Kukho izinto ezahlukeneyo eziyimfuneko kuphuhliso lobomi kulo lonke iplanethi, eqaqambisa kule meko amanzi, yinto ekhoyo kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo kwaye ibalulekile kulondolozo lwebhalansi yomntu kunye nokusingqongileyo kwendalo, ngezantsi siza kuqaqambisa IiNgcaciso zaManzi okuSela eluntwini, ekwaziwa ngokuba lulwelo olubalulekileyo kwaye alungele ukuselwa ngabantu.
Amanzi okusela
Isijikelezi-langa somhlaba senziwa zizinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zendalo eziyimfuneko ekugcinweni kobomi bazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo (izityalo, izilwanyana, abantu kunye ne-microorganisms); enye yezona zibalulekileyo ngamanzi, lulwelo oluselubala, olungenavumba nolungenambala oluqulunqwe ziiathom ezimbini zehydrogen kunye neoksijini enye (H2O). Benza i-70% yomhlaba wonke kwaye yeyona nto ininzi kwiplanethi iphela; Zikwamele enye yezona ndawo zinkulu emhlabeni, ezibandakanya iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini ezityebileyo ngeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Amanzi aneemeko ezintathu eziqinileyo, ezingamanzi kunye negesi; iqinile ngendlela yomkhenkce, umzekelo i-icebergs, i-icebergs, ehlala kwimimandla esemantla nasezantsi yeplanethi; igesi, njengomphunga ungabonakali ngokupheleleyo kodwa uthatha inxaxheba kwimijikelo yendalo (umjikelo wamanzi) kwinkqubo yeplanethi yomhlaba, ukongeza ekusebenzisaneni nozinzo lomoya weplanethi kunye nolwelo, olumele eyona nxalenye inkulu yamanzi asasazwa ngokwendlela yawo. indalo enetyuwa (iilwandle, iilwandle, iingqaqa, phakathi kwabanye) kunye neswiti (imilambo, amachibi, amadama, phakathi kwabanye). Amazwe amathathu amanzi anoxanduva lokungenelela kwibhalansi yendalo, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo ezibalulekileyo ze-biochemicals zokugcinwa kobomi kwiplanethi.
Amanzi alulwelo amelwe malunga ne-70% egubungela uqweqwe lomhlaba, ngokwezifundo ezenziweyo, i-96,5% ibalelwa kumanzi anetyuwa olwandle, i-1,74% ilingana ne-glaciers kunye ne-polar ice caps, i-1,72% imele iidiphozithi eziphantsi komhlaba, ngelixa ezinye, malunga ne-0,04%, zibhekisa kumachibi, amadama kunye nemithombo. Le yokugqibela ibandakanya amanzi afanelekileyo okusetyenziswa ngabantu aziwa ngokuba ngamanzi okusela, kunye nepesenti encinci esasazwa kwamanye amazwe kumazwekazi ahlukeneyo kodwa kuphawulwe ukuba kukho imimandla engafikeleli kolu hlobo lwemithombo yendalo.
Amanzi okusela yinto ethathwa njengento efanelekileyo ukusetyenziswa komntu ngaphandle kwamaqhekeza angaphazamisa impilo, angasetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo, asetyenziselwa ukuhlamba nokulungisa ukutya. Imele ulwelo oluhambelana nemigaqo ye-European Union efuna ukuba ulwelo lusetyenziswe ngabantu kufuneka lube nesiqulatho esisezantsi seetyuwa, iiminerali kunye nee-ion (i-sulfates, i-chlorates, i-nitrites, i-ammonium, i-calcium, i-phosphate, i-arsenic, i-magnesium, phakathi kwabanye), ukongeza ekubeni ne-pH engathathi hlangothi okanye esisiseko kancinane phakathi kwe-6,5 kunye ne-9,5.
Kukho amachibi athile kunye namachibi amanzi acocekileyo afanelekileyo ukuba asetyenziswe ngabantu, kodwa amanzi okusela aqhele ukwenziwa ukuba aseleke ngeenkqubo eziqinisekisa ukuba azinabhaktheriya, iintsholongwane, kunye ne-pathogenic microorganisms, phakathi kwezinye; Bakwanoxanduva lokuqinisekisa ukungabikho kwamasuntswana amisiweyo kunye nezinto eziphilayo. Konke oku kuthetha ukusebenzisa iindlela zokucoceka kwimidiya yokuqinisekisa ukuba ilulwelo olulungele ukusetyenziswa kwasimahla kunye nemihla ngemihla.
Ukusela Amanzi kwiNdalo
Kuyaziwa ukuba amanzi sisinyibilikisi sendalo yonke esisetyenziswa luluntu, siqulunqwe zizinto ezininzi kunye nezinto ezichithwe kuyo ezifana nesulfates, chlorate, nitrites, ammonium, calcium, phosphate, phakathi kwabanye; Ezi ntlobo zezimbiwa azibonwa ngeliso lenyama kodwa zinoxanduva lokuguqula incasa, umbala kunye nevumba; Njengotshintsho, zinokubonisa ingozi kumzimba womntu, kuba imvelaphi yazo inokuvela kwimithombo yendalo efana nokunxibelelana nomhlaba kunye nokubaleka, okanye kwimithombo elawulwa ngumntu osebenza njengongcoliseko.
Amanzi afumaneka kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo anqunyelwe kwimilambo, amachibi, amachibi, phakathi kwezinye, kukho amazwe ambalwa anamanzi okugcina amanzi okanye imithombo enolwelo olufanelekileyo olunokusetyenziswa. Ngoko ke, amanzi okusela ayininzi kakhulu emhlabeni, umntu uye kwafuneka enze iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezivumela ukuhlanjululwa kwayo, kuba ukuphuhliswa koluntu, ukucwangciswa kwedolophu okanye uluntu ludibene nempilo yoluntu, ngoko ke yinto ebalulekileyo kwi ukuqhubela phambili koluntu.
Amatyala amaninzi eendyikityha kunye nokunxila kuye kwabakho kwimbali yomntu ngenxa yezinto ezosulelayo ezifumaneka kwimizimba yamanzi kufuphi nezixeko okanye uluntu. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, namhlanje ukungcoliseka kwamanzi, umhlaba kunye nomoya sesinye sezoyikiso eziphambili kumanzi okusela ehlabathini; kuba baye babangela ilahleko yezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini acocekileyo kunye nokunciphisa ukufikelela ekusetyenzisweni, ngoko ke kuqikelelwa ukuba kwixesha elizayo enye yeengxaki eziphambili iya kuba kukunqongophala kwamanzi, ngenxa yokuba amanzi avela elwandle kunye neelwandle azifanelekanga. ukutyiwa zizidalwa eziphila emhlabeni.
Ukusela Amanzi Iimpawu
Amanzi aneempawu ezohlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo okanye ummandla afumaneka kuwo umzekelo, amanzi omlambo aneempawu ezahlukileyo kunamanzi anetyuwa aphuma elwandle, kodwa kwimeko yamanzi okusela aneempawu ezithile kuba asetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa. iimpembelelo kwimpilo yabantu, ngoko ke zilawula amacandelo ayinxalenye yazo. Ukuthathela ingqalelo umgangatho wolwelo oluza kusetyenziswa ngabantu, ezinye zeempawu eziyimfuneko ziphawulwe ngezantsi:
coceka kwaye ukhuseleke
Amanzi asetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa kwabantu kunye nokulungiswa kokutya kufuneka aqinisekise amathuba aphantsi okufumana izifo ezosulelayo ezifana nekholera, i-typhus, i-leptospirosis, i-amebiasis, phakathi kwezinye; kunye nezo zizifo ezingosuleliyo ezifana ne-methemoglobinemia. Ngomnye woothunywashe abaphambili bokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kolwelo, ekubeni kukho imithombo emininzi yamanzi angcolileyo esasaza izifo kwizixeko ezingabamelwane.
engenambala
Amanzi lulwelo olungenambala ngokugqwesileyo, ubukho bawo nawuphi na umbala bunokuba luphawu lwearhente yangaphandle eyehlisa umgangatho wayo; Ngoko ke, kufuneka ibonakale, nangona umbala omhlophe ngamanye amaxesha ubonwa kwaye oku kubangelwa ukusetyenziswa kweklorini ngexesha lonyango.
engenavumba
Into engenavumba ayinayo iphunga, kwimeko yokusela amanzi akufanele ibe nantoni na ekubunjweni kwayo eyenza iphunga kuyo. Ngamanye amaxesha i-fetid okanye ivumba elibolileyo lingagqanyiswa, oku kubangelwa yimibhobho apho ijikeleza khona, ngoko kuyacetyiswa ukuba kugcinwe ukugcinwa okungqongqo kubo.
rhabaxa
Igama elithi incasa lisingisele kokungenancasa, amanzi okusela akufuneki abe nencasa, ukuba anayo, kubalelwa kubukho bezinto eziguqula ukwakheka kweekhemikhali.
Mahala kwizinto ezimisiweyo
Izinto ekunqunyanyisweni ezikhoyo emanzini zinokuba ziiminerali, i-ion okanye i-cations eziguqula ipropati yayo, ngamanye amaxesha xa ihamba ngemibhobho i-cloudiness encinci ibonwa emva kwexesha elifutshane iyanyamalala, ukuba akunjalo, ngenxa yobukho bento ethile. kuye.
Ungcoliseko Mahala
Amanzi lulwelo olubuthathaka kakhulu ekulula ukulujika, ngoko ke izinto ezingcolisayo eziphilayo (izitshabalalisi, iintsalela zelindle, phakathi kwezinye), izinto ezingaphiliyo (iiminerali neeyoni) okanye izingcolisi zeradioactive (inkunkuma yamashishini) kufuneka ilawulwe. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, uqhagamshelwano olunamanzi analo kunye neendawo ezahlukeneyo kunye namaqhekeza anokuthi abambelele kuwo kufuneka athathelwe ingqalelo.
Ukulawulwa kweeGesi kunye neeTyuwa
Emanzini kukho iigesi ezinyityilisiweyo ezifana nenitrogen, ikharbon diokside, neoksijini; xa kuhlanjululwa amanzi ezi gesi zibuthathaka kwaye ziyahlukana. Ezinye zazo zongezwa kwi-liquid ngokudibana nomhlaba kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwimijikelezo ye-biochemical, kodwa ukugxininiswa kwabo kunokunyuswa ngama-agent athile angcolileyo.
Akufanele iqulethe i-pathogenic microorganisms
I-microorganisms ye-Pathogenic inoxanduva lokubangela izifo kwizinto eziphilayo, zinokuba yintsholongwane, ibhaktheriya, i-protozoa kunye nefungi ekhoyo emanzini; kule meko iimvavanyo ezipheleleyo zokuxinana kweebhaktheriya kulwelo kufuneka zigcinwe. Okwangoku imele into ebalulekileyo, ekubeni emva kokuba ichaphazeleke ayinakuhlanjululwa ukuba isetyenziswe, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kupheliswe i-arhente ukuphepha ukwandiswa kuluntu kunye nezixeko.
Inkqubo yePotabilization
Ukucocwa kwamanzi sisenzo sokukhulula amanzi avela kwamanye amazwe, okwenza ukuba asetyenziswe kakuhle ngabantu.Olu nyango lwenziwa kwizityalo zokucoca, ukuzalisekisa ezi zigaba zilandelayo eziza kugxininiswa:
- Ukuqokelelwa kwamanzi kwimithombo yendalo
Imithombo yamanzi endalo ihlala ivela kumadama, imithombo, amachibi kunye nangaphantsi komhlaba, le yokugqibela iyacetyiswa ukuba ibonise iqondo eliphantsi lokungcoliseka. Iimpompo zombane zisetyenziselwa uxanduva lokuqokelela amanzi kunye nokuwahambisa, konke oku kwenziwa ngoluhlu lwenkqubo yokucoca imivalo yobukhulu obuhlukeneyo obugcina izinto eziqinileyo kunye namasuntswana akhoyo.
- I-Coagulation kunye ne-Flocculation
Kweli nqanaba lesibini, ukuguqulwa kwemeko yendalo yezinto ezikhoyo kulindeleke, ukwenza oku ngokongezwa kweemveliso zemichiza ezikwazi ukuguqula ii-arhente zangaphandle zibe ngamasuntswana anokuthi ahlulwe yi-sedimentation. Ukuvumela ukuphelisa i-algae, iplankton, phakathi kwabanye. Izinto zekhemikhali ezisetyenziswayo, ezaziwa ngokuba ziicoagulants (ityuwa zentsimbi) kunye neeflocculants (iipolymers of solids), zinokuvelisa ivumba kunye nencasa emanzini.
- Intlenge
Kuthathwa njengenkqubo enoxanduva lokwahlula intlenga ekhoyo emanzini, ibangela ukuba ziqokelele emazantsi omgangatho ukuze ekugqibeleni zihlulwe ngesenzo somxhuzulane, ukuhluza okanye ezinye iindlela. Ngethuba le nkqubo, iiflocs ezisemanzini ziyacinywa.
- Ukucoca
Iinkqubo zokuhlanjululwa kwamanzi zixhotyiswe ngesethi yezihluzi okanye iindawo ezinobuncwane ezijongene nokunciphisa ukungcola kwamanzi kunye nokuphelisa nayiphi na enye intsalela evela kwi-parasites kunye ne-microorganisms. Kule meko, i-carbon activated ingasetyenziselwa, ifanelekile kwiipropati zayo ezinobungozi kunye nokungasebenzi kweekhemikhali.
- Ukubulala iintsholongwane
Inqanaba le-disinfection ligxile ekupheliseni i-pathogenic microorganisms ezibangela izifo ezifumaneka emanzini. Ukongeza ekupheliseni izinto ezinobuthi eziyingozi kubantu abafana ne-zinc, i-chromium kunye nelothe. I-chlorine yongezwa ukuqinisekisa ukungabikho kwebhaktheriya kulwelo.
Amanzi okusela yinkqubo efikelelekayo kubo bonke abantu, kukho imimandla enokuthi idibane ngqo nemithombo yamanzi okusela okanye unyango olufanelekileyo lwamanzi okusela, kodwa kunye nemithombo yendalo yamanzi ahlambulukileyo. Kule meko, inkqubo yokucoca elula kunye nekhaya inikezelwa, kukubilisa amanzi ngaphambi kokuba kudliwe; Ngale nkqubo, kuqinisekisiwe ukuba izinto eziphilayo ezikhoyo (iintsholongwane, ibhaktheriya kunye ne-microorganisms) zipheliswa ngamaqondo aphezulu okushisa. Emva kokubilisa amanzi, ziyatyiwa kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukuhlamba ukutya.
Kule meko, imiqathango emibini yokuhlanjululwa kunye nokuhlanjululwa ivelele, ihluke ngokupheleleyo kodwa ididekile kwezinye iimeko, le yokugqibela ibhekisela kunyango lwamanzi amdaka kwiidolophu kunye nezixeko eziza kuphinda zisetyenziswe kwezinye iinjongo kodwa zingasetyenziswanga, ngale ndlela Ilawula ukunciphisa ukungcoliseka komzimba wamanzi kunye nokunciphisa amathuba okuba nezifo.
Ukubaluleka Kwamanzi Okusela
Amanzi amele i-60% yobunzima bomzimba, elona candelo likhulu kuwo, enza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ebalulekileyo, njengokwakhiwa kweeseli, inxalenye yawo wonke ulwelo lomzimba oluhambisa izondlo eziyimfuneko kumzimba womntu, ikwanoxanduva lokuphelisa umzimba. inkunkuma ngomchamo kunye nokulawula ubushushu bomzimba buba ngumphunga ngokubila. Ukuqwalasela nganye yezi mpawu kubonisa ukubaluleka kwamanzi kubantu, ukuqinisa ukusetyenziswa kolwelo olubalulekileyo.
Isetyenziselwa ngokuthe ngqo ukusela, ukupheka, ukuhlamba ukutya okuza kusetyenziswa. Ukugxininisa ukuba zisetyenziselwa xa kuhlanjululwa kunye nokunkcenkceshela izityalo, kwamanye amazwe unyango oluhlukeneyo lwenziwa ngokuxhomekeke kwinjongo yolwelo, ezo zifunyenwe ngemibhobho azibonakalisi unyango olungqongqo njengoko kusetyenziswe amanzi amaminerali (athengwe kwizikhongozeli) ukusela.
Ithathwa njengento esisiseko kwiinkqubo zemizi-mveliso kuba ziyinxalenye yonyango olusebenzayo, ngakumbi kwiinkampani zokutya, kuba ukutya okufunyenwe ebaleni kuphathwa ngamanzi acociweyo okanye aphinde asetyenziswe, ngoko ke kufuneka kuthotyelwe kwinqanaba logutyulo phambi kokuphathwa. . Zikwasetyenziselwa ukulungiswa kokutya kunye neziselo, yinxalenye yenkqubo yokwenziwa kwamayeza, ezinye iimveliso zeekhemikhali, ukucocwa kwesibhedlele, phakathi kwabanye.
Ukubaluleka kwamanzi okusela kubalulekile kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zoluntu ezifana noqoqosho (ukuhanjiswa kunye nokuveliswa kweemveliso), intlalo (ukusetyenziswa kolwelo), impilo (ukugcinwa komzimba womntu), phakathi kwabanye. Okwangoku kukho inkxalabo malunga nokusela amanzi ukuba ngumthombo olinganiselweyo, amazwe ambalwa anemithombo yamanzi ngokuthe ngqo yokusetyenziswa kwawo, ebonisa ingxaki enkulu, ngenxa yokuba ipesenti ephezulu yabantu abafa ngenxa yokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kolwelo.
Ukongeza, izinto ezingcolisekileyo zinefuthe ngokulula, kulula ukungcolisa ilitha yamanzi kunokuwanyanga ukuba alungele ukuselwa kwakhona abantu; Oku kungenxa yokuba amanzi ayinto enobuzaza kakhulu kwityhefu kunye neearhente zangaphandle ezinokuziguqula, ngoko ke izinga lokungcoliseka kolwelo liyanda kwihlabathi liphela. Ukuphembelela imfuno yeebhiliyoni ezisetyenziswa ezixekweni, ezibangela ukuba utyalo-mali lokucoca lube lukhulu, ngenxa yeendlela ezahlukeneyo eziguquliweyo ze-aquifer ecosystem.
Namhlanje, uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-WHO) ubonisa izehlo eziphezulu kunye nokugula okunxulumene nezifo zorhudo kunye nezinye iimeko, ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi angafanelekanga kwimpilo. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukugcina ukunakekelwa kwamanzi okungqongqo, ukunciphisa impembelelo embi kuluntu kwaye ngoko ukunciphisa imiphumo kwimpilo yabantu.
Siyathemba ukuba eli nqaku libe luncedo, sikushiyela abanye abaya kuba nomdla kuwe ngokuqinisekileyo:
Ifuthe lamaqondo obushushu abanjwe lungcoliseko