Iimvubu zizilwanyana ezaziwa ngokuba sesona silwanyana sanyisayo sikhulu emhlabeni kodwa sesinye sezona zilwanyana zinobundlobongela, ibe kuphela kwesalathiso kubantu abangaziyo. Kule nqaku siza kufunda ngakumbi malunga neempawu zemvubu, indawo yokuhlala kunye nayo yonke into enxulumene nesi silwanyana.
Iimpawu zeMvubu
Kwinqanaba lezenzululwazi, imvubu yaziwa ngokuba yiHippotamos, equka iindidi ezimbini zolu sapho, yiHippopotamus amphibius kunye neChoeropsis liberiensis. Xa ziguqulelwa zaziwa njenge imvubu eqhelekileyo kunye nepygmy hippopotamus, umahluko omkhulu omnye komnye kukuba imvubu eqhelekileyo inkulu kunepigmy kwaye inani lohlobo lwayo lininzi.
Kukholelwa ukuba iintlobo ezininzi zazikhona kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-1000 eyadlulayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa namhlanje kuphela ezo zikhankanywe ngasentla zikwazile ukusinda. Ngolwimi lwesiSpanish baziwa ngokuba "zizilwanyana zomlambo". Iimvubu eziqhelekileyo zifikelela kwi-125000 3000, inani leepygmy hippopotamus endle liqikelelwa kuma-XNUMX.
Imilo
Iimvubu zaziwa ngokuba zizilwanyana ezikhulu, eneneni zisesithathu kwisilwanyana esikhulu emhlabeni, umkhombe omhlophe ukwindawo yesibini enobunzima obuziitoni ezi-3 ½, kwaye iphumelele indawo yokuqala yindlovu ecinga iitoni ezili-9, imvubu yenye yezona zinzima kakhulu. izilwanyana, ukulawula ubunzima ukusuka 1300 ukuya 1800 kg. Umzimba wakhe unolusu olugudileyo, unemilenze emifutshane kwaye akanaboya phantse kuwo onke amalungu omzimba wakhe.
Xa kuthelekiswa namadoda, abafazi bancinci, balinganisa umyinge we-1300 kg - 1500 kg, bayeka isigaba sabo sophuhliso kunye nokukhula kwiminyaka engama-25 ubudala. Iinkunzi ezinobunzima bezona zindala, ziphakathi kwe-3500 kg - 4500 kg ngokomndilili, ngokungafaniyo namabhinqa, amadoda awayeki ukukhula, yinkqubo eya kuhlala ubomi babo bonke.
Iimvubu zinemilomo emikhulu apho amazinyo azo amakhulu endlovu afunyanwa khona, anomlinganiselo we-0,5 m, iindlebe zazo ezincinci zibekwe ngaphezu kwentloko yazo, njengoko kunjalo namehlo kunye neempumlo, eziphantse ziphakame ngokufanayo, oku kunceda imvubu ukuba ukuva, ukubona kunye nokujoja ngelixa ifakwe emanzini, inokuhlala imizuzu emi-5 ngaphandle kokuphefumla ngaphantsi kwamanzi.
Umzimba wayo omkhulu utyebile kakhulu kwaye ude, intamo yayo imfutshane kakhulu, inesisu esigobileyo, eneneni, kwindawo enomgxobhozo badla ngokuyitsala, i-skeleton yayo i-graviportal, oku kuthetha ukuba imilenze ephantsi njengemilenze , ngokufutshane kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nomzimba wayo wonke omkhulu kakhulu kwaye ubanzi, isisu sayo sahlulwe ngamagumbi ama-3, imvubu inokuxhasa ubunzima bezilwanyana ezininzi phezu kwayo.
Umbala womzimba wayo ungwevu omfusa, uyahluka ngombala kwezinye iindawo ezikwiindlebe namehlo ajikelezileyo aqhayisa ngombala omdaka oneethowuni ezipinki, ngesi silwanyana kuqhelekile ukubona iimvubu ezizii-albino.
Enye yezona zinto ziyoyikisayo kukukwazi ukuvula imihlathi yayo eyi-150 °. Inezibini ezi-3 ze-incisors kunye ne-canines kwindawo engezantsi yomhlathi, ezingama-fangs ayo amakhulu kunye neyoyikisayo enokufikelela kwi-50 cm ubude. Ukuza kubunzima be-4 kg nganye, zigobile kwaye zimile okwenxantathu. Kwimihlathi ephezulu, amazinyo ayo amancinci kwaye anamandla kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nangaphantsi, agcina isakhiwo esifanayo kunye nabanye.
Baphuhlisa idyasi ebomvu ebanceda ukubakhusela elangeni, abantu abaninzi babhideka becinga ukuba isilwanyana sabila igazi, enyanisweni ekuqaleni olu lwelo luselubala, njengoko imizuzu idlula lujika lubebomvu de ekugqibeleni lujike umbala oBrown. Baphinde baphuhlise omnye umaleko, umahluko kukuba le yenziwe ngamafutha kwaye ibanceda ukuba badada bhetele emanzini.
