I-fungus ibonakaliswe ngokungaveli kukhokho omnye, ngenxa yoko, iingcali zicinga ukuba ziyimveliso ye-converrgent evolution. Ezi zizidalwa eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic, ngaphandle kwe-chlorophyll, zivelisa nge-sexual spores okanye i-asexual spores. Malunga neentlobo ezingama-98.000 zomngundo ezaziwayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Apha uya kukwazi iimpawu zeNgqungquthela, iintlobo zazo kunye nendlela yokuzala.
amakhowa
Iifungus ziphila iisampulu ze-eukaryotic eziyinxalenye yobukumkani be-Fungi, obuquka igwele, ukungunda kunye namakhowa. Kuluhlu lwangaphambili, babekwe kwizityalo, nangona kunjalo, kwizifundo ezilandelayo kunye neenkcazo zeempawu zabo ezithile ezibahlulayo, babekwe kwindawo eyahlukileyo kunye nobukumkani obuthile, ubukumkani be-Fungi, buhluke kwimifuno.
I-fungus ayinayo i-chlorophyll ngenxa yesi sizathu umbala wabo omhlophe obomvu, zineeseli ezine-nuclei, zinokuba yi-unicellular kunye ne-multicellular organisms. Xa zineeseli ezininzi okanye ezininzi, zifumaneka kwindalo kwimo yazo yezityalo, zenza i-hyphae.Xa ezi hyphae zikhula, zenza amasebe adibeneyo abizwa ngokuba yi-mycelia.
Zivelisa ngokusebenzisa i-spores, zenziwe ngodonga lweseli oluhlanganiswe ne-chitin kwaye kwezinye iifungi zineselulosi. Zahlula-hlula zibe yi-asexual spores ebizwa ngokuba yi-conidiospores kunye ne-sexual spores okanye i-zygospores kunye ne-ascospores. Ezi mpawu ze-spores kunye nomjikelo webhayoloji womngundo zithatha isigqibo malunga nokuhlelwa kwe-taxonomic ye-fungi, nangona iintlobo ezininzi zisengenalo udidi oluchaziweyo.
Izixhobo
Phambi kokuba zahlulwe njengenxalenye yezityalo, ngenxa yeempawu zazo, iingcaphephe ngezityalo ezigqwesileyo kwimycology zadityaniswa phakathi kobukumkani obuthile, ubukumkani be-Fungi. Iimpawu ezahlula i-fungi kwizityalo, njengoko ziyi-heterotrophic organisms (zivelisa ukutya kwazo), iindonga zeeseli zazo zenziwe nge-biopolymer ebizwa ngokuba yi-chitin kwaye ayinayo i-cellulose. Okwangoku, ngaphezu kwe-144.000 iintlobo zefungi ziye zachazwa, kuquka i-yeasts, i-molds kunye nama-mushroom.
I-fungus ingaba yi-unicellular okanye i-multicellular, ekugqibeleni xa ikwisigaba se-vegetative ifom ye-mycelia, ehlanganiswe ne-hyphae. I-hyphae yenziwe ngeeseli ezininzi kwaye inemilo emide; iiseli ezenza i-hyphae nganye inamalungu abalulekileyo eselula ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo kwe-hyphae yonke.
Amakhowa anokufumaneka kwiindawo zokuhlala ezahlukeneyo emhlabeni jikelele, aneemilo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemiboniso. Ukongezelela, umngundo owaziwayo omile okwekhowa, onomnqwazi onamachokoza nomzimba omde omhlophe, ziintlobo nje zokungunda okuvela kuzo ngenxa yokuba kukho nokungunda okuncinci kakhulu. Iingcali zeMycologists ziqikelela ukuba i-5% yefungus zeplanethi ichongiwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, okuthetha ukuba malunga ne-1,5 yesigidi seentlobo zefungal ezingachongwanga.
Ukuzala kwabo kusenokuba ngokwesondo kunye ne-asexual, ezi zi-sporulate ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zemozulu ukuze zisasazeke kwaye zibe koloni kwiindawo ezingqongileyo, zihlala zilele phantsi kweemeko ezimbi. Oko kubizwa ngokuba yi<em>fungi yokwenene, enjengamakhowa nama<em>macromycetes, kwakha umzimba oneziqhamo owaziwa uninzi lwethu yaye uwunike igama lomngundo, ezi zinokutyiwa okanye zibe netyhefu. Nangona bengenazo iimpawu ze-macroscopic zamakhowa, i-yeasts kunye nokungunda nazo ziyi-fungi.
Imvelaphi yamaKhowa
Ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyibhiliyoni, umngundo uye wahluka kwezinye izikumkani, kodwa ufana nezityalo ngenxa yokunqongophala kweendlela zokuhamba kunye nezinye izakhiwo zomzimba, kodwa azinayo i-chlorophyll. Bakwafana neeprotisti kwi-biochemical makeup yabo. Ifungi zizinto eziphilayo ezine-nucleus okanye i-eukaryotes yokwenyani, ngoko ke zenza isebe eliye laphuhla ngakumbi ngokubhekiselele kwizinto eziphilayo zeprokaryotic zobukumkani baseMonera.
Ukuhlelwa kweTaxonomic
Ubukumkani be-Fungi budibanisa ngaphezu kwe-98.000 yeentlobo zeentlobo ze-fungi. I-Basidiomycota kunye ne-Ascomycota phyla zifungi eziye zaphononongwa kakhulu kobu bukumkani kwaye zibizwa ngokuba yi "fungi yokwenyani". Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba uninzi lweentlobo lunokwenzeka kuphela ukufunda isigaba sabo sezesondo kwintsimi, kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu uninzi lweefungi ezichazwe zifunyenwe ngokukwazi ukufunda iifom zabo zokuzala: i-asexual okanye i-anamorphic kunye nesondo okanye i-teleomorphic.
Kuze kube ngoku, i-phyla emele i-phyla yobukumkani be-Fungi ichazwe, oku kungenxa yokuba ukuhlelwa kwe-taxonomic yobukumkani be-Fungi kusafundwa ngenxa yokuba kukho inani leentlobo ngaphandle kokuhlelwa. Ngokutsho kwezifundo ze-phylogenetic, iifungi zihlelwa ngamaqela amakhulu amahlanu:
IiCytridiomycetes
Eli qela lomngundo liquka zonke izinto eziphilayo ezizii-microscopic zobukumkani be-Fungi, ezineeseli zokuzala ezibizwa ngokuba zii-zoospores okanye ii-gametes ezine-flagellated.
Glomeromycetes
Ezi fungi zibonakaliswa ngokwenza i-mycorrhizae edityaniswe nezityalo, kunye ne-glomerospores.
Zygomycetes
Kweli qela lokungunda ngokuqhelekileyo kwaziwa njengokungunda, kweli qela malunga neentlobo ze-1.000 eziye zaphononongwa. Imbewu yeli qela lomngundo ibizwa ngokuba zii-zygospores.
ii-ascomycetes
Eli qela le-fungi ngaphakathi kwe-asci ezizizakhiwo zokuzala, eziqulethe i-ascospores.
i-basidomycetes
Ezi fungi zine-basidiospores kunye nomzimba ovelisa iziqhamo kwiimo zamakhowa.
Chytridiomycota okanye Chytridiomycetes Group
Iifungi eziyinxalenye yeChytridiomycota okanye iChytridiomycetes zingunda ezinezakhiwo ezilula zemorphological, zihlala kwindawo ezihlala emanzini ezifana namachweba, imisinga, amachibi kunye neendawo zokuhlala zaselwandle apho zihamba khona. Isakhiwo sayo sokuzala okanye i-spores, ibizwa ngokuba yi-zoospore kwaye ine-flagellum enye. Ifungi yeli qela inokuhlala ingasebenzi ixesha elide ukuba iimeko zokusingqongileyo zibi.
Iifungi zeqela leChytridiomycota zizifunxi-gazi zezinye izinto eziphilayo zeplanktonic ezifumaneka emanzini, zifumaneka kwizityalo zeentsapho zezityalo iCurcumitaceae kunye neSolanaceae, ezifumaneka kufutshane nomhlaba okhukulisekileyo, nangona kuqhelekile ukuzifumana kwimizimba yezityalo. amanzi amnandi kunye netyuwa
Ngokutsho kwezinye ii-mycologists, eli qela le-fungi liyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yewebhu yokutya yeendawo zokuhlala zasemanzini. Kwimo yazo yezoospores zibonelela ngezondlo njengoko zikukutya kwezooplankton. Ngokunjalo, zilawula izilwanyana zazo zendalo, ngokubola izinto eziphilayo, izilwanyana ezizihlumayo kunye nezinye izityalo.
IGlomeromycota okanye iGlomeromycetes Group
Eli qela lomngundo linendlela ekhethekileyo yokwenza i-symbioses nezityalo nalapho ezona ntlobo zefosili zindala zirekhodwa khona. Zibizwa ngokuba yi-mycorrhizal fungi kuba zenza i-mycelium kufuphi nerhizome yezityalo. I-Mycorrhizae ikhupha i-enzymes kwimihlaba esabelana nezinto zomhlaba kwaye izenze zibe ne-bioavailable ukuze zifunwe izityalo njengezondlo.
Unxulumano lwe-symbiotic phakathi kwe-mycorrhizal fungi kunye nezityalo lwenziwa phakathi kwe-80% yezityalo. I-taxonomic yayo ekhethekileyo yeli qela le-fungi kukubunjwa kwe-spores ye-plurinucleate yokuveliswa kwesondo. I-Mycorrhizal fungi yahlulwe yaba: i-arbuscular mycorrhizae kunye ne-vesicular mycorrhizae, ezi ziifom ze-macroscopic ze-mycelium. I-Arbular mycorrhizae yenza amasebe abizwa ngokuba zii-arbuscules, kunye ne-vesicular mycorrhizae zenza amaqhuqhuva anezinto ezigcinayo.
Zygomycota okanye Zygomycetes iqela
Iimbumba eziyaziwayo zifumaneka kweli qela le-fungi, ezinye iintlobo ze-1.000 zichazwe, i-spores yazo ibizwa ngokuba yi-zygospores. Kweli qela lomngundo zidla ngokukhula kwiindawo zokuhlala ezisemhlabeni, ekuboleni kwezinto, njengezifunxi-gazi kunye nokwenza ubudlelwane be-symbiotic. Umzekelo we Zygomycota fungi ngumngundo wesonka.
Bazalana ngokwesondo nangokwasexually, kodwa eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokuvelisa i-asexual kwaye yenzeka xa i-haploid hyphae isondela enye kwenye de idibane ukuze ukudibanisa kwe-cytoplasms kwenzeke kwaye ke ukudityaniswa kwe-nuclei, kolu kudibanisa kwenzeka i-zygospore, esisisakhiwo sokuzala seqela.
I-zygospores ixhathisa kakhulu kwiimeko ezimbi, zihlala zilele kude kube iimeko zokusingqongileyo zilungile kubo, i-zygospores ihluma kwaye i-sporangium okanye i-hypha ye-vegetative iveliswa. Olu hlobo lomngundo lusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ukutya okunje nge tofu kunye ne tempeh, ukuvelisa izibulali-ntlungu, izithambisi zenyama, idayi zokutya kunye notywala bemizi-mveliso.
Ascomycota okanye Ascomycetes Group
Uninzi lwefungi echazwe kubukumkani be-Fungi yinxalenye yale phylum okanye iqela le-Ascomycota, kweli qela kukho inani elikhulu leentlobo ze-pathogenic kwizilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Umzekelo we-Ascomycota fungi yigwele. I-morphology ye-mycelium ye-fungi eyenza eli qela ivumela i-fungi ye-filamentous ukuba idibanise kunye, oku kwenzeka nge-septa, ezi zintlukwano ezenzeka kwi-hyphae. Imbewu yazo yokuzala icaba (ascospores) kwaye idityaniswe kwiingxowa ezibizwa ngokuba yi-asci.
Iifungi zeli qela zisetyenziselwa ukutya, amayeza kunye namashishini ezolimo. Umzekelo, igwele elisetyenziselwa ukwenza isonka liyinxalenye yeli qela lomngundo, igama layo lezenzululwazi lilo Saccharomyces cerevisiae, isetyenziselwa ukukhawulezisa inkqubo yokubiliswa komgubo wokwenza isonka.
Kwelinye icala, elinye igwele livelisa usulelo kunye ne-pathologies yendalo yonyango, njengefungi yohlobo. Candida spp. I-filamentous fungi njengeentlobo ze-genus I-Fusarium spp., zibalulekile kwezolimo ngenxa yelahleko abayivelisayo kwizityalo zezolimo. Ezinye iintlobo ze-genus I-Fusarium spp., velisa i-mycotoxins kwimveliso yeecereal kwaye ibangele ilahleko, kuba ezi fungi ziyonakalisa impilo yabantu kunye nezilwanyana. Iityhefu eziveliswa zezi fungi ziifumonisins, trichothecenes kunye ne zearalenone.
Basidiomycota okanye Basidomycetes Group
Liqela lesibini elifundiweyo lefungi, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku iindidi ezingama-32.000 ziye zachazwa. Eli qela lomngundo lineemophologies ezahlukeneyo ezikhokelela ekubekweni kwabo kumaqela ahlukeneyo okungunda, abathi emva kokwenza izifundo zegenotype bafuduselwe kwiqela le-Basidiomycota. Kweli qela lomngundo, iifungi ezineseta zifumaneka, eziyi-exospores ezibunjwa kumzimba ovelisa iziqhamo obizwa ngokuba yi-basidium.
Ezi fungi zenza imibutho ye-symbiotic kunye nezinambuzane, olu lwalamano lubavumela ukuba babe ngabamkeli okanye baphule izinto zeekhompawundi ezithile. I-Basidomycetes inokubonwa kwiziqu zemithi ewileyo ebolisa emahlathini, ngakumbi ukuba ziziqu zemithi ezityebileyo kwi-lignocellulose. Kwezi meko, ezi fungi zikhupha i-hydrolytic enzymes ngokusebenzisa i-mycelium yazo, ezibangela iipolymers ezonakalise umthi wesiqu.
Kanye njengokuba ezinye iifungi zeqela le-basidomycetes zinetyhefu, ziyatyiwa, zisetyenziswe kakuhle njengenye indlela ye-gastronomic, ngenxa ye-micronutrients abayenzayo, njengamakhowa. Ngokufanayo, ezinye iifungi ze-basidomycete zisetyenziselwa ukunyanga izifo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeplanethi.
Ukuveliswa kwakhona kweFungi
Iifungi zineentlobo ezimbini zokuzala: ngokwesondo kunye ne-asexual. Indlela yokuvelisa ngesondo iyona nto ixhaphakileyo, ebangela ukungafani kofuzo, ukufezekisa olu hlobo lokuzala kufuneka ufumane umntu ohambelanayo. Iifungus ezizala ngokungafaniyo zivumela okusingqongileyo ukuba kukhule. Zombini iintlobo zokuzala zineengenelo kunye nezingeloncedo kwizinto eziphilayo.
Ukuzaliswa ngokwesondo
Olu hlobo lokuvelisa kwakhona luxhomekeke kubudlelwane phakathi kwe-hyphae ye-Homothallic organism efanayo, okanye umntu okufutshane we-Heterothallic wohlobo olufanayo okanye uvale ngokwemfuzo ukuze i-hyphae ibonakale. Ukuwela i-fungi kulungiswe ngokuhambelana, okuxhomekeke kakhulu kwi-genetics kunye nemichiza yeekhemikhali ezinceda ukusondela kwe-hypha ehambelanayo.
Iifungi ezizala ngokwesondo kwaye ziyi Homothallic fungi zinokwenza ubume bendoda okanye ubufazi ukusuka kwithallus okanye mycelium efanayo. Kwelinye icala, i-Heterothallic organisms inokwenza ubume okanye ubume obusetyhini, okanye zombini izakhiwo kwithallus efanayo. Ukwenza ezi zakhiwo zombini kwithalus enye, kufuneka ibe nomnye umntu ohambelanayo.
Ukuveliswa kwakhona ngokwesini
Iifungus zivelisa ngokungafaniyo okanye ngokutya, le ndlela yokuvelisa iyenzeka kwinani elikhulu leentlobo zefungal, ngexesha elithile kumjikelezo wabo wobomi. Olu hlobo lokuvelisa luvumela ukuba kubangele ukukhula kwe-mycelium yefungal, okubangela ukuba i-colonization ye-substrate ethile, esele inezakhi zofuzo ezibonakaliswe ukuba ziphile.
Ukongeza kwezi ntlobo zimbini ziqhelekileyo zokuzala kwefungal, i-asexual sporulation nayo iyenzeka, ekukubunjwa kwe-spores nge-mitosis (mitospores) kunye ne-filamentous fungi eninzi inokwahlulahlula ukuze amaqhekeza akhankanywe ngasentla enze abantu abapheleleyo, oku kwenzeka ngokubanzi kwizinto eziphilayo. phylum Basidiomycota.
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