Namhlanje siza kukufundisa ngeli nqaku elinomdla yonke into okufuneka uyazi malunga neyona nto iphambili Iimpawu zoqoqosho lwaseColombia. Iimveliso zakho zilawulwa ngokusekwe kuyo kunye nomsebenzi wayo namhlanje. Sukuphoswa yiyo!
Iimpawu zoqoqosho lwaseColombia
Uqoqosho lweli lizwe lunomvuzo ophakathi. Ibalasele kumazwe ngamazwe kuhlumo olubalulekileyo oluthe yaluphuhlisa kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo kwiimveliso ezithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle kunye nomtsalane eliwunikezayo kutyalo-mali lwangaphandle.
Lilizwe lesine ngobukhulu kwezoqoqosho eLatin America, emva kwezo zaseBrazil, eMexico naseArgentina. Kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe elinabemi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-50, liphakathi kwama-30 likhulu emhlabeni.
Sinokuthi ukusukela kwiminyaka yama-50 yenkulungwane yama-XNUMX kunye nakwishumi leminyaka elidlulileyo, iindlela eziphambili zaseColombia zokufumana utshintshiselwano lwangaphandle lugxile kakhulu ekuthengiseni ikofu yangaphandle.
Nangona kunjalo, amacandelo amaninzi enze eli lizwe lelinye lawona mazwe aziwayo ngemveliso yawo, njengeemerald kunye nefloriculture.
Ikwaqaqambisa amashishini eemoto kunye nawomqhaphu kwaye ngowona mthengisi uphambili wegolide, isafire kunye nedayimani, phakathi kwezinye iimveliso.
Ilizwe lithatha inxaxheba kwimibutho emininzi yamazwe ngamazwe kunye noluntu olufuna intsebenziswano kunye nokudibanisa izenzo zophuhliso loqoqosho.
Kwihlabathi jikelele, yinxalenye yoMbutho weHlabathi woRhwebo (i-WTO), uMbutho weNtsebenziswano yoQoqosho noPhuhliso (OECD) kunye nebhloko yeCIVETS yamazwe asahlumayo (iKholombiya, i-Indonesia, iVietnam, iYiphutha, iTurkey noMzantsi Afrika).
Kwinqanaba lelizwekazi, lilungu lemibutho efana ne-Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), i-Andean Community of Nations (CAN), i-Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) kwaye, kutshanje, i-Pacific Alliance.
Historia
Ixesha langaphambi kweLatin America: Ulimo lwezorhwebo lwalungowona msebenzi ubalulekileyo wemveliso kuqoqosho lwangaphambi kweSpanishi. Eminye imisebenzi eyayibalulekile kuqoqosho lwangaphambi kwe-Hispanic e-Colombia yayikukusetyenziswa kweediphozithi zezimbiwa (ingakumbi igolide kunye netyuwa) kunye nokuveliswa kwempahla, i-ceramics kunye namanqaku ngabakhandi begolide.
Ubunini kunye nomsebenzi womhlaba, onje ngoxhatshazo lwemigodi, nokuba luhlanganyelwe okanye luluntu, alusebenzisi ingqikelelo yepropathi yabucala kwezi meko. Kwimibutho yangaphambi kweLatin America eColombia kwakungekho mali, ngoko ke imveliso eshiyekileyo yayitshintshiselwana ngokunaniselana.
ixesha lobukoloniyali: Ixesha loqoqosho lobukoloniyali laphawulwa ngokuxhomekeka kwimiyalelo ye-metropolis yaseSpain ngenxa yobume bayo njengekoloni. Ngokungafaniyo nexesha langaphambi kweColumbian yaseColombia, ukutshintshiselana kwikholoni kufumene umlingiswa wezorhwebo kunye nemali.
Ngokuqikelelwa kwabemi be-938,580 yabemi, i-GDP ngomntu ngamnye kwi-Viceroyalty yeNew Granada kuqikelelwa ukuba ibe yi-27 yesilivere ye-pesos ngonyaka we-1800.
Kwiminyaka elishumi yokugqibela yolawulo lwakhe (1800-1810), ingeniso ye-Crown yayilingana malunga ne-10% ye-GDP ye-Viceroyalty, ifikelela kumyinge we-2.4 yezigidi zeepesos zesilivere ngonyaka, apho malunga ne-770,000 ( 32 ) %) yeza. ukusuka kwicuba kunye ne-cognac icuba.
Igolide egrunjwe kumaphondo ePopayán naseAntioquia yaba yi-85% yokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweNew Granada kwaye nangona abalawuli baseSpain babekhuthaza urhwebo olukhululekile phakathi kwama-viceroys, abazange bakwazi ukuyidibanisa.
I-Crown yazama ukunciphisa amandla e-consulates okanye imibutho yabarhwebi e-Cádiz nase-Seville ngokurhweba kunye ne-metropolis kunye ne-consulate e-Cartagena malunga nokusasazwa kwempahla ngaphandle kwekoloni, kodwa ayizange ikhuthaze ukuvulwa okanye ukuxolelwa okupheleleyo. ukwandisa ukhuphiswano.
Nangona kunjalo, ngeliphi ixesha ubungangamsha beNew Granada buzuze ukomelela koqoqosho okubonakalayo phakathi kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, eyaphazamiseka ukusuka ngo-1808 ngokuwa kweSpain ngenxa yohlaselo kunye nemfazwe echasene nemikhosi kaNapoleon.
Ukukhula kuye kwaba mbi ngenxa yokuphazanyiswa kwezorhwebo, iimfazwe eziphalazwa igazi zokuzimela geqe, ukwehla kobukhoboka, nokudodobala korhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe.
Ukususela kwinkululeko ukuya ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX
Inkululeko yavulela ithuba lenkqubo ebiza imali eninzi yokungazinzi kwezopolitiko, nangona baqalisa uthotho lohlaziyo olwathi lwaqalisa ukwenza uqoqosho lweriphabliki entsha ibe yeyanamhlanje.
EColombia, inkulungwane ye-XNUMX yaphawulwa ngotshintsho olucothayo olusingise kubungxowankulu behlabathi, ngokuphantsi kweemeko kunye nokubonelela ngamathuba ophuhliso longxowankulu kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho kuMntla weAtlantiki, ukukhula kwemfuno yeemveliso eziphambili kunye nenkunzi. ukuhamba.