Ngenxa yenkangeleko yayo yomzimba, abaninzi baye bacinga ukuba inxulumene neehagu okanye iihagu zasendle, ezi zilwanyana azinabudlelwane okanye ubuhlobo, enyanisweni izalamane ezisondeleyo zemvubu zii<em>cetaceans ezazahlula kuzo kwiminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-50 eyadlulayo. Iminenga kunye neimvubu zabelana ngesinyanya seminyaka engama-70 yezigidi eyadlulayo nekhetha ukohlukana nezilwanyana ezingagungqiyo.
Nangona imilenze yabo emifutshane, ubunzima bayo obukhulu kunye nobukhulu bayo, bayakwazi ukubaleka ngesantya esiqhelekileyo umntu anokusenza, nangaphezulu, ukufikelela kwi-30 - 50km / h, nangona kunjalo, banokubaleka ngeso santya kwimigama engekho mde kakhulu.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ngoku zifumaneka kwi-sub-Saharan Africa, ngokukodwa eSudan, eKenya, eUganda, e-Ethiopia, emantla eCongo nasentshona yeGambia, enye ifumaneka eBotswana, eZimbabwe, eMzantsi Afrika naseZambia, efumaneka kumazantsi eAfrika, inani elincinane. bahlala eTanzania naseMozambique. EColombia unokufumana iimvubu ngenxa yomzi wogcino-zilwanyana owawungowomrhwebi weziyobisi odumileyo uPablo Escobar. Zifumaneka kumachibi nasemilanjeni.
Ngaphambili bekukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zeemvubu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Ukutyhubela uMntla Afrika, uMzantsi Yurophu kunye noMzantsi-mpuma Asia. Esi silwanyana sasixhaphake kakhulu eYiputa, babehlala kuMlambo umNayile, enyanisweni bangabakwantsomi baseYiputa, nangona sele bephelile kuloo ndawo, yayimelwe njengoThixokazikazi uTueris, wabonakalisa ukukhuselwa koomama abakhulelweyo, kunye nokuzala. Oku kubangelwa ukunyamekelwa kweemazi kubantwana babo abakhusela ngamandla amakhulu kunye namandla xa bejongene nayo nayiphi na ingozi.
Ukutya
Ngokungafaniyo nento abaninzi ababekholelwa kuyo, imvubu sisilwanyana esitya utyani, abaninzi baye bachukumiseka kukufunda le nyaniso kuba ubukhulu bayo namazinyo amakhulu athetha ukuba itya inyama, eneneni imvubu ayinabo ubuchule nesantya esaneleyo sokukwazi ukuzingela inyama. ephilayo, amatyala cannibalism phakathi kwabo ngenxa yemfuneko sele zikhankanyiwe, isenzo esenziwa ngamadoda amadala yeqela, apho iimvubu ezincinci, ezigulayo nezindala zihlupheke, kodwa oku Cinga ngemeko ekhethekileyo.
Oku kuziphatha kunamathuba aphantsi kakhulu okuba kwenzeke, ngoko ke kuthathwa njengento enqabileyo kwaye ekhethekileyo, oku kunokuba ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwesondlo okanye ukuziphatha okungaqhelekanga okuqhelekileyo kwemvubu ethile, ekubeni isisu sesi silwanyana asenzelwanga ukuba sidle kwaye sinyamezele. inyama.
Iimvubu zitya izityalo nemifuno, ezizifumana xa zishiya amanzi zisiya kutya, xa zithe zangakwazi ukwenjenjalo ngenxa yokunqongophala kwezityalo ngenxa yamahlathi okanye ubushushu bomhlaba, zitya imifuno emanzini, kodwa ziyathanda. ezasemhlabeni. Bangatya ngosuku 70 kilos of herbs, izityalo kunye neziqhamo ezithile ukuba zikhona.
Ukuziphatha
Iimvubu zinomhlaba xa zisemanzini, inkunzi nganye iya kuphawula indawo yayo, idla ngokuba ndlongondlongo xa iva ingozi, ithathwa njengesona silwanyana siyingozi nesinoburhalarhume eAfrika. Xa bephawula indawo yabo basebenzisa ilindle lazo ngelixa behambisa umsila wabo, esi silwanyana sinokubulala ezinye izilwanyana ngokuba kufuphi nabo, umgangatho wabo wobuntu uphantsi kakhulu, bayakwazi ukulwa neengwenya ukuze bafumane indawo emanzini. Ngokungafaniyo namanzi, iimvubu azibonakalisi naluphi na ungquzulwano lwemimandla xa zisiya emadlelweni.
Ixesha labo elisebenzayo lisebusuku, imini ithathwa ukuba ibe semanzini okanye igutyungelwe ngodaka, basebenzisa enye yezi ndlela zimbini ngenxa yobushushu obukhulu obukhoyo kwindawo yabo yokuhlala, inceda ukuthomalalisa ubushushu, ukuze ulusu lwabo alomile kangako, unako ukuhlala hydrated kwaye ugcine amandla. Ziphuma emanzini emva kwemini ukuze zikwazi ukutya ebusuku, nto leyo ekhululekile ngakumbi ngenxa yokungabikho kwelanga elomisa kakhulu ulusu lwabo, bayakwazi ukuhamba ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezisi-8 ukuze bafumane. ukutya kwabo.
