Iimpawu zeUranus: Isakhiwo, iinyanga, izinto ezinomdla kunye nokunye

I-Uranus yiplanethi yesixhenxe ejikeleza iLanga, ayikwazi ukubonakala ngeso lenyama, kwaye yaba yiplanethi yokuqala efunyenwe kusetyenziswa iteleskopu, kweli nqaku sikufundisa konke malunga Iimpawu zika-Uranus.

I-Uranus inesimo sezulu esingaqhelekanga kakhulu kwaye esothusa kakhulu xa ucinga ukuba ihamba kwi-orbit ekude kakhulu, apho ukukhanya okuncinci kunye nobushushu bufika eLangeni, oku kwenza i-Uranus ibanda kakhulu kwaye ubushushu bayo bungaphantsi kwama-200 degrees Celsius, ukusuka Ngendlela efanayo. , oko akuthinteli ubutyebi obuninzi beziganeko kwiatmosfera yayo.

I-axis yayo yokujikeleza ikwinqwelo-moya ye-orbit yayo, ngelixa i-axis yeeplanethi iphantse i-perpendicular okanye ubuncinci ithambekele ngokuqinileyo xa ithelekiswa nale nqwelomoya, oku kuthambeka kwe-axis yokujikeleza kwe-Uranus kukhokelela kweziphi izibonda, ezona zibanda kakhulu. imimandla ibekwe kwizibanzi ezihambelana noMhlaba kwiindawo ezitshisayo kunye nepali etshone ebumnyameni ikwazi nokuba shushu kancinci kunepali evezwe eLangeni.

Iimpawu zePlanethi i-Uranus

I-Uranus ineempawu zayo, i-ikhweyitha yeplanethi ithambekele kakhulu ngokubhekiselele kwindiza ye-orbit, kangangokuba ukujikeleza kwayo kubonakala, njengaleyo ye-orbit. Iplanethi venus, buyisela umva. I-Uranus ineesathelayithi ezimalunga namashumi amabini kwaye ngokungafaniyo nezinye izidumbu ezikwiSolar System zinamagama athatyathwe kwiintsomi zamandulo. 

Phakathi kwezona mpawu zibalulekileyo ze Iplanethi yeUranus Zizo zilandelayo:

• I-Uranus yaziwa ngokuba yiplanethi yesithathu ngobukhulu kwisixokelelwano selanga kunye neyesine ngobukhulu ngokobunzima.
• Sesona sijikelezi-langa sibanda kakhulu kwisixokelelwano selanga kunye nobushushu obusezantsi obungu -224°C.
• Umyinge weradiyasi yeUranus ngama-25 ± 362 km, okanye malunga ne-7 Earth radii.
• Umphezulu we-Uranus yi-8.1156 yeebhiliyoni zeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha.
• Ubuninzi bobuninzi be-Uranus yi-1.27 grams per cubic centimeter.
• Ukukhawuleza ngenxa yomxhuzulane kwi-Uranus yi-8.87 yeemitha ngesekondi yesikwere (0.886 g).
• I-Voyager 2 ifumene indawo yemagnethi ethile kwi-Uranus eyi-1/3 yeradiyasi yesijikelezi-langa esusiweyo kumbindi wejometri kwaye ithambeke ngama-59° xa kuthelekiswa ne-axis yokujikeleza.

Ezinye iimpawu zomzimba

• Ubunzima: 8.69 * 1025 kg (ubukhulu obuphindwe ngama-14 emhlabeni)
• Ububanzi kwi-ikhweyitha: 51118 km (amaxesha ama-4 ubukhulu bomhlaba)
• Ububanzi kwipali: 49 km
• Ukuthambeka kweShaft: 98°
• Amaqondo obushushu emigangatho engaphezulu: malunga -220 ° C
• Ixesha lenguqu ejikeleze i-axis (usuku): iiyure eziyi-17 imizuzu eyi-15
• Umgama ukusuka eLangeni (umyinge): 19 ae okanye 2.87 billion k
• Ixesha lokujikeleza kweLanga kwi-orbit (unyaka): iminyaka eyi-84.5
• Isantya sokujikeleza kwi-orbit: 6.8 km / s
• Ukunyaniseka kwe-Orbit: e = 0.044
• Ukuthambekela kwe-orbit kwi-ecliptic: i = 0.773 °
• Ukukhawulezisa ukuwa kwasimahla: malunga ne-9 m/s²
• Isathelayithi: kukho iziqwenga ezingama-27.

Ulwakhiwo

Ngokoqwalaselo lwesathelayithi, i-ironstone core enobushushu obumalunga ne-7000 K ikhona Uranus, kodwa akukho milambo okanye iilwandle ezibonwayo, ukungabikho kwe-metallic hydrogen kunciphisa ubushushu obuveliswa yiplanethi ukuya kuma-30%, ukuze i-Uranus ifumane i-70% yamandla ashushu eLanga.

Emva kombindi, umoya oxineneyo kakhulu uqala ngokukhawuleza, ngobunzima obumalunga ne-8 lamawaka eekhilomitha, ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali zomoya we-Uranus ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• I-83% ye-hydrogen (H2),
• I-15% ye-helium (Yena)
• I-2% yemethane (CH4).

I-Methane, njenge-hydrogen, ithatha inxaxheba ngokusebenzayo ekufakweni kwemitha yelanga kwaye ngoko ke i-infrared kunye ne-spectra ebomvu, oku kuchaza umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka weplanethi, imimoya ephakathi, ehamba ngesantya se-250m / ewe. 

I-Uranus yiplanethi ekhethekileyo kwinkqubo yelanga, i-tilt ye-axis yokujikeleza i malunga ne-98 degrees, oku kuthetha ukuba iplanethi iphantse igcwele inkunkuma kwelinye icala, ukucaca, ukuba zonke iiplanethi zifana nesivunguvungu esijikelezayo , ngoko. I-Uranus ifana nebhola yokubhola.

Ngenxa yemeko enjalo engaqhelekanga, utshintsho lwemini, ubusuku kunye namaxesha kwiplanethi, qhubeka, ukuyibeka ngokucokisekileyo, ingekho emgangathweni, kuvela ukuba iminyaka engama-42 enye ipali isebumnyameni, ilanga likhanya kwelinye. , zize ke zitshintshe, izazinzulu zichaza ukuma okungaqhelekanga kwesi sijikelezi-langa, ukungqubana nesinye isibhakabhaka, okwenzeka kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo.

Emoya

Uranus idinga indawo ezinzileyo kwaye echazwe kakuhle ngaphakathi, nangona kunjalo, indawo engaphandle yeplanethi ejikelezwe ngumphunga osebenzayo kwimvakalelo ekude yaziwa ngokuba yi-atmosfera, indawo yendawo iphuhliswa ukuya kuthi ga kwiikhilomitha ezingama-300, kunye noxinzelelo olulinganayo lwemivalo ye-100. kunye nobushushu obungama-47 ° C.

Iatmosfera yayo ibandakanya ubukhulu becala i-hydrogen yemolekyuli:

• Helio
• UMethane
• Amoniya
• Amanzi
• I-Hydrogen sulfide
• ezahlukeneyo hydrocarbons
• Umphunga wamanzi
• Ikharbhon monoxide
• Umoya omdaka

Ngokunokwenzeka ngenxa yomthombo wangaphandle njengothuli oluwayo kunye ne-comets.

I-atmosfera yayo inokohlulwa ibe ngamaleko amathathu:

Troposphere: Phakathi kokuphakama kwe-300 kunye ne-50 km, kunye noxinzelelo lwe-100 ukuya kwi-0.1 bar, iyona ndawo iphantsi kunye neyona ndawo ixineneyo ye-atmosphere, iqondo lokushisa liyancipha ngokuphakama.

Ubume bendawo: Iquka ukuphakama phakathi kwe-50 kunye ne-4.000 km, kunye noxinzelelo phakathi kwe-0.1 kunye ne-10 ^-10 bar, amaqondo obushushu anyuka ngokuthe ngcembe ngomphakamo we-53 K.

Ithermosphere: Ukwandisa ukusuka kwi-4,000 km ukuya kwi-50,000 km, ngumaleko ongaphandle we-atmosfera kunye ne-corona, kunye nobushushu obufanayo obumalunga nama-800 ukuya kuma-850 K.

i-orbit ye-uranus

I-Uranus ijikeleza iLanga kumgama ophakathi I-2.875 yeebhiliyoni zeekhilomitha, ukusuka kwi-2.742 yeebhiliyoni zeekhilomitha kwi-perihelion ukuya kwi-3.000 yeebhiliyoni zeekhilomitha e-aphelion, enye indlela yokuyijonga iya kuba ithi ijikeleza iLanga kumgama ophakathi kwe-19.2184 AU, ngaphezu kwe-19 umgama phakathi koMhlaba. kunye neLanga.

Umahluko phakathi komgama omncinci kunye nowona mkhulu ukusuka eLangeni yi-269.3 yezigidi zeekhilomitha, eyona ndawo iphakamileyo kuzo zonke iiplanethi zelanga, ngaphandle kwePluto kunye umyinge wesantya se-orbital ye-6.8 km, Uranus inexesha le-orbital elilingana ne 84.0205 Iminyaka yoMhlaba, oku kuthetha ukuba unyaka omnye kwi-Uranus uhlala ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30,688.5 yeentsuku zomhlaba.

Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni kuthatha iUranus iiyure ezili-17 nemizuzu eyi-14 imizuzwana engama-24 ukujikeleza kube kanye kwiaxis yayo nangenxa yomgama wayo omkhulu ukusuka eLangeni, usuku olunye lwelanga eUranus luphantse lufane, oku kuthetha ukuba unyaka omnye eUranus uthatha ama-42.718 elanga. iintsuku ze-Uranus kunye neVenus, i-Uranus ijikeleza kwelinye icala le-orbit yayo ejikeleze iLanga, into eyaziwa ngokuba yi-retrograde rotation.

iinyanga ze-uranus

I-Uranus ineenyanga ezingama-27 ezaziwayo, kunokuba ithiywe ngamagama asuka kwintsomi yamaGrike okanye yamaRoma, iinyanga zayo ezine zokuqala zithiywe ngemimoya yomlingo kuncwadi lwesiNgesi, njengoWilliam Shakespeare ka-"A Midsummer Night's Dream" kunye no-Alexander Pope's "The Abduction of the Lock". ", ukususela ngoko, izazi ngeenkwenkwezi ziye zaqhubeka nesi siko, zizoba amagama eenyanga ezivela kwimisebenzi kaShakespeare okanye uPope.

UWilliam Lassell, isazinzulu esikhokelayo kwaye ngowokuqala ukubona inyanga kwi-orbit ejikeleze iNeptune, watyhila iinyanga ezimbini ezilandelayo ze-Uranus, i-Ariel kunye ne-Umbriel, yayiphantse ibe yinkulungwane ngaphambi kokuba isazi ngeenkwenkwezi sase-Dutch-American uGerard Kuiper, afumane uMiranda ngonyaka. 1948.

Ngomnyaka we-1986, iVoyager 2 yatyelela inkqubo ye-uranium kwaye yafumanisa iinyanga ezilishumi ezongezelelweyo, zonke ukusuka kwi-26 ukuya kwi-154 km ububanzi:

• Julieta
• Puck
• Cordelia
• Ofelia
• Bianca
• Desdemona
• Portia
• Rosalind
• Cressida
• Belinda

Zonke iinyanga ze-Uranus zenziwe ngomkhenkce kunye nelitye ngalinye lahlulwe ngokwesiqingatha, oku kuthetha ukuba abaphandi abasebenzisa i-Hubble kunye neendawo zokujonga izinto ezisemhlabeni baye bakhula bebonke ukuya kwiinyanga ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe kwaye zi-12 ukuya kwi-16 km kuphela ububanzi, mnyama ngebala. kunye ne-4.8 yeebhiliyoni zeekhilomitha kude.

Ukongeza kwiinyanga, u-Uranus unokuba nengqokelela ye-asteroids yeTrojan, izinto ezabelana nge-orbit efanayo neplanethi, kwindawo ekhethekileyo eyaziwa ngokuba yiLagrange point, eyokuqala yafunyanwa ngo-2013, nangona amabango athi inqaku Lagrange. Isijikelezi-langa siya kungazinzi kakhulu ukuba singabamba amaqumrhu anjalo.

Ukuxilongwa kwe-uranus

I-Uranus phakathi kweeplanethi zakudala yiyona kuphela ekwinqwelomoya ye-ikhweyitha yayo ithambekele kwinqwelomoya ye-orbit kwi-angle ye-98 degrees, ngoko ke iplanethi ijikeleza i-axis enye ngokungathi ilele kwicala layo.

Ngenxa yoku, Uranus ijongana neLanga ngokutshintshana ukusuka kwipali esemantla, emva koko ukusuka emazantsi, emva koko ukusuka kwi-ikhweyitha, emva koko ukusuka kwi-latitudes ephakathi kunye nobude bemini nobusuku kuyo kudlula kakhulu ixesha le-axial lokujikeleza kweplanethi, kwi-latitude ye-30 amadigri, imini nobusuku buhlala iminyaka eyi-14, kwi-latitude ye-degrees ezingama-60 - iminyaka engama-28, kunye nezibonda - iminyaka engama-42.

Isalathiso sokujikeleza kweplanethi sichasene nesalathiso sokuguqula iLanga, oko kukuthi, ngokuchaseneyo, imodeli yethiyori yesakhiwo se-Uranus ngolu hlobo lulandelayo, umaleko wayo womphezulu ngumaleko wegesi-ulwelo, ngaphantsi apho kukho. i-ice sheet, umxube wamanzi kunye nomkhenkce we-ammonia, kwaye nangakumbi, umbindi welitye eliqinileyo.

Njengezinye iiplanethi ezinkulu, i-atmosphere ye-Uranus iqulethe ubukhulu becala i-hydrogen, i-helium kunye ne-methane, iplanethi inenkqubo ye-ring echazwe ngokucacileyo, equkethe amaqhekeza anobubanzi beemilimitha ezininzi ukuya kwiimitha ezilishumi.

I-Uranus ijikelezwe yinkqubo yeesathelayithi, ezijikelezayo phantse zonke zihambelana nendiza ye-ikhweyitha yeplanethi, iisathelayithi ze-Uranus azihambi kwinqwelo-moya yazo. Orbit, njengoko kusenzeka ngeesathelayithi zazo zonke ezinye iiplanethi, kodwa ziphantse zibe yi-perpendicular kuyo, kude kube ngunyaka we-1986, iisatellites ezintlanu kuphela zeplanethi zaziwa.

Ukuphononongwa kwe-Uranus kunzima ngenxa yokuba kude kwayo, idatha entsha kwiplanethi kunye nenkqubo yayo yesathelayithi yenze ukuba kufumaneke ukuphelelwa ngokusondeleyo kwe-American space probe iVoyager 2, eyenziwa ngoJanuwari 24, 1986, iVoyager-2 okokuqala kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kuphela kwesiphekepheke esikwazileyo ukusondela kangangoko kunokwenzeka eUranus.

Ngexesha lohambo lweVoyager 2 oluya e-Uranus, izazinzulu kunye neenjineli kwafuneka zisombulule iingxaki ezininzi ezinxulumene nokusebenza kwezixhobo ze-onboard kwisikhululo, esiphindwe kabini njengoko bekuqikelelwe kwisithuba somyalelo.

Iikhomputha ezisebhodini zicwangciswe ngokutsha ngokupheleleyo.Omnye wabo wanikwa umsebenzi wokucinezela imiqondiso yevidiyo ukunciphisa ixesha losasazo eMhlabeni, ukufumana isignali yerediyo yeVoyager 2 ebuthathaka kakhulu, ii-eriyali ezahlukeneyo kuthungelwano lwezikhululo zikanomathotholo. into ebizwa ngokuba yi-array ukuphucula amandla abo okwamkela.

Isiphekepheke sawela umjikelo we Uranus ecaleni kwendlela yokubhabha, uninzi lolwazi malunga neplanethi yafunyanwa kwiiyure ezimbalwa, ngelixa iVoyager 2 yayikufuphi, ibhabha kumgama we-81.5 yeekhilomitha ezingamawaka ukusuka kumphezulu wamafu.

Iikhamera ezibekwe kwiqonga elijikelezayo zivavanya rhoqo iplanethi kunye nesathelayithi, zijikeleza ngokuzenzekelayo ngokweshedyuli eqingqwe kwangaphambili. Ngenxa yomgama omde ukusuka eLangeni, i-Uranus ifumana ukukhanya okuncinci kakhulu kwelanga, ngoko ke uvavanyo lwenziwe ngokutyhileka okuphantsi kakhulu. imifanekiso yeplanethi kunye neesathelayithi zayo.

Ukudubula okunjalo, isikhululo sijikeleza kunye nekhamera nge-shutter evulekile emva kweplanethi, njengekhamera eqondisa i-panorama yento ehamba ngokukhawuleza.

I-10 iinyani ezimnandi malunga ne-Uranus

I-Uranus igcwele iinkcukacha ezinomdla kunye nezothusayo, ukusuka kwiinyanga zayo ezininzi, ukuya kwi-ring ring yayo kunye nokubunjwa kwe-atmosfera yayo yasemanzini, zizinto nje ezilishumi malunga nale gesi kunye nomkhenkce omkhulu.

• Yeyona planethi ibandayo: Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu elifu kumndilili we-Uranus -197.2 degrees celcius, kodwa angehla ukuya kutsho kuma-226 degrees celcius, oku kungenxa yokuba, ngokungafaniyo nezinye iiplanethi ezinkulu ezikwiSolar System, i-Uranus eneneni ikhupha ubushushu obuncinane obufunxa kubushushu belanga. Ilanga.

Ngelixa ezinye iiplanethi ezinkulu zinee-cores ezishushu kakhulu, ezikhupha imitha ye-infrared, undoqo we-Uranus upholile kangangokuba awusabengezeli amandla amaninzi.

• Orbit Ilanga emacaleni: I-axial movement ye-Uranus inamashumi alithoba anesithoba, oku kuthetha ukuba iplanethi ijikeleza kwicala layo, zonke iiplanethi zifana ngokufanayo nephezulu ngeli xesha lijikeleza iLanga, kodwa i-Uranus ifana ngakumbi. kwibhola eqengqelekayo ngokwepateni esetyhula kwaye le yenye into enqabileyo eUranus.

• Ixesha lonyaka lithatha usuku olude: Usuku oluneenkwenkwezi Uranus Kuthatha malunga neeyure ezili-17 kuphela, kodwa ukuthambeka kuka-Uranus kungumnqantsa kangangokuba enye ipali okanye enye idla ngokujongisa ngaseLangeni, oku kuthetha ukuba usuku kwincam esemantla yaseUranus luthabatha isiqingatha sonyaka weuranium, iminyaka engama-84 yoMhlaba.

Ngoko ukuba ubunokuma kwipali esemantla eUranus ubuyakubona iLanga liphuma esibhakabhakeni lize lijikeleze iminyaka engama-42, ekupheleni kweli hlobo lide lizotywe iLanga ekugqibeleni liya kutshona ngaphantsi kolundi, oku kuya kulandelwa Iminyaka engama-42 yobumnyama, ekwabizwa ngokuba lixesha elinye lasebusika e-Uranus.

• Iplanethi yesibini exinene kancinci: Ngoxinaniso oluphakathi kwe-1.27 g / cm ³I-Uranus inoxinano lwesibini oluphantsi kunayo nayiphi na iplanethi kwiSixokelelwano seSolar, olu xinzelelo luphantsi lunempembelelo enomdla.
• Inemisesane: I-Uranus yiseti yesibini eyona imangalisayo yamakhonkco kwiSixokelelwano seSolar, ezi zangqa zenziwe ngamasuntswana amnyama ngokugqithisileyo ukusuka kwi-micrometer ukuya kwiqhezu lemitha, yiyo loo nto engabonakali njengaleyo yemitha. IPlanethi yeSaturn.

• Umoya weUranus unomkhenkce: Eyona nto inomdla kakhulu kubukho be "ices" ezithile kwi-atmosfera yase-Uranus, isixhobo sesithathu esona sichulumancisayo kwi-atmosfera yase-Uranus yi-methane, nto leyo echaza umbala wase-aquamarine we-Uranus.
• Ineenyanga ezingama-27: Okwangoku, izazi ngeenkwenkwezi ziye zaqinisekisa ukuba kukho iisathelayithi zendalo ezingama-27, kodwa ubukhulu becala, ezi nyanga zincinci kwaye aziqhelekanga.
• Yayiyiplanethi yokuqala efunyenwe kwixesha langoku: I-Uranus yaba yiplanethi yokuqala evezwe emva kokudalwa kweteleskopu, yafotwa okokuqala ngonyaka ka-1690 nguJohn Flamsteed, owayecinga ukuba yinkwenkwezi kwikroza leTauri.
• Uyakwazi ukubona i-Uranus ngeso lenyama: I-Uranus ibonwe amaxesha amaninzi kwixesha elidlulileyo kwizazi ngeenkwenkwezi zakudala kunye nezanamhlanje, kodwa ngenxa yokukhanya kwayo okuphantsi xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iiplanethi, ihlala iphosakele yinkwenkwezi.
• Ihanjelwe kube kanye kuphela: IVoyager 2 yeNASA yasondela eUranus nge-24 kaJanuwari 1986, idlula kumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-81,000 kumafu e-Uranus, asikho esinye isiphekepheke esakhe sathunyelwa ngase-Uranus kwaye okwangoku akukho zicwangciso zokuthumela kunye.