Ubunyani bomlingo yayiyintshukumo yoncwadi kunye nemifanekiso yenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, apho kwakuzanywa ukubonisa into eyintsomi njengento ephuma kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngokufika kwakhe, injongo yemisebenzi yayingaseyokuvuselela iimvakalelo kuluntu, kodwa kunokuba ibonakaliswe ngabadali bayo. Kweli nqaku siya kukunika lonke ulwazi oluyimfuneko ukuze ube nolwazi malunga iimpawu zobunyani bomlingo, imvelaphi yayo, zeziphi izaphulelo zayo ezinkulu kunye nokunye okuninzi.
Yintoni Ubunyani bomlingo?
Ubunyani bomlingo luhlobo loncwadi olususela kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX, apho okumangalisayo okanye i-eccentric ivezwa njengesehlo semihla ngemihla. Isebenza njengengxelo esekelwe kuqwalaselo oluneenkcukacha lwenyaniso, kuquka izinto ezibaxayo nezinto ezikhethekileyo ezifumaneka kuyo. Nangona ingqikelelo isaziwa ngcono kwinkalo yoncwadi, ubunyani bomlingo bukwasebenzele ukudala umzobo wobugcisa besimbo somfanekiso.
Ukususela ekuveleni kwayo, ababhali abaninzi baye banoxanduva lokuyinika ingqalelo ngakumbi, njengale; U-Isabel Allende, uGabriel García Márquez, uJulio Cortázar, uLaura Esquivel, phakathi kwabanye. Aba bebejongene nokunika amabali oluntu apho iinyani zokwenyani zidityaniswa ngokukodwa nentelekelelo. Benza ngendlela egqwesileyo kangangokuba abafundi banzima ukwahlula xa utshintsho lwethoni lwenzeka, kwenza ukuba kubonakale ngathi abalinganiswa bathathela ingqalelo ubunyani beziganeko eziphakanyisiweyo.
Ngokwepolymath yaseVenezuela uArturo Uslar Pietri, olu hlobo luvele njengempendulo kuncwadi lwemveli lwaseLatin America oluphenjelelwa yimisinga efana ne-romanticism, imodernism kunye ne-costumbrismo. Umbhali uqinisekisa ukuba le misinga ayizange isebenze ukucacisa indalo enzima ye-Hispano-American real.
Ukongezelela, uchaza ukuba ukubonakala kwayo kwakungathethi ukufika kwendlela entsha yokubhala, kodwa kunoko yindlela yokuqaphela ukuba inkcubeko yommandla injani nge-utopian kodwa ngexesha elifanayo iziganeko zangempela. Ngokunyuka kobunyani bomlingo, i-escapist fantasy ye-modernist aesthetics yaqala ukubuzwa, njengoko yayiyimifanekiso emihle yazo zonke iincwadi ze-costumbrista.
Izixhobo
Ukuba luhlobo loncwadi ngokwalo, ubunyani bomlingo bunenani elifanelekileyo leempawu ezibuchazayo. Ezi zahluka kakhulu kwaye zingohluka ngokuxhomekeke kwisicatshulwa ngasinye kunye nesimbo sombhali. Ayiyiyo yonke imisebenzi edumileyo eneempawu ngasinye esiza kuzikhankanya, nangona kunjalo, ezinye zinazo ezo zihonjiswe ngaphakathi kolu hlobo. Phakathi kwezona zibalaseleyo zezi:
Ukudibanisa phakathi kwezinto eziqhelekileyo kunye nezimangalisayo
Yonke imisebenzi ehlelwa njengeetekisi zokwenyani zomlingo inomxube ogqwesileyo obamba umfundi. Kuzo, imixholo ijikelezwe yintelekelelo kodwa inabalinganiswa abavela kwinyani okanye, banokuba yimixholo yokwenyani enabalinganiswa abamangalisayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oku akugxininisi, oko kukuthi, akucaciswanga ukuba zeziphi izinto ezinentsingiselo emangalisayo kwaye ezingenayo, kuphela imbono yomntu ngamnye eyona nto ibalulekileyo. Umbhali unenkululeko echukumisayo yokuphuhlisa amabali.