Ukubhekisela kumaqela eemvubu, kuthiwa ngumhlambi okanye umhlambi, onamalungu angama-5 okanye angama-30, abunjwe yindoda kunye neemazi ezininzi, ezithi iduna lizikhethe kwaye licinge ukuba lifanelekile. ibe ngoomama babantwana babo. Iinkunzi ukuze zikhusele iimazi zazo kwenye inkunzi ezifuna zibe kwiqela lakhe zinokude ziyibulale.
Phantse bahlala belahla iimfuno zabo emanzini, umsebenzi wabo ongachazwanga kakuhle, kuba benza iziseko zezinto eziphilayo kwimifula. Iimvubu ezincinci ziyakwazi ukuqubha, ukuhamba kunye nokudada ngokuzolileyo kwaye kulula, zifezekisa oku ngokusebenzisa amandla ngemilenze yazo yangasemva ebangela impembelelo, ziza phezulu rhoqo emva kwemizuzu emi-2 okanye emi-3 ukuze ziphefumle, zenza oku ngokuzenzekelayo.
Abantu abadala, ngokungafaniyo nabaselula, abasakwazi ukudada okanye ukudada emanzini, xa besemanzini basebenzisa imitsi emincinane ukuze bakwazi ukuhamba kuwo, iimvubu kufuneka ziphume zisiya emoyeni rhoqo emva kwemizuzu emi-3 ukuya kwemi-5, njengoko oku bekukhankanyiwe ngaphambili. Kuyazenzekela, nangona belele, baya kudada emoyeni ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuvuka.
Indlela abanxibelelana ngayo yahlukene kakhulu, kuba inokuba kukuncwina nokufutha, kukwakholelwa ukuba banxibelelana nge-echolocation, banokukhupha izandi ezikhwazayo ezisemoyeni nasemanzini, eziva iimvubu ezininzi naphi na apho zikhoyo. Azihlali, amadoda adibana kunye namadoda ukuba angatshatanga, xa kuthelekiswa neemazi ezinokuhamba kunye nezinye iimazi, indoda yealpha ihlala yodwa, xa ishiya amanzi iyenza ngokwahlukeneyo.
Xa iinkunzi zealpha ziwuphawula ummandla wazo njengowazo, zigqiba ukuba ngubani na onokuba phakathi kwawo okanye okufuphi nawo, Ukuba kuthe kwakho enye inkunzi kuloo mmandla, kufuneka iwuhlonele umhlambi wenkunzi eyomeleleyo kwaye angazami ukugwebela nayiphi na imazi. Kufuneka banikezele kulawulo lobudoda. Iinkosi zingakhulisa iqela lazo kangangoko zifuna kwiimazi, indawo ezidla ngokuzohlula ngayo emanzini idla ngokuba yi-avareji ye-250 m ubude, apho zivakalisa umnqweno wazo wokukhwelana.
Kusenokubakho ithuba lokuba inkwenkwe encinci icele umngeni kwinkunzi eyongamileyo ukuba ithathe indawo yayo kwaye ihlale nomhlambi wayo, emlo lowo ubonakalise amandla angaphezulu uya koyisa, kwiimeko ezinzima omnye wabo uyafa, ukuba inkwenkwe ilahlekile, ke uya kuzama ukuba nomhlambi wakhe yedwa ngokudala omnye ukusuka ekuqaleni.
Iimvubu azithandi ukuba namarhamncwa endalo ngenxa yamandla azo amakhulu kunye nokunyamezelana okuncinci, kodwa oku kusemthethweni xa sele zikhulile, kukho izilwanyana ezinjengeengwenkala okanye iingwenya ezize kuhlasela oyena mncinane, azifi zingalwanga. , in Ukuba unina wemvubu encinci ikufuphi, iya kuyikhusela ngomsindo omkhulu kunye namandla, ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obukhulu kunye nobunzima, inokujongana nayo nayiphi na isongelo.
Ukuveliswa kwakhona
Abasetyhini bafikelela kwiminyaka yabo yezesondo phakathi kweminyaka emi-5-6 ubudala, befikelela ebusheni phakathi kweminyaka emi-3-4 ubudala, amadoda afumana ukuvuka kwawo ngokwesondo phakathi kwe-7-8 yeminyaka yobudala. Inkunzi kufuneka ilinde imazi ingene ebushushwini.
Xa inkunzi nemazi ziyenza phantsi kwamanzi, imazi ngamaxesha athile iya kukhupha intloko yayo emanzini ukuze ithathe umoya, ixesha lokumitha lithatha iinyanga ezisi-8, zizalwa ekuqaleni kwexesha lemvula. Emveni koko kuzelwe imazi Ukuzalana, ngamanye amaxesha zibe mbini, imvubu encinci izalwa phantsi kwamanzi, ngexesha lokuzalwa idada ibheke phezulu kuphela, ubunzima bayo buphakathi kwe-25 kunye ne-45 kg kwi-avareji ye-125 cm ubude malunga. Imvubu eyindoda iya kuba namandla kwaye isebenze ngalo lonke ixesha, imazi iya kufuneka ilinde iinyanga ezili-17 ukuze ikwazi ukuphinda i-ovulation.
