Iseli yesilwanyana luhlobo lweseli ye-eukaryotic apho kwenziwa khona izicubu ezahlukeneyo zezilwanyana.. Zonke izinto eziphilayo eziyila izilwanyana zixhomekeke, ukuze zenze ubomi, kule seli sithethe ngayo. Kolu shicilelo uzifumana ukulo, siza kucacisa yonke into omele uyazi ngayo, ukongezelela kumalungu ahlukeneyo abumba iseli yesilwanyana.
Sonke siyazi ukuba iseli yiyunithi esisiseko yokusebenza kwazo zonke izihlunu zezilwanyana. Ezi zidalwa zizidalwa ezininzi, oko kukuthi, zineseli ezingaphezu kwesinye. Njengoko sele sitshilo, uhlobo lweeseli izilwanyana ezinazo ziiseli ze-eukaryotic apho i-nucleus kunye nee-organelles ezikhethekileyo zinokufunyanwa. Kodwa iindawo ezahlukeneyo zeseli azihlali nje apho, kodwa nganye kuzo inomsebenzi othile yaye yahlukile kwezinye.
Ngoko ke, kunokuthiwa iiseli zezilwanyana zifana nesakhiwo, xa unakho, ezi zakhiwo ziya kuba zikhulu. Ngokusungulwa kwe-microscope kunye nokuvela kwayo okulandelayo, iseli yezilwanyana yafunyanwa kwaye yahlalutywa okokuqala., ngakumbi iseli yegazi.
Yintoni iseli lezilwanyana?
Njengoko besesitshilo, Iseli yezilwanyana yiyunithi esisiseko esebenzayo yezicubu zezilwanyana.. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli zezilwanyana, ngaphezu kweentlobo ezingama-200 ezahlukeneyo emzimbeni womntu. Kwicandelo elilandelayo siza kufumanisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli zezilwanyana kunye nemisebenzi yazo ephambili.
Iiseli ze-Epithelial
ziiseli ezikhoyo kwiindonga zamalungu kwaye zezo zenza izicubu ezizigqumayo. Ngokuxhomekeke kumalungu apho akhoyo, anomsebenzi owahlukileyo. Umzekelo ziiseli ezifumaneka emathunjini amancinci, iiseli ze-epithelial ezine-microvilli zokwandisa ukufunxa izondlo.
Iiseli zemithambo-luvo
Kule meko, Unokufumana iiseli ezimbini ezenza izicubu zemithambo-luvo, kwelinye icala, kukho ii-neurons kwaye kwelinye, iiseli zeglial.. Eyokuqala kwezi, i-neurons, inoxanduva lokusasaza i-nerve impulse ngokusebenzisa i-synapse phakathi kwe-neurons kunye neseli ye-muscle. Ngokuphathelele iiseli ze-glial, azidluliseli i-nerve impulse njengakwimeko yangaphambili, kodwa zinomsebenzi wokugcinwa kunye nokuxhasa i-neurons.
Iiseli zemisipha
Zintathu iindidi eziphambili zeeseli zezihlunu esiza kuthetha ngazo; egudileyo, intliziyo, kunye nezihlunu zamathambo. Iifom nganye kuzo zahluke kakhulu kuba, kuxhomekeke kwindawo ekuyo, zinenjongo enye okanye enye. Iithishu ezigudileyo zinde, kwaye omabini amathambo kunye nentliziyo zine-striae.
Iiseli zegazi
Kweli qela, iiseli ezibomvu zegazi, iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi kunye neeplatelet zinokwahlulwa. Iiseli ezibomvu zegazi kuphela kweeseli emzimbeni womntu ezingenayo i-nucleus. Nganye kuzo inenjongo ethile, xa iiseli ezibomvu zegazi zithwala ioksijini zize ziyitshintshele ikharbon diokside. Iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi ziyinxalenye yamajoni omzimba, zinoxanduva lokulwa nosulelo okanye izifo. Kwaye ekugqibeleni iiplatelet, ezikwabizwa ngokuba zii-thrombocytes ezinjongo yazo ikukudibanisa igazi ukuze liyeke ukopha.
iiseli ezinamafutha
i-adipocytes, Ziiseli ezinobukhulu obukhulu kwaye injongo yazo kukuvelisa nokugcina amanqatha.. Umsebenzi wayo oyintloko kukugcina i-lipids ukugcina amandla exesha elide emzimbeni.
iiseli ze-cartilage
ICartilage ineeseli ezibizwa ngokuba ziichondrocytes, ezihlala kwimingxuma emincinci ebizwa ngokuba yilacunae. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-cartilage; i-elastic cartilage, i-fibrocartilage kunye ne-hyaline cartilage. Ngomnye wezicubu ezinzima kakhulu emzimbeni, kunye nokumelana nemikhosi eyahlukeneyo esetyenziswa kuyo.
ithambo
ziiseli i-osteoform kwaye inoxanduva lokugcina, ukukhula kunye nokulungiswa kwalo naliphi na ithambo emzimbeni. Phakathi kwabo, iintlobo ezintathu zinokuhlukaniswa; ii-osteoblasts, ii-asteoclasts kunye nee-osteocytes.
iinxalenye zeseli yesilwanyana
Ngaphambi kokwazi ukuba zeziphi iimpawu ezibaluleke kakhulu kwiseli yezilwanyana, kufuneka siqale ukuthetha ngamalungu ayo ahlukeneyo kunye nemisebenzi. Kwitheyibhile elandelayo, sithetha ngabo ngokufutshane, kamva siya kungena nzulu kwisinye ngasinye.
| inxalenye yeseli yesilwanyana |
| Ulwelo lwePlasma |
| Core |
| Cytoplasm |
| Mitochondria |
| Lysosome |
| Izixhobo zeGolgi |
| I-endoplasmic reticulum |
| Centriole |
| ichromatin |
Ulwelo lwePlasma
Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-cell membrane okanye i-plasmalemma, yiyo indawo engaphandle yeseli ekwanciphisa kwaye ivale umxholo wayo. Ivumela izinto ezithile ezinqwenelekayo ukuba zingene ngaphakathi kwaye inkunkuma iphume. Sisakhiwo esijikeleze iseli kwaye sikhona kuzo zonke iiseli eziphilayo.
Core
Yeyona nto ibonakalayo kwiiseli zezilwanyana kunye nezityalo. I-nucleus yeseli igqunywe ngeenxa zonke yinwebu. Enye yeempawu zayo ezingundoqo kukuba ingqukuva kwaye ilinganisa ngaphezu kwe-5 µm ububanzi. Kuyo, lonke ulwazi lwemfuza olulungelelaniswe kwiichromosomes lugxininiswe.
Cytoplasm
Ifumaneka phakathi kwe-nucleus kunye ne-membrane yeplasma. Yinto entle kakhulu kunye negranular colloidal, apho iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zemetabolism zenzeka. Le nxalenye yeseli yezilwanyana yenziwe nge-cytosol, inclusions, organelles, kunye neprotheni fibers. Umsebenzi oyintloko we-cytoplasm kukugcina i-organelles yeseli kunye nokunceda ukuhamba kwazo.
Mitochondria
Kule meko sithetha nge ulwakhiwo lweeseli ezincinci ezinenwebu ephindwe kabini enoxanduva lokuguqula izondlo zibe ngamandla. Le nkqubo sisandula ukuyikhankanya yaziwa ngokuba kukuphefumla kweselula.
Lysosome
Banoxanduva loko kwaziwa njengokucolwa kweeseli.. Le nkqubo iqhutyelwa yi-enzymes ejongene nokunciphisa amacandelo afana neprotheni, i-lipids, i-carbohydrates kunye ne-nucleic acids. I-Lysosomal enzymes iveliswa yi-apparatus yeGolgi.
izixhobo zeGolgi
Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-Golgi complex, yinxalenye eyahluke ngokupheleleyo yenkqubo ye-membrane ngaphakathi kwiseli. Zinokubonwa kwiiseli zezilwanyana kunye nezityalo, kunye cInjongo yayo kukuguqula nokuthutha iiproteni ezidityanisiweyo ukusuka kwigranular ukuya kwi-endoplasmic reticulum erhabaxa.
I-endoplasmic reticulum
I-endoplasmic reticulum yinkqubo entsonkothileyo yeenwebu eyenza ibe yenye yezona ndawo zinkulu zeseli. Iqulethwe ngamasaka acwecwe kunye nee-tubules ezixhunyiwe komnye nomnye kwindawo enye.. Ithatha inxaxheba, ngexesha leprotheyini kunye ne-lipid tuning.
i-endoplasmic reticulum, inokwahlulwa ibe yireticulum egudileyo ye-endoplasmic kunye ne-rough endoplasmic reticulum. Eyokuqala kubo, i-smooth ithatha inxaxheba ekulungiseni i-lipids. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-rough yi-sacs ye-membrane ezisebenzisanayo kwi-condensation yeeprotheni kunye nokudluliselwa kwazo okulandelayo.
Centriole
I-cylindrical organelle eyenziwe ngamathathu amathathu etyhubhu ezincinci ezibekwe kwindawo yecytoplasm, ngakumbi kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yidiplosome.. Le mibhobho esibhekisela kuyo, inomsebenzi osisiseko ekusasazeni i-organelles kwiseli kunye nakwinkqubo yokwahlula kweeseli.
ichromatin
Iseti ye-DNA, iiproteni ze-histone kunye neeproteni ezingezona ze-histone ezifumaneka kwi-nucleus yeeseli ze-eukaryotic kwaye eziyinxalenye ye-genome yezi seli. Iiyunithi ezisisiseko zechromatin zaziwa ngokuba ziinucleosomes.
Yahluke njani iseli yesilwanyana kwiseli yesityalo?
Kule nqaku lokugqibela, Siza kuzama ukuchaza ngendlela elula umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweseli yesilwanyana kunye neseli yesityalo.
Enye yeeyantlukwano eziphambili ezinokubonwa ludonga lweseli. Iiseli zezityalo zinodonga olungqongqo ngakumbi olwenza ukuba ukukhula kwazo kuthintelwe ngakumbi, kodwa kubenza bahlangane ngakumbi. Olu donga lubekwe ngaphandle kwe-membrane yeseli kwaye luqulunqwe kwimeko yezityalo nge-cellulose. Ngokuphathelele iiseli zezilwanyana, qaphela ukuba ayikho.
Umehluko wesibini ophawulekayo bubukhulu beeseli. Kwezo zezilwanyana, zincinane ngokomlinganiselo kunezo zemifuno. Oku kunokuba ngenxa yokuba babonisa inani elikhulu lee-vesicles ezincinci kwi-cytoplasm yabo.
Kwaye ekugqibeleni, sithetha ngeekloroplasts, ii-organelles zeselula ezijongene ne-photosynthesis. Iiseli zezityalo zinazo kwaye ziqaphele ukuba iklorofili ifumaneka kuzo. Kwelinye icala, iiseli zezilwanyana azikho.
Kwi elandelayo itheyibhile esiyincamatheleyo, sibonisa uthelekiso yamalungu ahlukeneyo kwezinye iiseli kunye nezinye, oko ubona ngokucacileyo.
| Iseli yesilwanyana | Iseli yesityalo | |
| iindawo ezisisiseko | Ulwelo lwePlasma
Cytoplasm ICytoskeleton |
Ulwelo lwePlasma
Cytoplasm ICytoskeleton |
| ii-organelles | Core
i-endoplasmic reticulum erhabaxa i-endoplasmic reticulum egudileyo Ribosome Izixhobo zeGolgi Mitochondria I-Gallbladder Lysosome vacuoles Centrosome (centrioles) |
Core
i-endoplasmic reticulum erhabaxa i-endoplasmic reticulum egudileyo Ribosome izixhobo zeGolgi (dictyosomes) Mitochondria I-Gallbladder Lysosome Vacuole ephakathi ii-microbodies |
| izakhiwo ezongezelelweyo | Iflahlellum
UCilia |
Flagellum (gametes kuphela)
Udonga lweseli IiPlasmodesnos |
Siyathemba ukuba olu hlalutyo apho sithetha malunga nokuba yintoni iseli yesilwanyana kunye namacandelo ahlukeneyo aya kukunceda kwaye acacise onke amathandabuzo akhoyo malunga nesi sihloko.