Nganye yezinto zomlingo eziqulethwe kwiincwadi, abalinganiswa bazibona njengeziyinyani. Kwanezibhalo zikhuthaza oko kubhaliweyo ukuba kuqondwe ngokweemvakalelo ngabafundi. Intetho yolwimi kufuneka ibe yediaphanous kwaye ibemfutshane, ke ngoko, iinkcazo zihlala zineenkcukacha kunye nezinto zangoku kwaye zaziwa luluntu.
Ithoni yokwenyani-emangalisayo ikhona kwiintsomi nakwiintsomi ezidumileyo zokubaluleka kwezentlalo kwimbali yangoku yaseLatin America. Umzekelo wale nto, into emangalisayo efumaneka kwihlabathi ukuba uGabriel García Márquez wasityhilela "Iminyaka Eyikhulu Yedwa".
amabali amaphupha
Ngokuqhelekileyo, izicwangciso ezivezwa kwimisebenzi zivela kwindiza yephupha. Ngamanye amazwi, amabali abaliswayo kwisicatshulwa adla ngokuqala ukukhula ukusuka kumaphupha abalinganiswa bawo, bekhetha indawo enomtsalane yokubamba umfundi.
Ukwanelisa imeko yomntu
Kwinyani yomlingo kuqhelekile ukubona ukuba ababhali bahlekisa umntu ukuba babonise i-chiaroscuro yabalinganiswa babo. Njengoko sele sichazile, izinto zomlingo eziveziweyo zisebenza ukuqonda undoqo weemvakalelo zomntu; ukusuka eluthandweni, kuluntu kunye nentiyo ibe yinto ebonakalayo. Amabali anokwahluka kumanqanaba awo okuhlekisa, amanye anobuqili kunamanye, kodwa ngokwesiseko onke ayenziwa.
Ubukho bababalisi abaninzi
Kubuninzi bamabali okwenene omlingo waseLatin America, ukusetyenziswa komntu wokuqala, owesibini nowesithathu kusetyenziswa kwiingxelo. Ngamanye amaxesha, ude atshintshe phakathi kwabo, kuyo yonke inkcazo. Umbhali unenkululeko ebanzi yokuzikhethela ukwenza oko acinga ukuba kulungile, kuba umfundi uya kukuqonda oko kubaliswayo.
Ukusetyenziswa kweentsomi
I-Mythology yinxalenye yamacandelo abumba olu hlobo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuxhaphake kakhulu, kuba inika isicatshulwa i-nuance egqwesileyo yangaphandle kodwa kwangaxeshanye inzalelwane, kuxhomekeke kubuzwe bomntu ofunda isicatshulwa. Enyanisweni, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba le ntsomi idla ngokuba yimvelaphi yaseLatin America, ekubeni ababhali bayo bagxininise kuyo ukususela ebuntwaneni.
ukuhonjiswa kolwimi
Ulwimi luhlala lujolise ekuhombiseni ubunyani bomlingo, abadali balo bathanda ukusebenzisa ulwimi lwesihobe ukuguquguquka okukhulu kunye nokuqamba. Oko kukuthi, isikweko kunye ne-hyperbole zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukuhambisa ngcono iimvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo zabalinganiswa. Ngale ndlela, ukunyaniseka kwangaphakathi kuya kubonelelwa kwizinto ezingeyonyani.
Ukongamela kwemekobume ehlwempuzekileyo nengahoywanga
Ubume beendawo ezihlwempuzekileyo okanye ezingakhathalelwanga bubambeke kakhulu kule misebenzi. Ababhali bokwenene bomlingo bakholisa ukwenza amabali abo malunga namacandelo angabandakanywanga kwaye anezixhobo ezinqongopheleyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba bafuna abantu abafunda iincwadi zabo ukuba bafunde ngezinye izinto zokwenene ngaphandle kwabo, ngaphezu kokunika isikhundla malunga nokungabi nabulungisa kwezentlalo kummandla, ukuguqula isini sibe yindlela efanelekileyo yokwenza ukugxeka kwezentlalo kunye nezopolitiko.
Ukungabikho kolwakhiwo lomgca wokubalisa
Ngeli xesha, ababhali abanayo imiqobo yalo naluphi na uhlobo, ixesha lebali linokubumba ngokugqithisileyo. Ngokubanzi, ulwakhiwo olubalisayo alwenzeki ngendlela elandelelanayo, lugqwethekile kwaye lujikeleza, yiyo loo nto ubunyani bomlingo bunomtsalane kubafundi abaninzi. Kwizicwangciso eziveziweyo, abalinganiswa babuyela kwixesha elidlulileyo, langoku kunye nekamva rhoqo.