Imvubu encinane iya kutshona emanzini ukuze ikwazi ukutyisa unina oza kuyincancisa, ikwazi nokuzondla kuyo xa iphuma emanzini, oomama bancede bafundise abantwana babo ukudada kumanzi anzulu kakhulu. Iimvubu kufuneka zikwazi ukuzimela phakathi kweenyanga ezi-8-9 ubudala, nangona kunjalo abaninzi baqhubeka bethembela koonina kwizinto ezincinci, ekugqibeleni imvubu idla ngokugqiba ekubeni izimele xa inonyaka omnye ubudala.
Ekuphela kobudlelwane olwenziwa kumhlambi wezimvubu lolo lukanina nonyana ekubeni belunyamekela kwaye belukhusela ngokuzinikela okukhulu, inkqubo yokukhulisa iimvubu igqalwa njengebalaseleyo, ekubeni iimazi zizabalazela imfundo nophuhliso lwemvubu nganye. abantwana babo. Ubude bokuphila kwabo buhlala buyiminyaka engama-40, bunokwahluka ukusuka ngaphantsi ukuya ngaphezulu endle, ekuthinjweni bangaphila iminyaka engama-50, nangaphezulu, kukho ubungqina bemvubu eyayihlala eJamani, yafa eneminyaka engama-61.
Iindidi
Ngoku kukho iindidi ezimbini zeemvubu ezithi, ngesiqhelo kunye nepygmy, zibe nokwahluka ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nokusingqongileyo, kodwa ezi zimbini zabelana ngesimilo sazo esincinci kunye nokuziphatha okuchasayo kunye nobundlongondlongo.
imvubu eqhelekileyo
Imvubu eqhelekileyo ihlala kwimilambo namanzi afudumeleyo napholileyo, inkulu kancinane kune imvubu yepygmy, inobunzima obufikelela kwiitoni ezi-3. Olu hlobo luyakonwabela ukukwazi ukuphila ngokukhululekileyo kwindawo yalo yokuhlala, inani leentlobo zalo liphezulu xa lithelekiswa nesalamane salo.
imvubu yepygmy
I-pygmy hippopotamus ihlala kumahlathi ashinyeneyo e-Afrika, afumaneka eGuinea naseNigeria, ngoko intywila emanzini anomgxobhozo, omnye umahluko enawo nesalamane sayo kukuba isemhlabeni ngakumbi. Le mvubu inobunzima obungaphantsi kakhulu kunobemvubu eqhelekileyo, inobunzima betoni kwaye ayigqithisi kulo myinge, umzimba wayo uyavumelana ngakumbi kuba intloko yayo inobungqamano obungakumbi nomzimba wayo kwaye imilenze yayo mide kwaye inesitayile.
Olu hlobo, xa kuthelekiswa nolunye, aluyonwabeli inkululeko epheleleyo, uninzi luhlala ekuthinjweni xa lubhengezwe engozini yokuphela, inani lalo liphantsi kakhulu, kulindeleke ukuba ngokuzigcina ekuthinjweni zikwazi ukubuyisela ngexesha elifanelekileyo isixa semali. abantu ababelonwabele ngaphambili. Ekuziphatheni, akukho mmahluko omkhulu, bathanda ukuba bodwa, kwaye abazali bancedisa abantwana babo ukuya kwiminyaka emi-3 ubudala.
Kulula ukuyigcina ngokwezoqoqosho imvubu yepygmy njengoko itya ukutya okuncinci kwaye ihlala ithambile, nangona kunjalo, xa iziva isoyikiswa iya kukhupha ubundlongondlongo bayo.
Nangona kunjalo, kufanelekile ukukhankanya iintlobo ezaziwayo eziye zaphela apho kukho ubungqina obuninzi bobukho bazo bangaphambili, oku kusekelwe kwiifosili ezifunyenweyo eziye zafunda ngalinye kula mathambo ngokuzinikela okukhulu kunye neenkcukacha.
Yayikhona kwiminyaka eliwaka eyadlulayo, kwanabaninzi bakholelwa ukuba yaphela emva koko kuqikelelwa, yimvubu yaseMadagascar, kwiifosili ezifunyenweyo kuye kwaboniswa ukuba imbonakalo yayo yomzimba yayifana kakhulu nemvubu yepygmy.
EYurophu nakwinxalenye yayo, imvubu yayiphila kwiminyaka eyi-1,6 yezigidi eyadlulayo, ekunokuthiwa yayiyi-Pleistocene epoch, eyayixhomekeke ngakumbi ekuntywiliselwe emanzini, iphuma kuyo kunqabile kakhulu, kwaye ukutya kwayo kwakuninzi kakhulu. kunezinye iintlobo ezikhankanywe ngasentla, yanyamalala ngokuqinisekileyo kumkhenkce wokugqibela owafunyanwa ngumhlaba, ukubhekisela kolu didi lwaziwa ngokuba yimvubu yaseYurophu.
Kwakukho olunye uhlobo lwemvubu olwalusebenza kwi-Pleistocene, ukufudukela eYurophu, oku kwakumalunga ne-2,5 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ubunzima bayo bungaphezu kweetoni ezi-4, ubude beemitha ezi-4 kunye neemitha ezimbini ukuphakama, yiloo nto yayinzima kwaye yomelele kunemvubu eqhelekileyo esinayo namhlanje.
