I-Fungi yintetho eqhelekileyo esetyenziselwa ukubiza iqela lezidalwa ze-eukaryotic, ezingabameli abakhulu bobukumkani be-Fungi kwindawo. Ngeli nqaku, siya kukuxelela eyahlukileyo iimpawu zokungunda.
Yintoni amakhowa?
Ifungi zizidalwa eziphilayo ezikwi-eukaryotic, ezingenayo i-chlorophyll kwaye kukho malunga ne-144.000 yeentlobo ze-fungi. Zizintlobo ze-eukaryotic, oku kuthetha ukuba zineeseli ze-nucleated.
Njengezikumkani zomngundo, ezi zidalwa ziphilayo ziquka ukungunda, amakhowa kunye negwele, ezohlukileyo kwizilwanyana kunye nezityalo ngokwendalo yazo.
Enye ye iimpawu zokungunda kukuba ezi aziveli kwisinyanya esinye, ngenxa yale meko iingcali zikholelwa ukuba zisisiphumo senguquko eguqukayo.
Ngenxa yokuba ezi zidalwa eziphilayo azinayo i-chlorophyll, zimhlophe ezimhlophe, ngaphezu koko, zineeseli ezine-nuclei, eziyi-unicellular kunye ne-multicellular organisms. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-chlorophyll yinto ebalulekileyo ukwenzela ukuba izityalo ziqhube inkqubo yazo ye-photosynthesis, kwaye zikwazi ukuzondla ngokwabo.
Xa zininzi okanye zininzi, zinokufumaneka kwindawo yendalo kwifom yezityalo, zenza izinto ze-cylindrical okanye i-hyphae, ethi xa zikhula zibe yi-bifurcations edibeneyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-mycelia.
Imvelaphi yamaKhowa
Imvelaphi yokungunda ivela ekwahlulweni kwezinye izikumkani zezinto eziphilayo kwiminyaka eyibhiliyoni eyadlulayo, nangona kunjalo, nangona ukwahlukana okwakukhona ngokomphetho, basenazo iimpawu ezifanayo kakhulu nezo zezityalo.
Enye yezona ziphambili iimpawu zokungunda, kukuba azinakususwa ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye kunye nokumila kwesakhiwo semizimba yazo. Ezi zidalwa ziphilayo zineempawu ezithile ezifana nobunye ubukumkani, kuba umgaqo-siseko wabo we-biochemical ufana nowama-protist.
Ezi zinto ziphilayo ze-eukaryotic, yiyo loo nto zikwisebe eliye lavela ngoku ngakumbi, ngokubhekisele kwizinto eziphilayo ze-prokaryotic zobukumkani baseMonera kwaye nangona zifana nezityalo, zineeyantlukwano ezimangalisayo.
Sinokuzifumana ngokulula kuyo nayiphi na ikona yehlabathi, nangona kunjalo, kuyimfuneko ukugxininisa ukuba kukho amakhowa aluncedo kakhulu apho sinokufumana khona izibonelelo ezininzi, ngelixa ezinye zinokuba yingozi kakhulu kwimpilo yabantu.
Ziziphi iimpawu zokungunda kunye neebhaktheriya?
Phakathi eziphambili iimpawu zefungi kunye neebhaktheriya, singafumana oku kulandelayo:
- Abanakushukuma.
- Abanayo i-cellulose kwaye bahlala kwiindawo ezifumileyo.
- Zezintlobo ngeentlobo kunye neenkcazo.
- La Ukuveliswa kwakhona kwefungi Isenokuba yi-asexual okanye ngokwesondo.
- Umngundo kuqala ukwetyisa kwaye emva koko ukuginya.
- Ziyi-saprophytes, zibhekwa njenge-parasites kunye ne-mutualists.
- Kukho ngaphezu kwe-144.000 iintlobo zefungi.
- Zitya iintsalela zezinye izinto eziphilayo.
- Badityaniswe ngaphakathi kobukumkani be-Fungi.
- Zonke zineeseli ezinodonga lweeseli, ezenziwe nge-biopolymer ebizwa ngokuba yi-chitin.
- Ukungabikho kweklorofili kuyichaphazela ngokunzulu indlela yabo yokuphila, ngoko abafuni ukukhanya.
- Ziyakwazi ukuba i-unicellular kunye ne-multicellular, i-mycelia yokugqibela idala.
- Indima yayo kwi-ikhosistim iyafana naleyo yeentaka ezitya inyama okanye ezidla inyama.
- Kwi-symbiosis banokuzuza ezinye izinto eziphilayo.
- Zinokufumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwiplanethi.
- Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba kukho malunga ne-1,5 yezigidi zeentlobo zefungi ezingakhange zichongwe, apho kuphela i-5% yazo ichazwe.
Ezinye iimpawu zefungi
Njengoko sele sikhankanyile, ezi ntlobo zahlukeneyo kwaye zinomdla kwaye zineempawu ezininzi, eziqhelekileyo kunye nomntu ngamnye, kodwa olona lwazi lubalulekileyo omele ukwazi malunga nokungunda lulandelayo:
Zezona zidalwa zineentlobo ngeentlobo
Iifungus zibumba ubukumkani beentlobo ezahlukeneyo, ekubeni usapho lweFungi lulodwa luquka ukuya kutsho kwisigidi sezilwanyana ehlabathini lonke, nangona kunjalo, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, uninzi lwezi zidalwa eziphilayo ayikaphononongwa.
Ziyinxalenye esisiseko yokutya komntu.
Nangona kubonakala kungaqhelekanga, kukho iintlobo ezininzi zamakhowa ezidliwayo, ngenxa yobuninzi beeprotheyini kunye neevithamini, ngaphezu kokunqongophala kwe-lipids kunye ne-carbohydrates, eguqula amakhowa ibe yenye yezona zinto zinenzuzo ekutyeni kwabantu. .
Umzekelo oqhelekileyo wale nto ingaba yimvubelo esetyenziselwa ukwenza isonka, nangona kukho amakhowa, phakathi kwabanye.
Iimpawu zonyango
Kwakhona, ezi ntlobo zisetyenziswa ngoogqirha njengoko ziluncedo kakhulu kwaye zisebenza kakuhle ekusebenziseni unyango lwezinye izifo, ezinye izifo kunye nezifo.
Umzekelo wale nto ingaba yimeko ye-penicillium genus, apho i-penicillin yavela khona, esisiseko salo lonke uchungechunge lwe-antibiotics olufunwa kakhulu namhlanje.
Ngaba kukho amakhowa e-hallucinogenic?
Amakhowa ngokwenene zizidalwa eziphilayo, kwaye ukuba hallucinogenic yenye iimpawu zamakhowa anetyhefu, apho abaninzi bavelisa amacandelo anetyhefu, avelisa umphumo okhawulezayo kwingqondo.
Oku kubangela ukubona izinto ezingekhoyo kunye nokulahlekelwa zingqondweni ebantwini, nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iintlobo ezinokuvelisa iziphumo ezibi ngakumbi, kuba zisasaza ii-enzyme ezinetyhefu, ezinokukhokelela ekungasebenzini kwenkqubo kunye nokufa.
Ukusetyenziswa kunikwe amakhowa
Iifungi zidla ngokusetyenziswa ngabantu ukwenza isonka, igwele, ibhiya yaye zikwasetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kotywala, ekubeni zinceda ekubiliseni iwayini nasekwenzeni ezinye iintlobo zamasi.
Basebenzela ukucaciswa kwamayeza, kuba ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwefungi i-penicillins yokuqala yenziwa, ekwazi ukuphelisa iibhaktheriya ezininzi ezijongene nezifo ezibulalayo kumntu.
Ukongezelela, amakhowa asebenza njengokutya kwabantu, ekubeni enezondlo ezininzi. Ezi ntlobo zikwatya inkunkuma yezinye izinto eziphilayo okanye eziziphilayo ngokuthe ngqo, yiyo loo nto zityebile kwizondlo.
Ukuhlelwa kwefungi
Ngokutsho kwe iimpawu zefungi ye-phytopathogenic, ezi zinokuthi zihlulwe zibe ngamaqela amakhulu amane, i-mycorrhizal, i-saprophytic, i-lichenized kunye ne-parasitic.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba zonke ezi ntlobo zihlala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ngokulinganayo, nangona uninzi lwazo lufumaneka kwiindawo ezifumileyo, ezifudumeleyo ezityebileyo kwizinto eziphilayo ukuze zibole. I Ukuhlelwa kwefungi, ilandelayo:
- Yenzang: Ezi zizifo zokungunda ezinobudlelwane be-symbiotic nezityalo, ezivumela zombini iintlobo ukuba zisebenzise iimeko zemozulu. Iingcambu zayo zikhula kwaye zitshintshisene ngama-mineral ridges kunye namanzi njengezondlo, eziveliswa yifungus ngokutshintshiselana ne-carbohydrates kunye neevithamini, ezenziwe zizityalo ngenxa yokuba i-fungus ayikwazi ukuhlanganisa, kuba ayenzi i-photosynthesis.
- IiParasites: Zizi fungi ezikhula ngaphakathi emzimbeni wezinye izinto eziphilayo okanye ezifakwe kumphezulu wazo, ezondla kwizidalwa ezihlala kuzo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, zinokubangela umonakalo ohlukeneyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokutya, enokuthi ibe ncinane okanye ibulale.
- Ilayisenisi: Kwimeko ye-lichens, sithetha ngezilwanyana ze-symbiotic apho i-fungus kunye ne-algae zihlangene, njengokuba kunokwenzeka nge-cyanobacterium. Ubudlelwane obusondeleyo busekwa kwaye kunye balawula ukubonelela ngomswakama kunye nokutya ukuvelisa iimeko eziyimfuneko zokuzala kunye nokuphila kwabo, ukucacisa ukuba ukuba bahlukana, abanako ukuhlala ngendlela efanayo.
- Isaprophytes: Zizi fungi ezitya ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo ezivela kwezinye izinto eziphilayo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba le organic matter inokuphuma kwisilwanyana okanye kubomi bezityalo.
Iziphumo ezibi zeempawu zeMushroom
Njengoko besitshilo ngaphambili, ezinye iifungi zinokuba yingozi ebantwini, phakathi kwazo apho sinokufumana i-dandruff, i-ringworm, unyawo lomdlali, i-candidiasis, phakathi kwabanye. Konke ngenxa yokuba ezi fungosis, ngoko zichaphazela kwaye zonakalise umzimba womntu ngokungena kuwo.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi zivame ukubangela umonakalo omkhulu kubantu abanokuzikhusela okuphantsi. Ukuphepha ezi ngxaki zempilo, i-fungicides ifunyenwe, ekwazi ukuphelisa i-fungi ezosulelayo kunye nokuphelisa ngokupheleleyo ezi zinambuzane.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu ukuphelisa izinambuzane zefungal ngokukhawuleza, kuba iimpembelelo ezizivelisayo ziyakwazi ukusuleleka kakhulu, apho zihlala khona kwizinto eziphilayo kwaye zondle kuzo.
Ukutya okanye ukondleka komngundo kungenxa yokufunxa, oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba azinazo iichloroplasts kwaye azinakondliwa ngephotosynthesis. Zingakhula kwiimeko zemozulu ezohlukeneyo, nangona kunjalo, amaqondo obushushu abawathandayo aphakathi kwe-0°C kunye ne-55°C, lo gama umngundo obizwa ngokuba ngoomathuba ukunyamezela phakathi kwe-35°C kunye ne-40°C.
Ukuhlelwa kweTaxonomic yefungi
Okwangoku, ubuncinci be-phyla emele i-phyla yentsapho ye-Fungi ichongiwe, oku kungenxa yokuba ukuhlelwa kwe-taxonomic yobukumkani kusaphantsi kokufundwa, kuba kukho ukungapheliyo kweentlobo ezingazange zihlulwe.
Ngokutsho kwezifundo ze-phylogenetic esele zenziwe, iifungi zihlelwa ngamaqela amahlanu amakhulu, alandelayo:
Glomeromycetes
Le yifungi eyahlulwe ngokudala i-mycorrhizae, ehambelana nezityalo kunye ne-glomerospores. Zinophawu olukhethekileyo lokubumba i-symbiosis nezityalo, nalapho ezona ntlobo zindala nezininzi zefosili zifunyanwa khona.
Ibizwa ngokuba yi-mycorrhizal fungi kuba zenza i-mycelium kufuphi nerhizome yezityalo, apho i-symbiotic society ekhoyo phakathi kwe-mycorrhizal fungi kunye nezityalo yenzeka phakathi kwe-80% yezityalo.
Zygomycetes
Phakathi kwezi fungi zikholisa ukungunda zixhaphake kakhulu, ngelixa iimbewu zeli qela lomngundo zibizwa ngokuba zii-zygospores. Ngokuphuma kweli qela, malunga newaka leentlobo eziye zaphononongwa.
Ngokubanzi, iintlobo zeli qela le-fungi zikhula kwiindawo ezisemhlabeni kwizinto ezibolayo, njengee-parasites, ezithi nazo zenze ubudlelwane be-symbiotic.
Ukuveliswa kwayo kungokwesondo kunye ne-asexual, nangona eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo iyeyesibini kwaye iqhutyelwa xa i-haploid hyphae isondela enye kwenye de idibane, ukwenzela ukuba ukudibanisa kwe-cytoplasms kwenzeke kwaye ngenxa yoko ukudibanisa kwe-nuclei, kolu kudibanisa kudala. i-zygospore, eyisakhiwo sokuzala seqela.
I-zygospores yomelele kakhulu phambi kweemeko zemozulu ezingathandekiyo, zihlala kwindawo yokulala de kube iimeko zokusingqongileyo zilungile kubo, emva koko zihluma kwaye ziveliswe i-sporangium okanye i-hypha ye-vegetative.
Olu hlobo lwamakhowa ludla ngokusetyenziselwa ukwenza ukutya, okufana netofu kunye ne tempeh, ukongeza, ukulungiselela izibulali-zintlungu, izithambiso zenyama, idayi zokutya kunye notywala bemizi-mveliso.
Basidiomycetes
Ziyifungi ezibonisa i-basidiospores kunye nomzimba weziqhamo ngendlela yamakhowa, liqela lesibini lefungi eliye lafundwa kakhulu. Amalungu aneendlela ezahlukeneyo zesakhiwo, ezivumela ukuba zibekwe kumaqela ahlukeneyo efungi, ngenxa yeso sizathu, emva kokwenza uhlalutyo lwe-genotype, zithunyelwa kwiqela le-Basidiomycota.
Eli qela lomngundo lenza umanyano lwe-symbiotic kunye nezinambuzane, umanyano oluvumela ukuba babe ngabamkeli okanye baphule izinto zeekhompawundi ezithile. I-Basidiomycetes inokufunyanwa kwiziqu zemithi xa ziwela emhlabeni kwaye zibole, ngakumbi ukuba ziyimithi etyebileyo kwi-lignocellulose.
ii-ascomycetes
Eli qela lomngundo lifumaneka ngaphakathi kwe-asci, ezizizakhiwo zokuzala, eziqulethe i-ascospores, zichazwe yifungi yentsapho yeFungi kwaye kweli qela inani elikhulu leentlobo ze-pathogenic kwizilwanyana kunye nezityalo zifumaneka, umzekelo obonakalayo kakhulu kwezi. amakhowa, yigwele.
I-morphology ye-mycelium ye-fungi evelisa eli qela le-fungi, ivumela i-filamentous fungi ukuba ihlangane kunye, le meko yenzeka ngenxa ye-septa, eyahlulo olwenzeka kwi-hyphae, i-spores yokuzala ibonakala icaba kwaye idibene kwiingxowa ezibizwa ngokuba yi-asci. .
Olu hlobo lomngundo lusetyenziswa kushishino lwezonyango kunye nezolimo, apho sikhankanya ukuba owona mzekelo ubalaseleyo ligwele elisetyenziselwa ukwenza isonka, uhlobo olusetyenziswa kwishishini lokubhaka ukukhawulezisa inkqubo yokuvubela komgubo ukwenza isonka. isonka, isonka.
Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iintlobo zegwele ezibangela izifo, usulelo kunye ne-pathologies yezonyango, njengefungi yohlobo lweCandida spp. I-Filamentous fungi, njengeentlobo ze-genus Fusarium spp, zibangela umonakalo omkhulu kwicandelo lezolimo, kuba zivelisa ilahleko kwizityalo ezininzi zezolimo.
Umzekelo; Ezinye iintlobo zolu hlobo zivelisa i-mycotoxins kwimveliso yeesiriyeli kwaye zibangela ilahleko enkulu, konke kuba olu hlobo lomngundo lubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwimpilo yabantu, kunye nezilwanyana.
IiCytridiomycetes
Nazi zonke izinto eziphilayo ze-microscopic zobukumkani be-Fungi, ezineeseli zokuzala ezibizwa ngokuba zii-zoospores okanye ii-gametes ezine-flagellated. Zinokwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo ezilula kakhulu, zihlala kwiindawo ezihlala emanzini, njengamachibi, imisinga, amachweba kunye neendawo zokuhlala zaselwandle apho zinokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo.
Zivelisa nge-spores, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-zoospores kwaye zine-flagellum enye, ezi zinokuhlala zingasebenzi ixesha elide, kuphela ukuba iimeko zokusingqongileyo zilungile.
Azala njani amakhowa?
Ukuveliswa kwefungi kuqhutyelwa ngokwenziwa kunye nokuchithwa kwe-spores, eyomeleleyo kwaye imelana neemeko ezinzima zendalo.
Ezi spores zivela kwi-sporocarp yomngundo, oku kuthetha isithsaba esingaphezulu kobume bomzimba wayo. Inkqubo yokuveliswa kwakhona kwefungi inokuba yisondo kunye ne-asexual, ngendlela esichaza ngayo ngezantsi:
esini
Ukuzalana ngokwesondo kufuna ukuba kubekho uvelwano phakathi kwe-hyphae yento enye, nokuba i-homothallic okanye i-heterothallic type, ivale uhlobo olufanayo okanye ivale ngokwemfuza, ukuze ichongwe i-hyphae.
Oku kuthetha ukuba i-confluence ye-fungi ifakwe kwi-tuning, ehambelana ngokusondeleyo kwi-genetics kunye nemichiza yeekhemikhali ezinceda ukusondela kwe-hypha ehambelanayo.
Umda
I-fungus iphinda ivelise i-asexually okanye i-vegetatively, le ndlela yenzeka kwinani elikhulu leentlobo zefungal, ngexesha elithile kumjikelo wabo wobomi. Olu hlobo lokuvelisa luvumela ukukhula, okubangela ukuba ikholoni ye-substrate ethile esele inezakhi zofuzo eziboniswe ukuba ziphile.
Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuveliswa kwefungal kunokuba ngokwesondo kunye ne-asexual. Into enento eninzi yokwenza nezi nkqubo yi iimpawu zemozulu, ekubeni i-spores isasazeka kwaye ihlasele iindawo ezingqongileyo, kwaye ezi zihlala zilele kwiimeko ezimbi.
Oko kubizwa ngokuba yifungi yokwenyani, enjengamakhowa kunye nee-mycetes, zenza umzimba ovelisa iziqhamo abantu abadla ngokuwazi njengamakhowa, anokutyiwa okanye abe netyhefu.