Ababhali abaphambili kunye nemisebenzi
Ngelo xesha kwakukho ababhali abaninzi abaye bangena kule ntshukumo, nangona kunjalo, bambalwa kuphela ababegqamile. Phakathi kwabona babalaseleyo bobunyani bomlingo, oku kulandelayo kunokugqanyiswa:
- UMiguel Angel Asturias Rosales (1899-1974): Wayengumbhali waseGuatemala, intatheli kunye nonozakuzaku. Uthathwa njengomnye wababhali bommandla abathe banegalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso loncwadi lwaseLatin America lwenkulungwane yama-1946. Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe, i-Asturias yayijongene nokuqaqambisa iinkcubeko zemveli zaseLatin America. Imisebenzi yakhe edumileyo "nguMnu. Mongameli" (1949) kunye "namadoda ombona" (XNUMX).
- UAlejo Carpentier (1904-1980): Wayengumbhali waseSwitzerland obhalwe kwilizwe laseCuba, intatheli kunye nengcali yomculo. Ngalo lonke ixesha lomsebenzi wakhe, wayenempembelelo enkulu kuncwadi lwaseLatin America, kuba wayesebenzisa izitayile zoncwadi ezitsha ezinje ngeReal Marvelous kunye neNeo-baroque kwimisebenzi yakhe. Abahlalutyi bamgqala njengomnye wababhali abaphambili benkulungwane yama-1949 kulwimi lwesiSpanish. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe ebalulekileyo yile: "Ubukumkani beli hlabathi" (1953), "Amanyathelo alahlekileyo" (1974) kunye ne "Baroque Concert" (XNUMX).
- UArturo Uslar Pietri (1906-2001): iPolymath yaseVenezuela; usebenze njengombhali, intatheli, intanda-bulumko, igqwetha, ipolitiki kunye nomvelisi kamabonakude. Ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, eVenezuela ungomnye wezona ngqondi zinempembelelo kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Uslar Pietri wayejongene nokuqulunqa igama elithi ubunyani bomlingo kuncwadi lwelo xesha. Eyona mibhalo yakhe idumileyo yayizezi: "Imikhonto ebomvu" (kunye "nemvula").
- U-Elena Garro (1916-1998): U-Elena Delfina Garro Navarro wayengunoveli waseMexico, umbhali wesikrini, umbhali webali elifutshane, umbhali wemidlalo kunye nentatheli. Nangona engazange ayithande kwaye wade wayibiza njengeleyibhile ye-mercanantilist, uninzi lomsebenzi wakhe woncwadi udla ngokunxulunyaniswa nobunyani bomlingo. UGarro uthathwa njengomnye wabanduleli bohlaziyo loncwadi lwefantasy. Uyaziwa kwilizwe lakhe nakweminye imimandla ye "Inkumbulo yekamva" (1963) kunye ne "Veki yemibala" (1964).
- UJuan Rulfo (1917-1986): Akazange asebenze njengombhali kuphela, uJuan Rulfo wayengumdwebi wesikrini okhethekileyo waseMexico kunye nomvelisi, ophuma kwisizukulwana se-52. "El llano en llamas" (1953) kunye "noPedro Páramo" (1955), bobabini babonisa uRulfo ukugqithisela kwakhe kwintshukumo yobunyani bomlingo. Njengo-Elena Garro, imisebenzi yakhe ithathwa njengento yokuguqula uncwadi lwama-Aztec.
- UGabriel Garcia Marquez (1927-2014): UGabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez, owaziwa ngokuba nguGabo, wayengumbhali owaziwayo waseColombia, umgcini wesikrini, intatheli, umgcini wesikrini kunye nomhleli eLatin America nakwihlabathi liphela. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, wanikwa i-Nobel Prize for Literature ngo-1982. Ubudlelwane bakhe kunye nobunyani bomlingo alukho nto ngaphandle kwemvelo, kuba umsebenzi wakhe odumileyo "Iminyaka Eyikhulu Yokuhlala Wedwa" ibonisa intshukumo kuzo zonke iinkalo. Wabhala nezinye ezinempembelelo kakhulu ezifana "Ikholoneli ayinamntu wokubhalela" (1961) kunye "Uthando ngamaxesha ekholera" (1985).