IiToltec zamkelwa ngemisebenzi yazo emikhulu yezokwakha, eneneni igama labo lithetha abakhi abanobuchule. Izikhumbuzo zayo ezinkulu zibangela ukuncoma kodwa Amaziko oMthetho eNkcubeko yaseToltec Zigqalwa njengemimangaliso yehlabathi lonke.
Amaziko oMthetho eNkcubeko yaseToltec
Inkcubeko yeToltec ihambelana nempucuko ngaphambi kokufika kwamaSpanish asuka eMesoamerica aphantse ahlala kwindawo esembindini yeMexico yanamhlanje malunga nenkulungwane yeshumi neyeshumi elinesibini emva kukaKristu. Amabali amaNahuatl athi ngamaToltec awadala ihlabathi aza awabiza ngokuba ngaBakhi Abanobuchule. Ama-Aztec ukuba afune ukuphakama kwawo ngaphezu kwabanye abantu baseMesoamerica ngokuzidla ngokubanga inzala ethe ngqo yeToltec.
Iingcambu zabantu baseToltec zivela kubantu baseTolteca-Chichimeca abathi, ngenkulungwane yesithoba emva kukaKristu, bafuduka besuka kwimimandla eyintlango kumntla-ntshona ukuya eCulhuacán kwiNtlambo yaseMexico. AmaToltec afumana indawo yawo yokuqala yokuhlala eCulhuacán kwaye kamva ahlala eTollan okanye eTula, okuthetha "indawo yeengcongolo". Isixeko sande saya kutsho malunga neshumi elinesine leekhilomitha zesikwere kunye nabemi abohlukeneyo phakathi kwamawaka angamashumi amathathu namashumi amane amawaka abemi.
Uyilo lweToltec ekuqaleni lwaluphantsi kwempembelelo yenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan kunye nenkcubeko ye-Olmec. Iitempile, iipiramidi ezinamanyathelo, iindawo zokuhlala kunye neendawo zokudlala ibhola zenziwe yinkcubeko yeToltec.
Tula
Isixeko saseTollan Xicocotitlan (ngesiNahuatl sithetha iSixeko esikhulu kufuphi ne-Xicuco Hill), eyaziwa ngokuba yiTula, yayiyinkunzi yenkcubeko yaseToltec. I-Tula ikwiikhilomitha ezingamashumi amathandathu anesihlanu kumntla-ntshona weSixeko saseMexico kunxweme lomlambo wegama elifanayo. Ngenxa yendawo yayo, iTula yakhawuleza yaba yindawo ebalulekileyo ngaphakathi kwendlela ye-turquoise, evela kumantla engingqi yeMesoamerica kunye nommandla weChaco Canyon kwiphondo laseNew Mexico eUnited States.
Kummandla wezinto zakudala zaseTula kukho isibini sezakhiwo ezimele ezona ndawo zinomtsalane kwisixeko saseTollan Xicocotitlan esaziwa ngokuba yiTula Chico kunye neTula Grande.
Ukusuka eTula Chico yayiyisiqalo sophuhliso lwesixeko saseTula. Lo msebenzi wokwakha waqala ngexesha leClassic lasemva kwexesha, kwaye iTula yayisisixeko esincinci esinendawo enkulu yeekhilomitha ezi-6 zeekhilomitha. I-complex inesikwere esijikelezileyo ezona zakhiwo zibalulekileyo zeqela. Kwiqonga elibekwe emantla zezona zakhiwo zibalulekileyo ezaziwa ngokuba yiPiramidi yaseMpuma kunye nePiramidi yaseNtshona.
Iintsalela zegumbi ezixhaswa ngamakholomu afana nePalacio Quemado de Tula Grande nazo zingabonwa kule nkimbinkimbi. Omabini amaqonga ahonjiswe ngemifanekiso ekumele ukuba ihambelane nezidwangube ezafela edabini. Kwi-complex yesibini yezikhumbuzo ezichongiweyo njengeTula Grande awona maziko abameli benkcubeko yeToltec kwisixeko saseTollan Xicocotitlan.
Iphiramidi yeTlahuizcalpantecuhtli
IPyramid yeTlahuizcalpantecuhtli, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiPiramidi B, yenye yeendawo zemibhiyozo yenkcubeko yaseToltec enikezelwe kuthixo uQuetzalcóatl, umgcini wengcwele wesixeko saseTollan Xicocotitlan. Ulwakhiwo lubonisa iqonga lephiramidi elincitshisiweyo phezu kwayo kukho iiTula Atlanteans ezaziwayo kwihlabathi. Kule tempile kukho umfuziselo wesithixo uTezcatlipoca, onguthixo wokubonelela nobumnyama, lo ngoyena mdala ukummandla weentaba ombindi weMexico.
Ii-Atlante ezine zaseTula ziyimifuziselo yamaqhawe aseToltec, kunye nazo zonke iimpawu zabo: umkhuseli wesifuba esifana nebhabhathane, i-atlatl, i-darts, i-flint dagger kunye nezinye izixhobo zenkcubeko yaseToltec. Iingqayi zetempile ezimilise okwenyoka zihonjiswe ngeenyoka ezigqunywe ngontsiba eziyindlela yokunqula uthixo uQuetzalcoatl. Emva kweAtlante kukho iintetha kungquzulwano lwasentsomini phakathi kweQuetzalcóatl kunye neTezcatlipoca.
ibhotwe elitshileyo
Ibhotwe elitshisiweyo likwabizwa ngokuba yiPiramidi C okanye inombolo yeSakhiwo sesithathu. Eli bhotwe lanikwa eli gama kuba kurhanelwa umlilo omkhulu owatshabalalisa iziko labemi baseTollan Xicocotitlan ngexesha lokuncipha kwenkcubeko yaseToltec. Zonke iimpawu zibonisa ukuba esi sakhiwo sasisetyenziswa njengendawo yokuhlangana yokujongana nemicimbi yoluntu okanye karhulumente.
Chichen Itza
IChichen Itza yenye yeendawo zakudala zaseMexico. Ifumaneka kwi-Yucatan peninsula. Ithathwa njengenye yeendawo zeziganeko zenkcubeko yeToltec, apho yafumana khona impembelelo yeenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo zabantu ababehlala kuyo ukutyhubela iinkulungwane. Yaqatshelwa njengeNdawo yeLifa leMveli le-UNESCO ngowe-1988.
Itempile kaKukulcán, enempembelelo yenkcubeko yaseToltec ebonakalayo, yabizwa ngokuba yenye yezinto ezisixhenxe ezimangalisayo zehlabathi lanamhlanje, ngevoti yezigidi zabantu abavela kwihlabathi liphela, ngenyathelo labucala leNew Open World Corporation, ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba kweUNESCO.
I-Chichen Itza mhlawumbi yakhiwa malunga nomnyaka we-455. Isixeko sahlulwe liqela lezakhiwo ezasekwa phakathi kwe-XNUMXth kunye ne-XNUMXth inkulungwane, ehambelana nexesha le-Mayan, kunye noluhlu lwesibini lwezakhiwo ezakhiwa phakathi kwe-XNUMX kunye ne-XNUMXth inkulungwane. .yenkulungwane yeshumi elinanye yenkcubeko yamaToltec.
IiToltec zahlasela iChichen Itza ngenkulungwane ye-1178 kwaye zayenza ikomkhulu labo. Ngo-1194 yoyiswa ngumkhosi omanyeneyo wezixeko ezithathu: iMayapán, i-Uxmal ne-Itzmal, ikhokelwa nguHunak Keel. Ngexesha lokoyisa kweSpeyin (phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX), iChichen Itza yayisele ingamabhodlo. Emva kowe-XNUMX, esi sixeko sasisele singenamntu. Akukho datha ichanekileyo malunga nokuba yintoni ebangele oku.
Inqaba okanye iPiramidi yaseKukulcán
Itempile imi kumbindi wethafa elikhulu elimalunga neehektare ezingamashumi amane kwaye ijikelezwe ludonga olubanzi lwamatye. Iphiramidi ilinganisa amashumi amabini anesine eemitha kunye netempile ebekwe phezulu kwiimitha ezintandathu, ubude becala ngalinye ngamashumi amahlanu anesihlanu eemitha. Icala ngalinye letempile linezinyuko ezisithoba. Ukususela kumacala amane ukusuka kwisiseko ukuya phezulu kwephiramidi, kukho izitebhisi ezine ezithe tye ezijoliswe kwiikhadikhadi.
Ezi zinyuko zijikelezwe yintsimbi eyenziwe ngamatye, eqala emazantsi entloko yenyoka ize iqhubeke imile okwemizimba yenyoka egobileyo ukuya phezulu kwiphiramidi. Unyaka ngamnye, ngexesha lekwindla kunye ne-equinox yasentwasahlobo, unokubona umboniso oyingqayizivele "Inyoka Eneentsiba". Umthunzi weencam ezinyathelweyo zephiramidi ziwela kumatye e-balustrade. Kwangaxeshanye, kubonakala ngathi iNyoka Enentsiba iphila kwaye irhubuluza ngoMatshi ize yehle ngoSeptemba.
Ngasinye kwizinyuko ezine zetempile zinezinyuko ezingamashumi alithoba ananye, kwaye inani lazo lilonke ngamakhulu amathathu anamashumi amathandathu anesine. Kanye kunye neqonga lesiseko phezulu kwiphiramidi, edibanisa izitebhisi ezine, sifumana inani lamakhulu amathathu anamashumi amathandathu anesihlanu, inani leentsuku kunyaka welanga. Ukongeza, inani lamacandelo kwicala ngalinye letempile linomfuziselo, amanyathelo alithoba ephiramidi ahlulwe kabini ngeleli, oko kukuthi, ishumi elinesibhozo, elihambelana nenani leenyanga zonyaka wekhalenda yamaMaya. .
Imizila elithoba yetempile ihambelana nezulu ngalinye eliqukwe kwintsomi yaseToltec. Imifanekiso yamatye angamashumi amahlanu anesibini eludongeni ngalunye lwendawo engcwele ifanekisela umjikelo wekhalenda yeToltec. Phezulu kwephiramidi kukho itempile encinci eneminyango emine. Kwakusenziwa amadini kuyo.
Ngaphakathi kwiphiramidi, umnyango wayo ophambili usecaleni elingasentla kwaye uhlotshiswe ngamakholomu amabini amakhulu ngendlela yeenyoka ezijikelezayo phezu kwentloko, kukho itempile enamagumbi amabini. Iqulethe umfanekiso wedini kaChuck-Moll kunye neTrone yeJaguar. Ukongeza kumsebenzi wetempile, iphiramidi mhlawumbi yayisebenza njengekhalenda.
I-cenote engcwele
I-Sacred Cenote ekwabizwa ngokuba yiNdawo yamaXhoba, liqula lendalo (cenote) kwisixeko sakudala saseChichen Itza eMexico. Ifumaneka amakhulu amathathu eemitha kumntla wezakhiwo eziphambili zesixeko, apho iSacbej engcwele (indlela) idibanisa.
Yicrater enkulu engqukuva enobubanzi obungaphezulu kwamashumi amathandathu eemitha. Iindonga zayo ezicekethekileyo, ezakhiwe kumgangatho welitye lekalika, ziwela emanzini amnyama aluhlaza. Ngokutsho kwamaMayans, uthixo wemvula uChac wayehlala ngaphakathi kwequla. AmaMeya amzisela imibingelelo yabantu aze awaphose emazantsi e-cenote. Idini elikhulu lokugqibela kukholelwa ukuba lenzeka kwi-cenote ngobusuku bokufika kweSpanish ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Emva koko, iqula lashiywa laza lagqunywa lihlathi.
Itempile Yamagorha
Ithempeli lamaQhawe lakhiwa ngamaMayans malunga nomnyaka we-1200. Itempile isekela ukuyila kwayo kwi-architecture yaseToltec njengoko ibonakaliswe ngokufana kwayo netempile yeTlahuizcalpantecuhtli, ekhoyo kwicandelo leTollan Xicocotitlan okanye iTula.
ITempile yamaGorha ifumaneka kwimpuma ye-Great Plaza yaseChichen Itza. Inomlinganiselo weemitha ezingamashumi amane kwicala ngalinye. Ubume bayo yiphiramidi enenyathelo elinemizimba emine, itempile ebekwe kwinqanaba eliphezulu yenziwe ngamagumbi amabini. Kwi-portico yokungena kukho ii-rattlesnakes ezimbini ezinkulu, ezisebenza njengenkxaso ye-lintel.
ITempile yamaGorha inamagumbi amaninzi aphakamileyo axhaswa ngamakholomu. Inomfanekiso oqingqiweyo kathixo uChac Mool ekungeneni kwetempile. Ikwanayo namakhulu amabini ama-piers kunye neentsika, ezaziwa njengeQela leekholamu eziliwaka.
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