I-Archeopotamus, yayisemhlabeni kwiminyaka eyi-7,5 yezigidi edlulileyo, yayifumaneka e-Afrika naseMbindi Mpuma. Igama layo liguqulela ngokuthi "yamandulo yomlambo", kuyaziwa ukuba phakathi kweempawu zomzimba, iqulethe izibini ezintathu ze-incisors, yayine-symphysis enkulu ye-mandibular, ithathwa njengeyona indala phakathi kweentlobo.
I-Pygmy hippopotamus yaseSipro okanye eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Cyprus dwarf hippopotamus, yayihlala kwisiqithi saseSipro, yayincinci kakhulu, inomlinganiselo we-76 cm ubude kunye ne-121 cm ubude, inobunzima be-200 kg, yayincinci ngenxa yenkqubo ye-insular dwarfism. Nangona yayincinane, yayisesona silwanyana sikhulu kwisiqithi saseSipro, yanyamalala emhlabeni kwiminyaka eyi-11.000 XNUMX eyadlulayo, kukholelwa ukuba ukuphela kwayo kwakubangelwa ngabantu ababehlala kweso siqithi.
Imvubu yaseKrete eyayihlala kwisiqithi saseKrete, yahlulahlulwe yaziintlobo ezimbini, ihippopotamus creutzburgi parvus, eyayiyeyona incinane kolu didi, kunye ne<em>hippopotamus creutsburgi. Amathambo ayo afunyanwa kwintshona yesiqithi saseKrete ngowe-1920.
Ukuguquka kwemvelo
Iimvubu zizilwanyana zakudala kakhulu, kuqikelelwa ukuba sele zisemhlabeni iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-55. Kwakukholelwa ukuba izalamane zesi silwanyana ziihagu okanye iihagu zasendle, ngoko ke benza uvavanyo lweDNA oluqinisekisa ukuba abanalo uhlobo lobudlelwane okanye ubudlelwane. Ekugqibeleni, ubudlelwane babo kwii-cetaceans ezifana ne-porpoises kunye neminenga yafunyanwa.
Njengeminenga, kukho uluvo lokuba imvubu yayisisilwanyana sasemhlabeni kuphela, apho ikhaya layo lalizele lihlathi elishinyeneyo nelishinyene kakhulu ukukhusela ulusu lwalo kwimitha yelanga, ngoko ke ukungabikho koboya kuya kuthetheleleka. umzimba wakhe.
Ngenxa yotshintsho lwemozulu lwamva nomhlaba oluye lwabangela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kunye nokwanda okukhulu kwamaqondo obushushu, unxweme lwatshona emanzini, umahluko phakathi kweminenga kukuba iimvubu ziye zaba semi-aquatic.
I-evolution yayo iphawulwe ngobukhulu bayo obukhulu, iba nkulu kwaye inzima, kuba kufunyenwe amathambo emvubu abonisa ubungakanani bayo obuncinci, imvubu yayinenkqubo yokuvela kancinci kunye nophuhliso, eyathi ekugqibeleni yazala iziqhamo zayo. ngoku zizilwanyana ezoyikekayo kakhulu ngenxa yembonakalo yazo.
Iimvubu zakwazi ukusinda kulo lonke olu tshintsho asinakuthi zonke iintlobo zikwazile ukusinda, akunakwenzeka ukubala ngokuthe ngqo ukuba zingaphi iintlobo zeemvubu eziye zanyamalala emhlabeni, kodwa ngoku siyazi ngeentlobo ezi-3 ezazikho kwixesha elidlulileyo. , leyo yokugqibela yanyamalala malunga neminyaka eli-1000 eyadlulayo.
Kuyathenjwa ukuba bangafumana amathambo emvubu amaninzi. Ezinye ziye zabhaqwa kwiindawo ngeendawo ekunokuthiwa azinakucingelwa njengendawo yokuhlala kwesi silwanyana, umzekelo woku kuxa kwafunyanwa amathambo eNew England, akwaziwa ngokuthe ngqo ukuba iimvubu zazalelwa khona okanye zathatha amathambo amandulo. uhambo, Bafika kule ndawo yaye ekugqibeleni abazange bakwazi ukuziqhelanisa namaqondo obushushu kuba esi silwanyana akanayo iinwele inxalenye enkulu yomzimba wayo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ukunyamezela imozulu eshushu kuphela.
Kulindeleke ukuba oku kunye namanye amathandabuzo amaninzi malunga nobukho bayo aya kusonjululwa kungekudala, iingcamango ezininzi ziye zavela malunga nexesha elidlulileyo, iintlobo zayo eziphelileyo kunye nendaleko yayo yangoku, apho izazinzulu ezininzi kunye nabaphandi zisasebenza, zingayeki ukufuna ukwazi ukuba ekwaziyo ukusombulula ezi zinto zingaziwayo.
Ithiywe kwindawo yokuba sesichengeni
Nangona inani leentlobo zayo alikho ngaphantsi njengezinye izilwanyana, kwiminyaka yakutshanje liye lehla kakhulu imvubu, de yafikelela ekuphelisweni kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo kwiindawo ezininzi ezinjengoMntla Afrika okanye eMntla Afrika. IYurophu, kwaye oku kunokuqinisekiswa ngamathambo afunyenwe kwaye abhalwe apho imvubu ibe yinxalenye yentsomi efana nomYiputa, umzekelo, ukudunyiswa njengoThixo ogama linguSete, oku kwenzeka xa wabona i-pigment ebomvu eyahluma esikhumbeni sabo. .
Kodwa iifosili ziye zafunyanwa ukususela kwiminyaka yezigidi eziliqela apho iimpawu zokuzingela nzulu zifunyanwa, oku kuqinisekiswa yimibhalo eyahlukeneyo, kunye nemizobo yamandulo; Basusela kwiminyaka engama-5 XNUMX eyadlulayo.
Iirekhodi zokuzingela iimvubu ziye zafunyanwa ukuba zisetyenziswe njengezilwanyana zokulwa okanye ukulwa nezilwanyana ezingaqhelekanga, ekuphela kwetyala elaziwayo nelikhankanyiweyo nguFilipu I, owasebenzisa ezi zilwanyana ukulwa namaRoma, ngenxa yamandla kunye nomsindo abawuthandayo kuye. .
Emva kwexesha elide kwafika elinye lamaxesha alo amnyama nelibi kakhulu, eliya kuba kukuzingela iimvubu, abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba esi silwanyana asilunganga okanye asiloncedo kwabanye abantu, sade sabizwa ngokuba sisilo esingaqhelekanga njengoko sasinjalo. isilwanyana sokuqala ukuba Baya kuzikhusela ngokwabo ukulwa ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinye izilwanyana. Ngoko ke kuthetha ukuba ukuzingela ngokungalawulekiyo kwesi silwanyana kudala kakhulu.
Olunye lokuncipha kwayo okukhulu kwakungowe-1970 apho kwabakho imfazwe yesibini etshabalalisayo kwiRiphabhliki yaseCongo, apho amajoni amaninzi avukelayo awathi, ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo, kunye nemivuzo yawo ephantsi, adubula esi silwanyana ukuze akwazi ukuthengisa zonke iindawo. lomzimba waso ngokwemfuno, eli yayingelinye ixesha apho kwakukho iingxwelerha ezininzi kakhulu zesi silwanyana ukususela oko babethengisa inyama yabo kwimarike emnyama.
Esinye sezizathu ezikhulu namhlanje zokuba kutheni imvubu ifunwa kakhulu kwaye izingelwe kungenxa yezixa zayo ezinkulu zenyama ezithengiswa kwimarike emnyama kubathengi abanomdla othile, kwaye ngaphezu kwako konke ukukrazula amabamba ayo endlovu abahlawula ngayo. amathamsanqa amakhulu. Ngoko ke, kwimithetho ye-1989 kwafuneka iphuhliswe evimbela ukuthengiswa kweempondo zendlovu, oku ngoku kube yinto enye yokuncipha okukhulu kwesi silwanyana.
Ukuzingela ngokungekho mthethweni kwaba sisonka semihla ngemihla sabaninzi, kodwa oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni iimvubu zibhengezwe ngo-2006 yi-International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) njengezilwanyana ezisengozini, zingena kuluhlu olubomvu.
Ulwalamano lwakhe nabantu
Abantu baye babona iimvubu njengezidalwa ezithandekayo, ezityebileyo nezinoxolo, ngenxa yokuba isiko elidumileyo liwusebenzisile umfanekiso wesi silwanyana, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe ngumntu othandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabantu, eneneni iye yaba sesona silwanyana sithandwa kakhulu. zoo kunye neepaki zendalo kunye nezolonwabo.
Imvubu eyahlala kwimbali kwaye yayinguvulindlela wothando kunye nodumo oluya kufunyanwa ezi zilwanyana kamva, yayibizwa ngokuba yi-obaysch, yafika kwi-zoo yaseLondon ngo-1850, yatsala ingqalelo enkulu kwaye kwakukho uthando oluninzi malunga nale mvubu. ukuba bade baqamba ingoma edumileyo awayesebenza kuyo njengomdlali oyintloko, eyimvubu polka, yaba yiklasiki enkulu yomculo, eye yanceda kudumo lukaWalt Disney.
Enyanisweni, abantu bebexhaphaza esi silwanyana kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo iminyaka emininzi, ngaphambi kokuba bazingelwe ukuzonwabisa kuphela, iingcamango njengesilwanyana esingabalulekanga ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa emhlabeni ukuba kamva zizingelwe amalungu omzimba waso anokuthengiswa kuwo. izixa ezikhulu zemali.
Iindawo zabo zokuhlala zitshatyalalisiwe amatyeli aliqela kwaye siye saphazamisana nokondla kwabo kwemihla ngemihla, ngoko ke ikwaluxanduva lwabantu ukuba bababhubhise ngendlala, okwangoku zimbini kuphela iindidi zemvubu ezishiyekileyo, zombini zinamanani asezantsi kakhulu. . , yimvubu eye yabandezeleka kakhulu.
IiMvubu zikaPablo Escobar
Ityala elingenakubethwa ngoyaba liphathelele iimvubu ezikumzi wogcino-zilwanyana uPablo Escobar, umthengisi weziyobisi, ekubeni emva kokufa komthengisi weziyobisi, iimvubu zakhe zazikhululekile ngokupheleleyo. Baneendawo zokuhlala kwaye baqale ubomi babo obutsha.
Eli tyala lifanele ukukhankanywa njengoko ezi zilwanyana zifumene indelelo enkulu kubemi belo lizwe, izizathu zolu vakalelo, kungenxa yokuba ekubeni zikhululekile ngokupheleleyo ziwuthimbile lo mmandla, zitshabalalisa uhlaza lwaloo ndawo kwaye zihlasela nabani na ophilayo. kuba badibana endleleni. Kuye kwathiwa inkunkuma abayishiya kumanzi omlambo idale ungcoliseko olukhulu, olu hlobo luthathwa njengoluhlobo oluhlaselayo.
Ezi imvubu ziye zazala kwaye okwangoku kukho i-70-80 yazo, esi silwanyana siye sadlula kwintuthumbo enkulu, imeko echazwe ngokubanzi kukuba umrhwebi weziyobisi owaziwayo wondla iintshaba zakhe kwiimvubu zakhe, kuthathwa njengendlela efanele. into yokuba iimvubu aziyityi inyama, nangona iimvubu kungafaneleka ukuba kuloo ndawo, iye yanceda ukusa kumlinganiselo othile ukuba inani labantu likhule, iingxaki ezinokubangelwa zezi zilwanyana azithetheleleki kwaphela, kodwa kukho ibe yimpendulo enentiyo eninzi kunye nobundlobongela kolu hlobo oluye lwabandezeleka kakhulu ebomini bayo.
E-Afrika, iimvubu ziye zaba ngunobangela wokufa kwabantu abaninzi, oku kungenxa yokucaphuka kwesi silwanyana nangaphezulu ngenxa yokuba baziva besongelwa ekubeni uluntu sele lude kwaye lungena ngokuqhubekayo kwindawo yabo yokuhlala, ekuhlaselweni kwabo kwe-talan. imithi, ukwakha iindlela. , izindlu, imizi-mveliso ethi kancinane kancinane ibulale imvubu, iyivimbe ngeendlela ezininzi, oku kubangela uxinezeleko olukhulu kwisilwanyana esisoloko sibangelwa kukunqongophala kokutya.
Ngamanye amaxesha ayidla ngokulimaza abantu ngenjongo, ngokuqhelekileyo kwezinye iimeko ngengozi, kanye njengokuba ithuku lokusongela lihlala lisebenza kwaye lisebenza kakhulu, ngakumbi ukuba oomama baya kukhusela abantwana babo ngamandla amakhulu, ngokubanzi abantu akufanele basondele kwiindawo zeemvubu, umntu akakwazi ukujongana nesilwanyana esinjalo, ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuba abe nomda kubo, eyona nto ibalulekileyo ukuba ingasondeli apho bekhona.
Imfuno yabemi
Abahlali abaninzi belali ezikufutshane nendawo ezihlala iimvubu bahlala kubuhlwempu obugqithisileyo, ngoko ke ukuze baphile banikela ngeenkonzo zabo zokuzingela nokubulala iimvubu, oku bakwenzela abarhwebi okanye bazithengisele baze batye inyama yayo. esi silwanyana sikhulu sibonelela ngezixa ezikhulu zenyama abaninzi bacinge ukuba nguThixo, yiyo loo nto idume kakhulu, inqweneleka kwaye iyabiza kwimarike emnyama.
Inkonzo yabazingeli abakhokelayo kwesi silwanyana ikwanikezelwa, esinye isizathu sokuba bazingelwe kodwa ngeli xesha zizizwe ezikufutshane zaseAfrika, kungenxa yesikhumba abakha ngaso izixhobo, izinto ezahlukeneyo zamakhaya abo okanye nayiphi na imfuno enokuthi ivele. , imvubu, ingesiso isilwanyana esinoboya, ayisebenzisi ulusu lwayo ukuzigquma ngenxa yengqele kuba ayinakufudumala, kodwa isetyenziselwa izixhobo ngenxa yendlela emile ngayo, kuba ingqindilili, kunzima kakhulu ukudlula kuyo. yiyo loo nto incede abantu abaninzi baseAborigines ekukhuseleni kwakho.
Abaninzi baye babona isenzo sokuzingela njengesenzo esiluncedo kuqoqosho kunye noshishino, njengoko kungekuphela nje ukuthengiswa komzimba wesilwanyana, kodwa kunento yokwenza nezityalo zabantu abaninzi, kuba imvubu xa idlisa iyakwazi nokuhamba. I-10 km ukuze ikwazi ukukhangela ukutya okuzizityalo, i-tubers kunye neziqhamo kunye nemifuno, kuye kwakho iimeko apho iimvubu ziye zafikelela kwimiyezo kunye nokuvuna apho ziye zaphela ngemveliso yorhwebo lwabantu abaninzi, ngenxa yezizathu ezinje. aba bathi abanayo impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kwiplanethi becinga ukuba abanto yanto kwihlabathi.
Izenzo ezilungileyo kwiimvubu
Into enokuthi iqondwe njengesenzo esihle kakhulu kukudala iipaki kwindawo yazo yendalo ukuze zinakekele kwaye zikhusele ezi zilwanyana kwiingxaki zokutshabalala, ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi okukhulu kwendawo yazo, le yimeko yemvubu yepygmy, eyona lahleko iye yafumana ilahleko kakhulu, ikwicala lokuphela, yiyo loo nto abantu abaninzi bethathe inxaxheba kwimibutho ezama ukusasaza ulwazi malunga nobomi besi silwanyana.
Imvubu yepygmy, ngenxa yobukhulu kunye nobunzima bayo, obungaphantsi kakhulu kunobo bemvubu eqhelekileyo, yenza kube lula ukuba abazingeli abaninzi bayibulale, kuba ekugqibeleni banamazinyo endlovu, abantu abazama ukwenza oko sengozini, ekubeni nayo yendalo yasendle kwaye inomsindo, ngoko iya kuzikhusela kunye nabo bonke ubunzima bayo kunye namandla, kodwa abaninzi iye yakwazi ukulawuleka ngakumbi, ukuthinjwa kwaba yindlela ababeyishiyile ukusinda kwabo emhlabeni.
Ezi paki zikwaqeqeshe abantu ngononophelo lwabo olufanelekileyo, zisebenzisa ezona ndlela zilungileyo ezinceda isilwanyana ukuba siphuhliseke kakuhle, kwakhona sincede kwinkqubo yaso yokuzala ukuze bakwazi ukwandisa inani labo labemi. Oku kuye kwavumela iingcali ezininzi kunye nososayensi ukuba bafunde ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi, kwaye kunceda abantu ukuba bazi ngokusondeleyo, ukuphuhlisa uvelwano kunye nesi silwanyana.
Ekuqaleni, iindawo zogcino-zilwanyana zinciphisa indawo yazo kumgangatho othe tyaba kunye nedama, ngoku ukuze kuthuthuzeleke imvubu, baqinisekisa ukuba indawo yabo, elikhaya labo elitsha, ifana nje nendawo yabo yendalo, iindawo zogcino-zilwanyana ezininzi ngoku ziwukhuthazile olu phawu. izilwanyana ukuze kubekho ukuqonda kwaye sikwazi ukujonga ukuziphatha kwayo ngokungathi ikwimo yayo yasendle, ngoko kuye kwaphumela kwindlela yokusondela kwabantu ukuze imvubu ikwazi ukuziva ithembekile.
Enkosi kuzo zonke ezi zenzo, sinethemba lokuba kancinci kancinci siya kwenza kancinci, abantu bebenoxanduva olukhulu lokufa kwabo, izizukulwana ngoku kulindeleke ukuba zifezekise ukuqonda kunye nobudlelwane obunoxolo, ngokuqinisekileyo hayi ngenxalenye yabo bonke abantu. izidalwa, kodwa kwabo bafanelwe ukukhuthaza ubomi kunye nokunyamekela kwesi silwanyana, zombini imvubu ye-pygmy kunye nemvubu eqhelekileyo.
Curiosities
- Umlinganiselo wokufa kweimvubu ngokuqhelekileyo kukufa kwabantu abangama-600 ngonyaka. Ukusasaza ukufa kwabantu abangama-50 ngonyaka ngokomndilili.
- Ngaphambili amaJiphutha ayebiza iimvubu ngokuthi "iihagu zamanzi", ama-Arabhu azibiza ngokuba "yinyathi yamanzi".
- Amabamba endlovu eendlovu anexabiso elithe kratya emarikeni kunamabamba endlovu, kuba agcina umbala wawo, ngoxa lawo endlovu edla ngokuba neethoni ezimthubi ezinokuthi zibe bukhali ngokuhamba kwexesha.
- Imazi iyakwazi ukubulala indoda nangona ingafani nobunzima nobukhulu, oku kuye kwabonwa xa ukutya kunqongophele kwaye kukho ukuphuphuma kwabemi, ngoko ke amadoda abhenela ekubulaleni abancinci ukulungisa le ngxaki, nangona kunjalo, oomama abayivumeli. ngokulula njengoko baba ndlongondlongo ngokuphindwe kabini, baye bomelela kwaye bakwazi ukujongana namadoda amadala.
- Iintaka ezincinci ezahlukeneyo zinoxanduva lokususa izinambuzane ezininzi eluswini lwazo.
- Kwinkcubeko eyaziwayo, imvubu ikwazile ukuthatha intliziyo yomntu wonke, ibonakala ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiimuvi, iincwadi, ii-comics, kunye nochungechunge, yintoni impawu esetyenziswayo kwesi silwanyana, kuba ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obukhulu kunye nobunzima obusetyenziselwa. Imiboniso ehlekisayo, ngoko ibonwa njengesilwanyana esithandekayo, esinobuhlobo kunye nesihlekisayo kakhulu.
Imvubu sisilwanyana esinomonde omncinci kakhulu, esiye sasinda kwiinguqu ezahlukeneyo kunye nezisongelo kule minyaka, apho zimbini kuphela iintlobo eziye zasinda ezisengozini ngoku, isilwanyana esingenazo izilwanyana ezininzi zendalo ngenxa yenkangeleko eyoyikisayo kunye namandla amakhulu. , kodwa ayikwazanga ukukhupha elona rhamncwa libalulekileyo nelinzima ukujamelana nalo, elingumntu.
Sukuhamba ungakhange uqale ufunde la manqaku: