ukukhankanywa ngokukodwa Iiseramikhi zeChavin.
Iiseramikhi zeChavin
Udongwe lwe-Chavín lubonisa indaleko yobugcisa eyafunyanwa yile nkcubeko kuyo yonke le minyaka, isebenza njengempembelelo kwezinye iinkcubeko.
Inkcubeko yeChavín
Inkcubeko yaseChavín yachuma kumbindi nasemantla eAndes, malunga ne-900 ukuya kwi-200 BC, ibe yenye yeenkcubeko zokuqala kunye neziphambili ze-Inca. Iziko lenkolo laseChavín de Huántar yayiyindawo ebalulekileyo yokuhamba ngezonqulo kulo lonke ummandla wase-Andean kwaye yayinempembelelo ngakumbi kwiinkcubeko zangoku kunye nezamva ezibandakanya ukusuka eParacas ukuya kuma-Inca.
Eli ziko libekwe ngokubonakalayo kwindawo yokuhlangana yemilambo emibini yesithethe sase-Andean, i-Huachesca kunye ne-Mosna imilambo, kwintlambo ephezulu yomlambo waseMarañón, kwisebe langoku lase-Áncash kwaye yayisetyenziswa ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezintlanu. . .
Lo mmandla uziimitha ezingama-XNUMX ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle kwaye uquka imimandla yokuphila yesiQuechua, iSuni, kunye nePuna. Kwi-periodization ye-pre-Columbian Peru, i-Chavín yinkcubeko ephambili yexesha le-Early Horizon kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zasePeru, ezibonakaliswe ngokuqiniswa konqulo lwenkolo, ukubonakala kweekeramics ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo kumaziko omthendeleko, ukuphuculwa kweendlela zolimo kunye nobugcisa bezolimo. uphuhliso lwesinyithi kunye neempahla.
Ubugcisa beChavin
Ubugcisa benkcubeko yaseChavín imele eyokuqala ukusasazeka kwiiAndes kunye neempawu ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo zesitayela sokuqala. Kubugcisa beChavín izigaba ezibini ezichazwe ngokugqibeleleyo zinokuqatshelwa. Inqanaba lokuqala lihambelana nokwakhiwa kwe-«Temple endala» e-Chavín de Huántar malunga nomnyaka we-900 kunye nomnyaka we-500 BC; Inqanaba lesibini lihambelana nokwakhiwa kwe "Tempile eNtsha" kwindawo enye, isiganeko esenzeka malunga ne-500 kunye ne-200 BC.
Kwimizobo ye-Chavín, imihlobiso yodonga ibonakaliswe ngendlela yemifanekiso, imifanekiso, i-ceramics. Abazobi bakhetha ukubonisa izityalo nezilwanyana ezingezozalo, ezifana neengwe neenkozi. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwimizobo yaseChavín ngumfanekiso weenkazana, owawubaluleke kakhulu kwinkolo kwaye uphindwa kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo emininzi.
Imizekelo eqhelekileyo yobugcisa beChavín zizinto ezintathu ezaziwayo: iObelisk yaseTello, "iintloko zameva" kunye neLanson. I-Obelisk yaseTello yintonga enkulu eqingqiweyo enemifanekiso yezityalo nezilwanyana, kuquka iingwenya, iintaka, ukutya okuziinkozo kunye nabantu. Mhlawumbi, umfanekiso okwi-obelisk udlulisela ibali lokudalwa komhlaba. Iintloko zespike, ezifumaneka kuyo yonke iChavín de Huántar, yimizobo emikhulu yeejaguar ezikroba phezulu kwiindonga zangaphakathi.
Mhlawumbi eyona nto inomdla kakhulu yiLanson, eyintsika ye-granite enemitha eyi-XNUMX ubude ehamba phezu kophahla lwetempile. Inomfanekiso wesithixo esine-fanged (isiqingatha se-jaguar, isiqingatha senyoka, isiqingatha somntu), isidalwa esiphambili sonqulo lwabantu baseChavín. Xa kuhlolwa izinto ezenziwe ngodongwe eChavín, kwafunyanwa iindidi ezimbini zeenqanawa, iindidi ngeendidi ezinomfanekiso oqingqiweyo nolunye uhlobo olupeyintwe ngombala ongqukuva.
Iiseramikhi zeChavin
I-chavín pottery iyaziwa kakhulu kwimihlobiso efumaneka kwiigalari zetempile zaseChavín. Iinqanawa zaziqinile kwaye zinzima kakhulu kwixesha lokuqala.
Iifom eziphambili zizitya ezivulekileyo ezinamacala athe nkqo okanye ayanda kancinci kunye neziseko ezisicaba okanye ezingqukuva ngobunono, iingqayi kunye neebhotile ezinestirrups. Umphezulu unokubethelwa okanye uhonjiswe ngokufaka i-incing, i-embossing, i-brush, i-roulette okanye i-serrated rocker stamping, zonke ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kwiindawo ezithile ngokungafaniyo nezigudileyo. Ezinye izitya zinoyilo olwakhiwe ngokunzulu kubuso bangaphakathi nangaphandle.
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, iChavín Ceramics yenza utshintsho oluninzi, umzekelo, imibhobho yokuqala yestirrup yayincinci, ingqindilili kwaye inzima, iveza iflange eshinyeneyo. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, i-stirrup yaba lula kwaye i-spikes yaba nde; umkhala washwabana waza ekugqibeleni wanyamalala. Iintamo zeeflaski ziye zatshintsha okufanayo.
Umhombiso kwezinye zezi zixhobo zeseramics uyamangalisa kakhulu; abanye baye bakrola uyilo lweentyatyambo, kwaye enye inomphezulu orhabaxa apho kukho uthotho lweconcave circular depressions kunye nepolishe ephezulu ngokumangalisayo. Iinqanawa ze-Cupisnique stirrup spout, ezinye zazo ezazimiliselwe kwi-anthropomorphic figures, izilwanyana, okanye iziqhamo, yayisisiqalo sesithethe somfuziselo wendalo kuNxweme oluMantla, olwathi lwaqhubeka kuyo yonke imbali yalo. izinto ezenziwe ngodongwe zaqala ukusetyenziswa.
Kukho indawo enkulu kunxweme olusemazantsi ePeruvia kunye neziko layo kwi-Ica Valley, apho iimpembelelo ezinamandla ezivela kwinkcubeko yeChavín ziye zafunyanwa kwisitayile somdongwe weParacas kunye neempahla ezimbini ezipeyintwe kwisitayile esisulungekileyo seChavín ziye zasinda kwintlambo enye. Iingqayi zomdongwe zeParacas zazahluke kakhulu kwezo zikaChavín, kodwa izizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo ziye zavumela ukuba ezi zimbini zisondelelane.
I-Paracas yaqala malunga nexesha elinye ne-Chavín, malunga newaka le-BC, kwaye yahlala kulo lonke ixesha layo nangaphaya, mhlawumbi emva kwamakhulu amabini e-BC. Olona phawu lubalaseleyo lwengqayi yodongwe yeParacas yayiyingqayi ejiyileyo evaliweyo enesiseko esithe tyaba esithe tyaba, esinemibhobho emibini ecutheneyo edityaniswe yibhulorho ethe tyaba, okanye ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kunye nombhobho omnye endaweni yentloko yomntu okanye yentaka.
Izitya ezingqukuva ezilula zazixhaphake kakhulu. Impahla yayihlala imnyama okanye imdaka kakhulu, kwaye uninzi lomphezulu lwalugqunywe ngohombiso oluchazwe ngokusikeka kwaye ipeyintwe ngepolychromely ngemibala eqinileyo, ecwebezelayo, enentlaka emva kokudubula. Iphaneli enobuso bekati kwelinye icala lenqanawa ye-spout-and-bridge yayiyenye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokuhombisa.
Ubugcisa beParacas bukwahlulwa ngamalaphu alo ahonjisiweyo amahle, adla ngokufumaneka kwiqhiya yabafi ababalulekileyo. Umhombiso wawuthandwa ngeli xesha owathi kamva walahleka, kodwa ngokumangalisayo uluhlu olubanzi lobuchule bokuluka lwalusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zonxweme.
Udongwe lweChavín ubukhulu becala lwaluyi-monochrome, yalungiswa, yakhazimliswa kwaye yasikwa, ukusetyenziswa kunye nemigca yenziwa njengendlela yokuhombisa. Ifom eyayiyeyona isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo yisitya esinomzimba weglobula kunye nomqheba owenziwe nge-stirrup kunye nentamo ye-cylindrical. Abantu bakwaChavín babesazi kwaye basebenzisa igolide, isilivere, ubhedu kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba nabo babezazi ezinye iialloys. Ukunyibilikisa ezi zinyithi kukholelwa ukuba zisebenzisa iziko ezenziwe ngodongwe, kunye namalahle njengamafutha.
Ubuchule obusetyenziswa ngesinyithi yiwax elahlekileyo, ukukrola, ukukrola kunye nokusika. Izinto zentsimbi ezifunyenwe ngoku zezi: izixhobo, izihombiso zomzimba, izinto zesithethe kunye nezixhobo.
Iingqayi zodongwe zaseChavín zazikhazimlisiwe zimnyama, zimdaka ngebala, zingwevu, okanye zibe mdaka ngebala, zihonjiswe, zaza zakrolwa. Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zeeramics ziibhotile ezineentamo ezide, iipleyiti kunye nezitya. I-Ceramic enomhlobiso ophezulu wokunceda kwiinjongo zemikhosi. Ukuphuhliswa kweekeramikhi zaseChavín kubonisa amaxesha amathathu:
Ixesha le-Urabarrio
Ixesha le-Urabarri lihamba ukusuka kunyaka wamakhulu alithoba phambi kukaKristu ukuya kumakhulu amabini ngaphambi kukaKristu. Ngeli xesha, itempile yaseChavín de Huántar yayikwindawo engqongwe ziindawo ezincinci zokuhlala apho abantu abangamakhulu ambalwa bahlala khona. Abahlali bale ndawo babezinikezele kakhulu ekuzingeleni kwaye kwakungeli xesha apho ii-chavines zaqala ukulinywa kombona kunye neetapile.
Iingqayi zomdongwe weqonga le-Urabarriu zaphenjelelwa kakhulu zezinye iinkcubeko. Ubungqina bezinto zakudala ezifunyenweyo bubonisa ukuba ngeli xesha amaziko emveliso yodongwe eChavín ayethe saa ngokubanzi, mhlawumbi ngenxa yemfuno ephantsi yabemi ababethe saa.
Chakinani period
Ixesha likaChakinani laliphakathi konyaka wamakhulu amahlanu BC kunye nonyaka wamakhulu amane BC. Ngeli xesha iindawo zokuhlala ezijikeleze itempile yaseChavín de Huántar zakhula kakhulu ngenxa yokufuduka kwabantu rhoqo. Kwakuye ngeli nqanaba apho inkcubeko yaseChavín yaqala ukufuywa kunye nokuzala kwe-llama, ukunciphisa ukuzingela kwamaxhama. Ngesi sigaba kwakukho unxibelelwano kunye norhwebo kunye nezinye impucuko ezikude.
Rocks okanye Janabarriu Period
Ixesha leRocas okanye iJanabarriu lisuka kunyaka wamakhulu amane phambi kukaKristu ukuya kunyaka wamakhulu amabini anamashumi amahlanu phambi kukaKristu. Ngeli xesha kwabakho ukwanda okukhulu kwabemi. Iindawo zokuhlala zaba ngamaziko amakhulu asezidolophini, kwiintlambo ezinoxinano oluphezulu lwabantu kunye noluntu oluthile kwiindawo eziphakamileyo. Ngeli xesha, ulwahlulo lwentlalo kunye nobungcali emsebenzini luqala ukumila.
Umbono wangaphambili walandelwa yinto ebizwa ngokuba lixesha eliphakathi. Ukuqala kwe-Early Intermediate kuphawulwe ukuhla kwempembelelo yenkcubeko yaseChavín kunye nokuphumelela kwezobugcisa kunye nezobuchwepheshe kumaziko ahlukeneyo, zombini elunxwemeni nakwiindawo eziphakamileyo.
Nanga amanye amakhonkco omdla: