Iminyele yinkqubo esasazekileyo yothuli, igesi, izinto ezimnyama, neenkwenkwezi ezisisigidi ukuya kutsho kwisigidi sezigidi ezidityaniswe ngumxhuzulane. Kweli nqaku unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neeMpawu zeGalaxi.
Yintoni iminyele?
Ukuba ujonga phezulu esibhakabhakeni ebusuku ngeteleskopu uze ubone ngaphaya koko kubonakala ngeliso lenyama, uya kubona izinto ezininzi. Iinkwenkwezi ukuba eneneni ezo ndawo zokukhanya ziyiminyele, ingqokelela yezigidi ukuya kwiibhiliyoni zeenkwenkwezi, iminyele iyilwe ziinkwenkwezi, uthuli nezinto ezimnyama, zonke ezidityaniswe ngumxhuzulane.
Izazi ngeenkwenkwezi aziqinisekanga ncam ngendlela eyakhiwe ngayo iminyele. Emva kwe<em>Big Bang, phantse yonke into yenziwa yi<em>hydrogen ne<em>helium esibhakabhakeni.” Ezinye izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zicinga ukuba umxhuzulane watsala uthuli negesi ndawonye ukuze zenze iinkwenkwezi, zaza ezo nkwenkwezi zadibana zaba yingqokelela eyathi ekugqibeleni yaba yiminyele.
Izixhobo
Igalaksi ubukhulu becala inemingxuma emnyama kumaziko ayo ekwaziyo ukuvelisa amandla amakhulu, ngale ndlela izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zinokubona imigama emide, kwezinye iimeko, umbindi omnyama womnyele mkhulu kakhulu okanye uyasebenza, nakwiminyele emikhulu kakhulu. encinci.
Ubume
Nazi izithako ezithathu ezenza iminyele:
Iinkwenkwezi: Kwiliso lenyama, iMilky Way ibonakala njengelifu elimhlophe, iinkwenkwezi ezibumba umnyele wethu zinobunzima obuhlukahlukeneyo namaqondo obushushu.
Gesi: Irhasi equlethwe kwiminyele (ngokusisiseko ihydrogen) ikwimimandla eyahlukeneyo, kukho amafu amakhulu abandayo emolekyuli yehydrogen emele malunga nesiqingatha sobunzima begesi bubonke kummandla obandakanywe kumjikelezo weLanga.
Umgubo: iminyele ikwaqulethe uthuli oluye lwenziwa ziinkwenkwezi ebudeni bobomi bazo obuluncedo noluye lwakhutshelwa kumbindi weenkwenkwezi, la masuntswana othuli anento yokufunxa ukukhanya okukhutshwa ziinkwenkwezi, kanye njengokuba uthuli oluphezu emoyeni lufunxa ukukhanya kwelanga.
umbala
Zombini iingalo kunye nediski ye-spiral system zibhlowu, ngelixa iindawo zayo ezisembindini zibomvu okomnyele o-elliptical.
Ezona nkwenkwezi zishushu nezincinci ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ezona zindala nezipholileyo zibomvu, ngoko ke umbindi we-spiral wenziwe ziinkwenkwezi ezindala, ezineenkwenkwezi ezincinci ezingalweni ezisanda kwenziwa kwirhasi nothuli.
superstructures
Ngaphezulu komgangatho omkhulu wesakhiwo somnyele kukho umbhodamo wokusasazwa kwamaqumrhu amancinane kumnyele ngokwawo. Le morphology entsonkothileyo ikwabonwa kweminye iminyele ejikelezayo kunye nengaqhelekanga kwaye isiphumo esicacileyo siphuma kwindawo eyomeleleyo yamandla asendaweni kwindawo ephakathi kweenkwenkwezi.
Iindidi Iminyele
Nangona kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo, umnyele ngamnye uqulethe izinto ezifanayo, kodwa ezi zilungelelaniswe ngokwahlukileyo kuhlobo ngalunye. Kanye njengokuba umntu edalwe ngokusuka kwiiproteni ezifanayo ezilungiselelwe ngokukodwa, kukwanjalo neminyele eyenziwe ngeegesi, uthuli, iinkwenkwezi, kunye nezinye izinto.
Iminyele Imijikelo
Umnyele ojikelezayo unediski, iqhuqhumba kunye nehalo, umbindi walo mnyele ufana nenucleus, eneqhuqhuva elimile njengengqukuva eligcina iinkwenkwezi ezindala nelingenalo uthuli negesi, ukumila kwesangqa kumnyele kwenza idiski. Iingalo zomnyele zisuka kwidiski kwaye kulapho iinkwenkwezi ezintsha ziya kubumba kumnyele.
Ilanga kumnyele wethu likwingalo kwaye iinkwenkwezi zalo zenza kule nxalenye yomnyele kwaye inesona sixa sikhulu segesi, le ndawo inobutyebi beenkwenkwezi eziluhlaza, iHalo yingqokelela engqukuva yeenkwenkwezi kunye namaqela amandulo aziwa ngokuba amaqela eglowubhu afunyenwe kumda ongaphandle womnyele.
Iigalaksi ze-Elliptical
Iminyele eyiElliptical inokuqatshelwa ngobume bayo obungqukuva obude kunye nokungabikho kwenucleus okanye iqhuma embindini.Nangona ingekho i-nucleus, umnyele usaqaqamba kakhulu embindini kwaye uye ungabingezeli kangako kumancam angaphandle omnyele.
Iinkwenkwezi, iigesi kunye nezinye izinto zisasazwa kulo lonke i-elliptical galaxy, i-elliptical galaxy ingaba phantse ingqukuva okanye inde kunye ne-cigar-shaped.
Ubunzima obuninzi kumnyele ojikelezayo kucingelwa ukuba bubangelwa kubukho bomngxuma osembindini omnyama.Le minyele inomsebenzi omncinane kakhulu kwaye iqulethe ubukhulu becala, iinkwenkwezi ezinobunzima obuphantsi, kuba akukho gesi nothuli olufunekayo ukwenza iinkwenkwezi ezintsha. .
Iigalaksi ezingaqhelekanga
Iigalaksi ezingaqhelekanga zenziwe ngeegesi, uthuli, iinkwenkwezi, ukubunjwa Nebula, iinkwenkwezi zeneutron, imingxuma emnyama kunye nezinye izinto eziqhelekileyo kuyo yonke iminyele.
Iminyele engaqhelekanga ithiywe ngolo hlobo ngenxa yokuba ayinamilo icacileyo, kodwa njengayo yonke iminyele, ihamba ngokuthe rhoqo, ihamba ibheka ngaphandle nangaphandle kumbindi wendalo iphela. Iminyele engaqhelekanga yahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini: Im kunye ne-IO.
Iminyele ye-IM yenzeke rhoqo phakathi kweminyele engaqhelekanga kwaye inokubonisa umkhondo weengalo zeminyele ejikelezayo, iminyele ye-IO ayinamkhethe ngokupheleleyo kwaye inokubizwa ngokuba yisiphithiphithi kwindalo. Malunga ne-20% yeminyele yethu ihlelwa njengengaqhelekanga.
Iigalaksi zeLenticular
Babonisa ngokucacileyo i-bulge kunye ne-disk efana ne-spiral galaxies, kodwa ababonisi zimpawu zeengalo ezijikelezayo okanye izixa ezibalulekileyo ze-interstellar material, imvelaphi ye-S0 galaxies ayaziwa, kodwa enye ingcamango yeyokuba yayiyiminyele ejikelezayo elahlekileyo okanye ephelile. imathiriyeli yayo yeenkwenkwezi ngokudibana nomnye umnyele.
Iminyele esebenzayo
Umnyele osebenzayo ukhupha amandla angamawakawaka amaxesha amaninzi kunomnyele oqhelekileyo, inkoliso yala mandla ikhutshwa kungekhona ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo kodwa kwamanye amaza obude, ukusuka kumaza kanomathotholo ukusa kwimitha ye<em>gamma. Ukongeza, iijethi ezinde zegesi zinokudubula ziphume kumnyele phantse ngesantya sokukhanya, lo msebenzi uqhutywa ngumngxuma omkhulu omnyama kumbindi walo mnyele.
Galaxy Formation
Kukho iithiyori ezininzi malunga nokusekwa kweminyele apha sibiza ezimbini kuyo:
Diba ithiyori yokwakheka
Igalaksi kukholelwa ukuba yaqala ukusuka kumafu amakhulu angaqhelekanga e-hydrogen kunye ne-helium, le gesi yadalwa kwimizuzu yokuqala yendalo iphela, amacandelo athile endalo iphela. Amafu mhlawumbi babexinene kancinane kunabanye, ngenxa yolu xinana luphezulu, umxhuzulane wabangela ukuwa kwawo, le nkqubo yokuwa, isinika iminyele ezinzileyo.
Ithiyori yokwakheka koqhekeko
Ukukhula okungakumbi kweminyele enezinto ezicekethekileyo zegesi okanye amaphepha anokuthi aquke ukuqhekeka kwala maphepha abe yimicu okanye amaqhina, athi ekugqibeleni abhubhe abe ziinkwenkwezi.
Iintshukumo zeminyele
Yonke iminyele ineentshukumo zayo ezijikelezayo kumbindi wayo kunye nentshukumo yoguqulo kunye neminyele ekwiqela eliyinxalenye yalo.
Nangona iminyele yahlulwe yimigama emide, maxa wambi kusenokwenzeka ukuba iminyele emibini okanye ngaphezulu ekwiqela elinye iqalise ukusebenzisa amandla omxhuzulane anamandla omnye komnye, ukuze iyisondeze kwindawo apho ingqubana khona.