Emva kwenkululeko, umlo phakathi kwabarhwebi abakhululekileyo nabakhuselayo wabangela iimfazwe zamakhaya ezisithoba. Ngeli xesha, akukho tshintsho lusisiseko kwisakhiwo sobunini bomhlaba kwilizwe, amakhoboka okanye iindawo zolawulo. ethe gqolo ukuzingisa, kwada kwaphakathi kwinkulungwane ngokobukhoboka.
Ukuwohloka kweriphabliki kuyaphikisana nexesha lokuchuma kobukoloniyali phakathi kowe-1750 nowe-1808. Ngaloo ndlela, de kwangowe-1845 uqoqosho lwelizwe lwawohloka ngenxa yeemfazwe, ukuphazamiseka kwemihlaba kunye nokuwohloka kwenkqubo yorhwebo yaseSpeyin.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ityala langaphandle laqala ngo-1820, xa uSekela Mongameli uFrancisco Antonio Zea watyikitya isivumelwano kunye neBritani, eqonda iimbopheleleko ezifunyenwe ngexesha lokuzimela, ngokukodwa nguLuis López Méndez. UZea emva koko wathatha enye imali-mboleko ye-2 yezigidi zeerandi, ingakumbi ukuhlawula amatyala angekahlawulwa.
Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yemeko enzima yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, urhulumente wafumana imali mboleko entsha ngo-1824 engazange ithintele ingxaki entsha yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali ukuba yenzeke kwiminyaka emibini kamva, ngenxa yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lokukhusela kunye neengeniso zerhafu ezibuthathaka. Emva kokuthatha ezi mboleko, iColombia iye yaphulukana nokufikelela kwimakethi eyinkunzi yamazwe ngamazwe kuyo yonke le nkulungwane.
Ngokunjalo, iindlela zorhwebo ezingalinganiyo zilawula ilizwe. Iimveliso ezininzi zafika zivela phesheya kunokuba iColombia inokuthengisa kwamanye amazwe. Ukutyhubela inkulungwane, eli lizwe lalithenga kumazwe angaphandle iintlobo ngeentlobo zeemveliso, kodwa amaxabiso aphantsi eendwangu zomqhaphu azenza zaba lelona sebe libalulekileyo kwelo lizwe ngelo xesha.
Kulo mxholo, phakathi kwe-1850 kunye ne-1880, i-United Kingdom ibonelele malunga ne-50% yempahla engeniswe kweli lizwe, ngelixa iFransi inikele nge-25%. Ukutyhubela inxalenye enkulu yale nkulungwane, eli lizwe belizama ukumanyanisa uqoqosho lwehlabathi ngokuthumela igolide, icuba, icinchona, umqhaphu neindigo kwamanye amazwe.
Nangona kunjalo, imijikelo yokwandiswa koqoqosho kwezi mveliso yayimfutshane kwaye ingeniso eyenziwe ngabo yayinganelanga, ngoko abazange bafikelele kwinjongo emiselweyo. Ngoko ke, igolide, eyayiyeyona mveliso iphambili yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe ngexesha lethanga, yahlala iyeyona mveliso ibalulekileyo yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe de kwaphakathi kule nkulungwane.
Ngokwenxalenye yayo, ukunyuka kwecuba njengeyona mveliso iphambili yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe kwadlula kumjikelo owaqhubeka ukususela ngowe-1854 ukuya kutsho ngowe-1876, xa ukuthunyelwa kwawo kwamanye amazwe kwancitshiswa yaye akuzange kuphinde kuphinde kuphinde kuphinde kuphinde kubekho. Emva koko i-indigo boom malunga no-1870 yahlala ngaphantsi kweshumi leminyaka kwaye iquinine yaba yeyona mveliso iphambili yokuthumela ngaphandle ngo-1880s kodwa yehla ngokukhawuleza.
Phakathi kokungazinzi kweziko, ingxabano yembali phakathi kwabarhwebi kunye namagcisa yasonjululwa kwiMfazwe yoLuntu ka-1854, apho inqanawa yoyiswa, emva komanyano phakathi kweqela le-liberal kunye ne-Conservative Party.
Le mfazwe ibonisa ukungavisisani phakathi koshishino lokuvelisa olusakhulayo kunye nabarhwebi bangaphandle, abaphuhlisa ngokuhambelana nenkqubo yokwandiswa kwemida yezolimo, equlethwe yiziganeko ezifana ne-colonization ye-Antioquia kunye nophuhliso lweziseko zophuhliso.
Ngeli xesha, uMlambo iMagdalena waba liziko lenkqubo yothutho apho impahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle kunye nemveliso yezolimo ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe yangena kwaye yashiya amazibuko e-Atlantiki eCartagena de Indias naseBarranquilla (Sabanilla), kwinkqubo exhomekeke 'kwindlela enye apho. amacandelo kaloliwe kunye nendlela adityaniswa.
Ngokubhekiselele kwingeniso yomntu ngamnye, inyuke malunga ne-20% phakathi kwe-1850 kunye ne-1880, ngesantya se-0,5% ngonyaka. Kwangelo xesha linye, ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kunyuke ukusuka kwi-3 ukuya kwi-20 yezigidi zeepesos zegolide. , kodwa yema de kwasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yaye uqoqosho lwaphinda lwadodobala.
Ngelo xesha, ibhalansi yetyala langaphandle yayizizigidi ezili-15 zeepeso zegolide (malunga nezigidi ezithathu zeedola, okanye i-6,000 yezigidi zeepeso zaseColombia). Iimali-mboleko zamazwe angaphandle ngo-1898 kunye no-1899 zazijoliswe ukuxhasa ngemali ukuguqulwa kwemali yephepha ibe ngamanqaku axhaswa yigolide.
"Ukuhamba kwekofu" (1900-1928)
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, ikofu yayisele ibekwe njengemveliso esisiseko yoqoqosho lwaseColombia kwintsimi yokuthengisa ngaphandle. Uluhlu lweemveliso ezithunyelwa ngaphandle lwalulinganiselwe kakhulu: ikofu imele phantse i-85% yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, le nto yenza buthathaka uqoqosho lwangaphandle lwaseColombia.
I-Jamani, i-United Kingdom kunye ne-United States yayingabathengi abaphambili beemveliso ezithunyelwa ngaphandle yi-Colombia, kodwa i-United States imele ipesenti ephezulu, efikelela kumaxesha athile, njenge-1917, ngaphezu kwe-80% yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.
Uphuhliso lwecandelo lekofu luye lwavumela ukukhula kweemarike zangaphakathi kunye nokuphuculwa konxibelelwano lonxibelelwano oluye lwathanda ukudityaniswa okuthile kweemarike zengingqi ezahlukeneyo.
Nangona kunjalo, ubunzima bejografi budale inkqubo yezothutho enophuhliso oluncinci lwentengiso yangaphakathi. elizweni. Qaphela ukuba kude kube yinkulungwane yama-XNUMX, uninzi lwezothutho lwaluhamba ngeendledlana zomkhala, ezizotywa ngaphandle kobuchule, kulandelwa imiwonyo yeentaba edla ngokungenzeki ebusika.
Kwakhona akufanele silibale ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kweenqanawa zomthwalo wabantu, ezikhuselekileyo ukuthutha abanye abantu.
Intlekele yehlabathi (1929-1945)
Ukusebenza koqoqosho olukhulu kwisiqingatha sokuqala seminyaka yee-1950 kwathandwa ngamaxabiso aphezulu ekofu, nto leyo ethanda ukufumaneka kwemithombo yobutyebi, ngenxa yoko, ukuxhaswa ngemali kwamacandelo afana neshishini.
Ukuwa okulandelayo kwamaxabiso ekofu kunye nokunqongophala kwezixhobo zokuxhasa ngemali uphuhliso lwemizi-mveliso kukhokelele ekomelezeni amanyathelo okhuseleko afana nalawo amkelwa kwiminyaka edlulileyo ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-XNUMX nasekuqaleni koo-XNUMX.
Nangona kunjalo, ulwahlulo oluphantsi lwesiseko sokuthumela ngaphandle kunye nobungqina obuninzi bokuxhomekeka okugqithisileyo kwikofu ukufikelela kutshintshiselwano lwangaphandle lubonise imfuneko yokuqalisa inkqubo yokukhuthaza ukuthumela ngaphandle.
Ngoko ke, kwesi sihlandlo, ukhuseleko oluphunyeziweyo lwalukhatshwa ngamanyathelo okukhuthaza ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweemveliso ezingezizo ezemveli, ingakumbi iimveliso zoshishino.
Ngenxa yalo mlinganiselo, kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-1950, iGDP yaphinda yaphindeka kane. Nangona kunjalo, ngokubhekiselele kwinkcitho yoluntu, kwiminyaka ye-80-XNUMX, kwakukho iintsilelo ezilandelwa yintsalela yezoqoqosho, eyathi ekugqibeleni yakwazi ukudlula inqanaba lentshiseko ekuqaleni kwexesha.
Ngokunjalo, uqoqosho lwaseColombia lugcine amanqanaba anyamezelekayo okunyuka kwamaxabiso, ukuba lelona nqanaba liphezulu le-36% ngonyaka, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1970. Ngoko ke, impembelelo enamandla yokudodobala koqoqosho kwiminyaka yoo-1980 okwenzeka kummandla ayizange ibe nemiphumo ethe ngqo eColombia. , ngenxa yempembelelo yemithombo yotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle (ingakumbi ngeedola) ukusuka ekurhwebeni kweziyobisi,
Eye yajongana nayo le meko, ehambelana nokusebenza okugqwesileyo jikelele koshishino lwasekhaya, ngeli xesha leshumi leminyaka, uqoqosho lwaseColombia lugcine ukukhula kwalo kumyinge we-5% ngonyaka.
Ukususela ngo-1990
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990, kwaqala ixesha elitsha loqoqosho elaziwa ngokuba kukuvula uqoqosho, nelalifuna ukufaka ilizwe kwinkqubo yokudityaniswa kwezoqoqosho kunye nangaphakathi kwesakhelo se-Washington Consensus (1989).
Ukudodobala koqoqosho kwehlabathi, okungqinwa kukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunye nengxaki kumazwe aseAsia, kuye kwabangela umonakalo eLatin America kwaye kuyichaphazele kakhulu iColombia. Nangona injongo yokunciphisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ukusuka kwidijithi enye ukuya kwidijithi enye iphunyeziwe kunezinga lentswelo-ngqesho, ilahleko yamandla okuthenga.
Ukwehla kwemveliso kunye necandelo lezolimo, okuxelwe yi-DANE ngo-1999, akulunganga kakhulu, nangona kunjalo, kwiinyanga ezintathu zokuqala zika-2000, ukuvuselelwa kwe-6% yemveliso yemizi-mveliso kuye kwaqikelelwa. Ngo-2014, intswela-ngqesho e-Colombia yayikwidijithi enye.
Ke ngo-1998, ukupheliswa kweyunithi yamandla okuthenga rhoqo kunye nokuwa kwezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kwemveli, ezibekwe sisibetho esiqatha kuqoqosho lwase-Asiya ngexesha lobunzima babo, kwenza ukusebenza kweli xesha kubi kakhulu.
Kwaye ngale nto, inkonzo yetyala yayinesiphumo esiphikisanayo: inkontileka, kodwa iindleko zokuhlawula zanda, nto leyo eyabangela ukwanda kwembono yentlekele, ekubeni urhulumente wayengenayo izibonelelo ezikhoyo. , kwafuneka abhenele ekubolekeni imali. yangaphandle ukujongana nale meko.
Ngo-Matshi 2000, i-Banco de la Nación ibonise ukuba ityala langaphandle laseColombia lifikelele kwi-36,000,000,000 USD, apho i-24,490 yezigidi ihambelana necandelo likarhulumente.
Ityala lilonke lilingana ne-41,3% ye-GDP, leyo, ngokutsho kwabahlalutyi belizwe nakwamanye amazwe, "ixhala" kwaye ichaza ukwanda kobunzima bohlengahlengiso kwimigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente yezoqoqosho kunye nezezimali, ukususela ekuqaleni kweminyaka elishumi. Ngo-1990, iKholombiya ayikuhoyanga ukufakwa endaweni yangaphandle kwaye ivule iimarike ezintsha.
EzoQoqosho kwiXesha le-Post-Conflict
Enye yeenzuzo zezivumelwano zoxolo phakathi kukarhulumente weJuan Manuel Santos kunye neFARC kukukhula kokhenketho, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukukhula okuzinzileyo kwesantya sabakhenkethi abavela kumazwe angaphandle kweli lizwe, kuthathelwa ingqalelo oko ngo-2010.
Kanye ekuqaleni kwesigunyaziso sikaMongameli Santos kwakukho utshintshiselwano lwangaphandle lwe-3,440 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, ngelixa unyaka we-2017 uvelise i-5,49 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, ukwanda kwe-68%.
Ngapha koko, umongameli-onyuliweyo ngo-2018, u-Iván Duque Márquez, uthe ukhenketho lunokuba yioyile entsha yaseColombia enikezwe ukuba ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-hydrocarbon yi-9 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, ngelixa i-Banco de la República iqikelela ukuthunyelwa kwe-7,000 yezigidi zeedola kukhenketho.
UQoqosho lwaseColombia kwinqanaba lelizwekazi
I-Colombia yindawo yesine ngobukhulu kwezoqoqosho kwi-Latin America, kodwa isekude neendawo zokuqala ngokubhekiselele kwimveliso ye-gross yasekhaya (GDP) ngomntu ngamnye, owathi ngo-2015 wafikelela kwi-6.056 yeedola. IArgentina, iChile okanye iPanama ineziphindwe kabini. Kwaye ilizwe lethu limalunga ne-2,000 yeedola ngaphantsi komndilili weLatin America kunye neCaribbean.
ubuhlwempu nokungalingani
Emva kwentlekele yowe-1999, ubuhlwempu eColombia buye bahla. Ipesenti yabantu baseColombia abangaphantsi komlinganiselo wengeniso yentlupheko yehle ukusuka kwi-50% ngo-2002 ukuya kwi-28% ngo-2013. Ubuhlwempu obuphindaphindeneyo buhlile ukusuka kwi-18% ukuya kwi-9% phakathi kowama-30 nowama-18.
Imbali yokuzivelela kweGDP ngomntu ngamnye
Apha ngezantsi sikushiyela isiphumo esirekhodiweyo nesihlalutyiweyo sembali yoqoqosho lwaseColombia, ngonyaka ngamnye, ukusukela kwiminyaka yamashumi amathandathu:
| GDP ngomntu ngamnye waseColombia ngeeDola | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ngo-1960 (60's) | |||
| Año | PIB | GDP ngoMntu ngamnye | Lwabantu |
| 1960 | I-USD 4.041 yezigidi | $245 | Abemi abangama-16.480.383 |
| 1961 | I-USD 4.553 yezigidi | $268 | Abemi abangama-16.982.315 |
| 1962 | I-USD 4.969 yezigidi | $284 | Abemi abangama-17.500.171 |
| 1963 | I-USD 4.839 yezigidi | $268 | Abemi abangama-18.033.550 |
| 1964 | I-USD 5.992 yezigidi | $322 | Abemi abangama-18.581.974 |
| 1965 | I-USD 5.790 yezigidi | $302 | Abemi abangama-19.144.223 |
| 1966 | I-USD 5.453 yezigidi | $276 | Abemi abangama-19.721.462 |
| 1967 | I-USD 5.727 yezigidi | $282 | Abemi abangama-20.311.371 |
| 1968 | I-USD 5.919 yezigidi | $283 | Abemi abangama-20.905.059 |
| 1969 | I-USD 6.405 yezigidi | $298 | Abemi abangama-21.490.945 |
| Ngo-1970 (70's) | |||
| Año | PIB | GDP ngoMntu ngamnye | Lwabantu |
| 1970 | I-USD 7.198 yezigidi | $326 | Abemi abangama-22.061.215 |
| 1971 | I-USD 7.820 yezigidi | $346 | Abemi abangama-22.611.986 |
| 1972 | I-USD 8.671 yezigidi | $375 | Abemi abangama-23.146.803 |
| 1973 | I-USD 10.316 yezigidi | $436 | 23.674-504 abemi |
| 1974 | I-USD 12.370 yezigidi | $511 | Abemi abangama-24.208.021 |
| 1975 | I-USD 13.099 yezigidi | $529 | Abemi abangama-24.756.973 |
| 1976 | I-USD 15.341 yezigidi | $606 | Abemi abangama-25.323.406 |
| 1977 | I-USD 19.471 yezigidi | $752 | Abemi abangama-25.905.127 |
| 1978 | I-USD 23.264 yezigidi | $878 | Abemi abangama-26.502.166 |
| 1979 | I-USD 27.940 yezigidi | $1.031 | Abemi abangama-27.113.512 |
| Ngo-1980 (80's) | |||
| Año | PIB | GDP ngoMntu ngamnye | Lwabantu |
| 1980 | I-USD 46.784 yezigidi | $1.645 | Abemi abangama-28.447.000 |
| 1981 | I-USD 50.969 yezigidi | $1.753 | Abemi abangama-29.080.000 |
| 1982 | I-USD 54.583 yezigidi | $1.837 | Abemi abangama-29.718.000 |
| 1983 | I-USD 54.249 yezigidi | $1.787 | Abemi abangama-30.360.000 |
| 1984 | I-USD 53.581 yezigidi | $1.728 | Abemi abangama-31.004.000 |
| 1985 | I-USD 48.877 yezigidi | $1.587 | Abemi abangama-30.794.000 |
| 1986 | I-USD 48.944 yezigidi | $1.557 | Abemi abangama-31.433.000 |
| 1987 | I-USD 50.948 yezigidi | $1.588 | Abemi abangama-32.092.000 |
| 1988 | I-USD 54.925 yezigidi | $1.676 | Abemi abangama-32.764.000 |
| 1989 | I-USD 55.384 yezigidi | $1.656 | Abemi abangama-33.443.000 |
| Ngo-1990 (90's) | |||
| Año | PIB | GDP ngoMntu ngamnye | Lwabantu |
| 1990 | I-USD 56.412 yezigidi | $1.653 | Abemi abangama-34.125.000 |
| 1991 | I-USD 58.308 yezigidi | $1.674 | Abemi abangama-34.834.000 |
| 1992 | I-USD 68.997 yezigidi | $1.942 | Abemi abangama-35.530.000 |
| 1993 | I-USD 78.195 yezigidi | $2.160 | Abemi abangama-36.208.000 |
| 1994 | I-USD 98.260 yezigidi | $2.666 | Abemi abangama-36.863.000 |
| 1995 | I-USD 111.237 yezigidi | $2.967 | Abemi abangama-37.490.000 |
| 1996 | I-USD 116.838 yezigidi | $3.067 | Abemi abangama-38.100.000 |
| 1997 | I-USD 128.267 yezigidi | $3.323 | Abemi abangama-38.600.000 |
| 1998 | I-USD 118.442 yezigidi | $3.021 | Abemi abangama-39.200.000 |
| 1999 | I-USD 103.761 yezigidi | $2.614 | Abemi abangama-39.700.000 |
| Ngo-2000 (2000's) | |||
| Año | PIB | GDP ngoMntu ngamnye | Lwabantu |
| 2000 | I-USD 99.875 yezigidi | $2.479 | Abemi abangama-40.296.000 |
| 2001 | I-USD 98.201 yezigidi | $2.406 | Abemi abangama-40.814.000 |
| 2002 | I-USD 97.946 yezigidi | $2.370 | Abemi abangama-41.329.000 |
| 2003 | I-USD 94.645 yezigidi | $2.262 | Abemi abangama-41.849.000 |
| 2004 | I-USD 117.092 yezigidi | $2.764 | Abemi abangama-42.368.000 |
| 2005 | I-USD 146.547 yezigidi | $3.417 | Abemi abangama-42.889.000 |
| 2006 | I-USD 162.766 yezigidi | $3.750 | Abemi abangama-43.406.000 |
| 2007 | I-USD 207.465 yezigidi | $4.723 | Abemi abangama-43.927.000 |
| 2008 | I-USD 244.302 yezigidi | $5.496 | Abemi abangama-44.451.000 |
| 2009 | I-USD 233.893 yezigidi | $5.200 | Abemi abangama-44.979.000 |
| Ngo-2010 (10's) | |||
| Año | PIB | GDP ngoMntu ngamnye | Lwabantu |
| 2010 | I-USD 286.954 yezigidi | $6.305 | Abemi abangama-45.510.000 |
| 2011 | I-USD 335.437 yezigidi | $7.785 | Abemi abangama-46.045.000 |
| 2012 | I-USD 369.430 yezigidi | $7.931 | Abemi abangama-46.582.000 |
| 2013 | I-USD 380.170 yezigidi | $8.068 | Abemi abangama-47.121.000 |
| 2014 | I-USD 378.323 yezigidi | $7.938 | Abemi abangama-47.662.000 |
| 2015 | I-USD 291.530 yezigidi | $6.048 | Abemi abangama-48.203.000 |
| 2016 | I-USD 282.357 yezigidi | $5.803 | Abemi abangama-48.653.000 |
| 2017 | I-USD 309.191 yezigidi | $6.273 | Abemi abangama-49.292.000 |
| 2018 | I-$ 327 yezigidi | $6.562 | Abemi abangama-49 |
| 2019 | I-USD 355.163 yezigidi | $6645 | Abemi abangama-49 |
| Umthombo we-International Monetary Fund FMI kunye neBhanki yehlabathi BM (2019) | |||
Uqoqosho ngokwamacandelo
Uqoqosho lwaseColombia lusekwe ngokusisiseko kwimakethi yezemali kunye neyezindlu, urhwebo kunye namashishini okuvelisa ngokwe-DANE.
Icandelo lokuqala okanye lezolimo
Okulandelayo siza kuchaza amacandelo ahlukeneyo oqoqosho lwezolimo:
Ukulima: ilawulwa phantsi kwemisebenzi yoMphathiswa wezoLimo kunye noPhuhliso lwasemaphandleni karhulumente waseColombia, ocwangcisa uphuhliso lwezolimo, apho i-floriculture kunye nokulima kwebhanana kuthatha indawo ebalulekileyo.
Ezinye izinto ezivavanyiweyo zibonisa ukuba, kuwo wonke umhlaba welizwe, i-10.3% inikezelwe kumahlathi, i-7.3% kwezolimo kunye ne-2.1% kwezinye izinto.
Ngo-2013, indawo enikezelwe kwizityalo ezingundoqo zenguqu, ezifana neembotyi okanye umbona, zinyuke nge-1,0%, ukusuka kwi-828.983 yeehektare ukuya kwi-837.304 phakathi kuka-2012 kunye no-2013. kuquka imifuno, nto leyo emele ukwanda nge-4,9% kunonyaka ophelileyo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakhona ngo-2013, indawo enikezelwe kwizityalo ezisisigxina, ezifana nekofu okanye iswekile, yayiyi-1,4 yezigidi zeehektare, ezimele ukwanda kwemveliso ye-1,6% xa kuthelekiswa ne-2012, ukuya kwi-5,2 yezigidi zeetoni.
ICafé: Enye yezona zinto ziqhelekileyo zezoqoqosho eColombia kukulima ikofu, ukuba ngumvelisi wesithathu omkhulu kwihlabathi kwi-2014.
Ibiyeyona nto iphambili kuqoqosho lwaseColombia ukusukela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX kwaye iye yazuza ukwamkelwa kumazwe ngamazwe kumgangatho wengqolowa.
Nangona kunjalo, ukubaluleka kwayo kunye nokuveliswa kwayo kutshintshile kwiminyaka yamuva: kwi-2011, iingxowa ze-7,8 zezigidi zaveliswa, ezimele ukuhla kwe-12% xa kuthelekiswa ne-2010.
Kodwa kulo nyaka uphelileyo phakathi kuka-Matshi 2017 kunye nokuveliswa kweengxowa ze-13,969 yezigidi zavezwa ngoFebruwari 2018.
Ilizwe lithumela kumazwe angaphandle malunga neetoni ezingama-560,000 ngonyaka, nto leyo elingana ne-85% yemveliso yalo. Ikofu eluhlaza ngaphandle kwecaffeine imele i-99.64% yokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweli mveliso. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iimveliso ezimbini: ikofu engagcadwanga enecaffeine kunye nekofu egcadiweyo engena caffeine.
I-United States, iJamani kunye ne-Japan ngabona abathengi abaphambili bekofu eluhlaza kunye ne-64% ye-Columbia yonke impahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle, ilandelwa ngokokubaluleka kwe-Canada, i-Belgium ne-Luxembourg, i-Netherlands, i-France, i-Sweden, i-Spain, i-Itali kunye ne-United Kingdom. .
Ukususela ngo-1927, i-National Federation of Coffee Growers iye yaphucula kwaye yaphucula izityalo ngokukhetha iimpawu. Ukwalawula ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle kwaye wakhusela amaxabiso kwiimalike zangaphandle.82
Kutshanje, iziphathamandla zezoqoqosho zaseColombia zibhengeze uhlengahlengiso oluphezulu lwentelekelelo yokuziphatha kweGross Domestic Product (GDP), kuthathelwa ingqalelo indlela yokuziphatha kwezinto ezimisela uqoqosho, njengokuwa kwentswela-ngqesho, ukubuyiswa kweshishini. , ukusebenza kakuhle kokusetyenziswa, phakathi kwabanye.
Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwamanyathelo amatsha ezoqoqosho kuye kwabalaselisa ukudityaniswa kwemisebenzi engekho mthethweni kuqoqosho ekubaleni imveliso yasekhaya yaseColombia, ngokutsho kwesiphelo somsebenzi wesidanga esinesihloko esithi «Ukuthutyeleziswa kwemali kuqoqosho olusemthethweni lwaseColombia: iindlela malunga nempembelelo kwiGDP yesebe”.
Ngokombhali wolu xwebhu, uLieutenant weSibini uLuddy Marcela Roa Rojas, igosa leQela loPhando lokuThwalwa kweMpahla kunye nokuThuthwa kweMali yeCandelo loPhando loLwaphulo-mthetho kunye ne-Interpol.
Isigqibo sasisekelwe kumanani athatyathwe kwi-DANE kunye namaPolisa eSizwe, ngokukodwa ngokubhekiselele kwii-asethi ezinikezelwe ukuhluthwa kwempahla, ezithinjwe kwimibutho yolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye ukuthinjwa kwemali ngemali yesizwe.
Oku kubonwe njengomboniso wotyalo-mali olwenziwa yimibutho yolwaphulo-mthetho kurhwaphilizo lwemali kunye nendlela engcolisa ngayo uqoqosho lwamasebe.
"Igalelo leValle del Cauca, Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Amazonas kunye neSan Andrés, amacandelo ngokwesiko aphawulwe ngobundlobongela, lalicacile," utshilo uRoa, obonisa ukuba iAmazonas kunye neSan Andrés zenza igalelo elincinci kwi-GDP yelizwe, kodwa thelekisa i-In. amanani okuthutyeleziswa kwemali, le pesenti iphezulu.
Uphononongo olunikezelwe yi-National University Press Agency lubonisa ukuba i-Antioquia yingingqi enenxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-GDP, ikwaluqoqosho oluguquguqukayo oluphawulwa ngokubakho kwee-cartels zeziyobisi kunye nemibutho yolwaphulo-mthetho.
Ngokuphathelele ukuthutyeleziswa kweziyobisi, incwadi ethi The New Dimensions of Drug Trafficking in Colombia ityhila indlela urhwebo olungekho mthethweni namaqela awahlukeneyo azinikele ekuthutyeleni iziyobisi ngokungekho mthethweni oluye lwaba negalelo ekwakhiweni kwelizwe elinentsimi engaphucukanga.
Ishishini elihle elisemva. kunye neziseko ezingundoqo ezihlwempuzekileyo, ngenxa yokuba imithombo yobutyebi engenayo ayizange yenzeke kuqoqosho lwale mihla kodwa kumazwe asemaphandleni nakwilizwe elingekho sikweni.
Ukukhulisa iinkomo: ukuxhatshazwa kunye nokuveliswa kwemfuyo kuqhutyelwa kwiifama ezincinci nakwiifama ezinkulu. Imnyama namhlophe, iCasanareño, iCosteño con horns, iRomosinuano, iChino Santandereano kunye neHartón del Valle zezona ntlobo zinemveliso zaseColombia.
Ngo-2013, iinkomo zathatha i-80% yomhlaba ovelisayo e-Colombia. Icandelo lemfuyo lelinye lawona aphawuleka kakhulu kwimimandla efana nommandla weCaribbean, apho amasebe asixhenxe anemfuyo njengowona msebenzi wawo uphambili.
Kwakhona e-Antioquia, apho i-inventory enkulu yeenkomo kweli lizwe ikhoyo, isebe lalinayo i-11% yeenkomo zaseColombia ngaloo nyaka i-76, kwaye ngokutsho kwempahla yenkomo, kwi-2012 i-Antioquia yayinentloko yeenkomo ze-2,268,000.
Kwakhona kwi-2013, umhlambi weenkomo waseColombia wafikelela kwi-20,1 yezigidi zeenkomo, apho i-2,5 yezigidi (i-12,5%) yayiyienkomo zobisi. Ukongeza, imveliso yobisi yelizwe iyonke yayiziilitha ze-13,1 yezigidi.
Ngokwahlukileyo, ukunyuka kokungeniswa kwenyama evela kwicandelo leengulube, amaxabiso aphezulu eengeniso kunye nokunciphisa uqoqosho lwelizwe kubangele ingxaki yokulima ihagu kwi-2015.
Icandelo lesibini
Icandelo: Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iColombia iye yaqinisa ukuxhaphazwa kwemigodi ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kobuchwepheshe obutsha kunye nokufika kwabatyalo-mali bangaphandle kweli lizwe. Imizi-mveliso yelaphu, eyemoto, eyekhemikhali neyepetrochemical ibalasele kwicandelo lemizi-mveliso.
Imveliso yeoli yaseColombia ephantse ibe sisigidi semiphanda ngosuku ngo-2012 iyenza ibe lilizwe lesine ngobukhulu eLatin America nakwilizwekazi lesithandathu kweli lizwekazi.
Ngokuphathelele izimbiwa, kufanelekile ukuqaqambisa ukusetyenziswa kwamalahle, inani lawo lafikelela kwi-85 yezigidi zeetoni ngo-2011, kunye nokuveliswa kunye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwegolide kunye ne-emeraldi. Ukuveliswa kwerhasi yendalo kuqikelelwa ngo-2011 kwi-9 billion cubic metres.
Icandelo lesithathu
Urhwebo lwangaphandle: Ukuqikelelwa kwemveliso ngumbono osetyenziswa nguJosé Antonio Ocampo ukuchaza ukubuya umva kweshishini lokuthumela ngaphandle laseColombia xa kuthelekiswa namanye amacandelo emveliso efanayo kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi, ethi, ngokutsho kwakhe, ithintele amandla okubonelela ngemveliso yomgangatho ofanayo imarike yehlabathi.
Kule nkalo, wongezelela ukuba kwimeko yokutshintsha kwamaxabiso ngamazwe kunye nokungakhethi iimeko zemarike, oku kuye kwabangela ukuba abo bajongene nenkqubo yokuthumela ngaphandle balahle nje ukuveliswa kwemveliso ethile kwaye bajonge ezinye iindawo zokuthengisa kwinkunzi yayo.
Ukungena kweColombia kuqoqosho lwehlabathi kuthande kuphela ezo ndawo ziye zakwazi ukuthatha ithuba lezinye iindlela ezinikezelwa yimarike, eziphuhliswe kwikoloni. Konke oku kuphembelele ukwanda okubaluleke kakhulu kwabemi bayo, amagunya ommandla ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwezopolitiko kunye nophuhliso lweziseko ezisakhulayo, phantse ngalo lonke ixesha lihamba kunye nomthambo walo we-fluvial obaluleke kakhulu, iMagdalena.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iColombia isayine kwaye yafaka izivumelwano ezininzi zokurhweba ngokukhululekileyo ngaphakathi kwesakhelo somgaqo-nkqubo wokuvula uqoqosho; Phakathi kwabo, kuyafaneleka ukukhankanya iSivumelwano soRhwebo ngokuKhululwa kunye ne-United States, iSivumelwano soRhwebo ngokuKhululwa kunye neCanada, iMexico, i-European Union, iJapan, i-Pacific Alliance, phakathi kwabanye.
Ezothutho: ikwesi sizwe yenziwa ngu: umoya, umhlaba nolwandle. Icandelo lekota: Utshintshiselwano oluphambili lwaseColombia yiColombian Stock Exchange (BVC), igama elinikwe emva kokudibanisa phakathi kweBogotá, Medellín kunye ne-Occidente stock exchange.
Moneda
Iyunithi yemali yaseColombia yipeso yaseColombia. Isimboli sayo yiCOP, kodwa ayaziwa ngokusemthethweni kwaye ifinyeziwe njenge-COL $. (Ngokungafaniyo nedola, uphawu lwepeso yaseColombia yi-$ enemigca emibini entla kunobumba, hayi enye.) Imali ikhutshwe kwaye ilawulwa yiBhanki yeRiphabhlikhi yaseColombia, iqumrhu elisungulwe elijongene nokukhupha, ukulawula nokulawula ukunyakaza kwemali yaseColombia, kunye nokukhutshwa kwethenda esemthethweni kwilizwe, i-peso.
I-peso ibe yimali yaseColombia ukususela kwi-1810, xa inyani yatshintshwa ngexabiso lokutshintshiselana kwe-1 peso = 8 reales. Okwangoku, iingqekembe zamashumi amahlanu, ikhulu, amakhulu amabini, anamakhulu amahlanu ananye amawaka eepesos zijikeleza, ngelixa amanqaku ebhanki eliwaka, amabini amawaka, amahlanu amawaka, ishumi lamawaka, amashumi amabini amawaka, amashumi amahlanu amawaka kunye nekhulu lamawaka eepesos.
Ezinye iinkcukacha Ezoqoqosho
IColombia ibekwe kwindawo yesine ngobukhulu kuqoqosho lwaseLatin America, emva kweBrazil, iMexico neArgentina, kwaye kuluhlu lwamazwe ngamazwe iphakathi kwama-31 ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Iyinxalenye ye-CIVETS (iKholombiya, i-Indonesia, iVietnam, iYiphutha, iTurkey noMzantsi Afrika), eyenziwe ngamazwe asakhasayo ngoqoqosho anamandla ophuhliso aphezulu.
Ngo-2012, i-Columbia-United States iSivumelwano soRhwebo oluKhululekileyo lwaqala ukusebenza. Isivumelwano sidibanisa izivumelwano ezilishumi esele zisebenza kwaye ezinye ezintandathu ziphantsi kothethathethwano.
Uqoqosho lwayo lusekelwe ngokusisiseko kwimveliso yezinto eziphambili zokuthumela ngaphandle kunye nokusetyenziswa kwangaphakathi, enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zezoqoqosho kukulima ikhofi, enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo emhlabeni jikelele ezithumela ngaphandle kweli mveliso.
Ibe yinxalenye engundoqo kuqoqosho lwaseColombia ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX kwaye iye yazuza ukuqatshelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe ngokubonga kumgangatho wengqolowa; Nangona kunjalo, ukubaluleka kwayo kunye nemveliso yehle kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje.
Imveliso ye-oyile yenye yezona zibalulekileyo kwilizwekazi, iColombia yimveliso yesine enkulu kunazo zonke eLatin America kunye neyesithandathu kwilizwekazi lonke.
ZoLimo
Ikofu sesona sityalo siphambili. Emva kweBrazil, iColombia ngumvelisi wesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni kunye nomvelisi wokuqala wekofu emnandi. Ikhuliswe ikakhulu kumathambeka eentaba phakathi kwe-914 kunye ne-1.828 m ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, ngakumbi kumasebe aseCaldas, Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Norte de Santander, Tolima kunye neSantander.
Ezinye izityalo ezibalulekileyo zezi: ikokho, iswekile, irayisi, iplantain okanye iplantain, icuba, umqhaphu, icassava, isundu saseAfrika, iintyatyambo ezikwiitropikhi kunye neentyatyambo. Ezinye izityalo ezincinane ziquka iinkozo, imifuno neentlobo ngeentlobo zeziqhamo. Izityalo ezivelisa ipita, ihenequen, kunye nehemp nazo ziyakhuliswa, ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza intambo kunye neengxowa.
Ukuloba kunye namahlathi
Ngenxa yemeko yendawo kunye neentlobo ezininzi zeentlobo zeentlanzi, i-Colombia inobutyebi obukhulu be-ichthyological (i-ichthyology lisebe elizinikele ekufundweni kweentlanzi).
Kumanzi onxweme kunye nemilambo emininzi kunye namachibi aseColombia kukho iindidi ezininzi zeentlanzi, phakathi kwazo: i-trout, i-tarpon, i-sailfish kunye ne-tuna.
Ngokubhekiselele kumahlathi, ukulinywa kunye nokugcinwa kweentaba, sinokuthi amahlathi afumaneka ikakhulu kwi-Amazon yaseColombia, kunxweme lwePasifiki, kwindawo yaseCatatumbo (ekumda weVenezuela) nakwiindawo ezithile zamahlathi eziphakamileyo kunye nasezindaweni eziphakamileyo. embindini wemilambo yaseMagdalena kunye neCauca. Uninzi lwemithi ekhutshwe eColombia ifunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni.
Imigodi
I-oyile negolide zezona mveliso zimbiwa zeli lizwe. Izixa ezikhulu zezinye izimbiwa zombiwa, kuquka isilivere, i-emeralds, iplatinam, ubhedu, i-nickel, amalahle kunye negesi yendalo.
Ishishini leoli liphantsi kolawulo lwenkampani yelizwe kunye nezivumelwano ezininzi kwinkunzi yangaphandle. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-oli ekrwada kugxile kwintlambo yoMlambo iMagdalena, malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-645 ukusuka kuLwandle lweCaribbean, nakwingingqi ephakathi kweCordillera Oriental kunye neVenezuela.
EColombia kukho iindawo zokuhluza ezininzi, phakathi kwazo leyo iseBarrancabermeja ibalasele. KwiGulf of Morrosquillo (Coveñas) naseCartagena kukho ezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu.
Imigodi yegolide ikhona ukususela kumaxesha angaphambi kwe-Hispanic kwaye iqhutyelwa ngokukodwa kwisebe lase-Antioquia kwaye, kwinqanaba elincinane, kumasebe aseCauca, eCaldas, eNariño, eTolima, (Quípama) naseChocó.
Kwilizwe lethu, ukwanda kwemveliso yemigodi kubangelwa ikakhulu kukutshintsha kwemigodi yamalahle. Imveliso yamalahle inyuke ukusuka kwi-21.5 yezigidi zeetoni ukuya kwi-85.8 yezigidi zeetoni phakathi ko-1990 no-2011, ngelixa imveliso yeminye imigodi inyuke nge-3.8 yezigidi zeetoni kwangelo xesha linye.
Ngawaphi amacandelo abameli boqoqosho lwaseColombia
Ngokusisiseko, uqoqosho lweli lizwe lusekwe kwimveliso yeempahla eziphambili zokuthumela ngaphandle kunye neemveliso ezisetyenziselwa ukuthengisa kwimarike yasekhaya, owona msebenzi wemveli kukutyala ikofu.
Inkqubo kabani eyenziwa kwimimandla emininzi yelizwe, igxininisa iNgingqi yeKofi eyenziwe ngamasebe aseCaldas, eRisaralda, eValle del Cauca naseTolima.
Ngaloo ndlela, umgangatho weenkozo, onokuvunwa ngononophelo kunye nenkqubo yokhetho, wamkelwa kumazwe ngamazwe, ngelixa ungowesithathu umvelisi wekofu omkhulu kwihlabathi.
Kwakhona, kwicandelo lezolimo, ukulinywa kweentyatyambo, imihlobiso yetropiki, iibhanana, irayisi, iibhanana, ikotoni, i-cassava, iimbotyi, umbona, umoba kunye nezinye izityalo ezincinci ezifana neenkozo, imifuno kunye noluhlu olubanzi lubaluleke kakhulu. yeziqhamo
Ngokuphathelele icandelo lemfuyo, eligxininiswe kwiifama ezincinci kunye ezinkulu kumasebe aseAntioquia, eCórdoba, eCasanare, eMeta naseSantander, yenye yezona zinto ziphawulekayo kwiCaribbean, ezibandakanya ukuzala kweentlobo zemveli, ezinjengomhlophe, omnyama. , Casanareño kunye nonxweme. ngeempondo, Romosinuano, Chinese Santandereano kunye Hartón del Valle.
Eminye imisebenzi yoqoqosho lwaseColombia
Uqoqosho lwenkcubeko yaseColombia lukwaxhaswa licandelo lezoshishino, elibandakanya indawo yemigodi kunye nokukhutshwa kweoli, igolide, amalahle kunye nezinye izimbiwa ezifana nesilivere, i-emerald, ithusi, i-nickel kunye negesi yendalo.
Ukwaqaqambisa amashishini amalaphu, iimoto, iikhemikhali kunye nepetrochemical kwaye wongeze amanye amacandelo, afana nezaselwandle, ezothutho lomhlaba okanye ezomoya, kunye nezezimali.
Kwangaxeshanye, urhwebo lwangaphandle lubandakanya umlenze osisiqhwala woqoqosho lwaseColombia, ngenxa yokuba ubukhulu becala kukho ubunzima ekunikezeni iimveliso ezisemgangathweni ezikhuphisana nemarike yehlabathi, kwelinye icala, ezinye iingcali zezoqoqosho ziqinisekisa ukuba ithunyelwa ngaphandle.
Ioyile kunye neetalente zabantu, nangona zingenisa iimveliso zaseTshayina zokusetyenziswa kwendawo, zongeza ekubuyiselweni kwemali eyinkunzi kwiinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezisekwe kweli lizwe, nangona kunjalo, iimali ezithunyelwa ngabangaphandle ngandlela thile zihlawulela. oku kuvuza
Ngaphandle koku, iColombia ngoku inezivumelwano zorhwebo zasimahla ezibandakanya ukuvulwa kweemarike zeempahla kunye neenkonzo kunye neMexico, iMercosur, amazwe akuMntla weNxantathu yoMbindi Merika, eUnited States, eCanada, kwiManyano yaseYurophu naseJapan, phakathi kwezinye. ibe yintsika yokuhlanganiswa koqoqosho lwaseColombia.
Kutheni ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweColombia kungakhuli?
Kunyaka ophelileyo awukhange uphele kakuhle kurhwebo lwangaphandle. Njengoko kuxeliwe liSebe leSizwe loLawulo lweeNkcukacha-manani (eDane), ukusukela ngoNovemba ka-2019, ilizwe liqokelele intsilelo yorhwebo ye-10.283 yezigidi zeedola. Umkhwa uxhalabile, kuba ngexesha elifanayo le-2018 i-deficit ifike kuphela kwi-US $ 6.460 yezigidigidi.
Ukuba sivavanya amanani ngokweenkcukacha, ukunyuka okubalulekileyo kwe-61.9% kumafutha avela kumazwe angaphandle kubonakala ngoNovemba.
Eli nani lichazwa yimfuno ephezulu yamafutha njengoko izinga lokukhula limele ngokubanzi izithuthi ezininzi, ukugcwala kweenqwelo moya kunye nomsebenzi omninzi wemigodi. Ukuba idatha yepetroli ayithathelwa ngqalelo, ukuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kuziphatha ngendlela ebekulindelwe ngayo. Ngamanye amazwi, ilizwe lithenga kumazwe angaphandle oko likufuna ngokwenene.
Nangona kunjalo, indlela yokuziphatha yokuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle, ngakumbi ukuthunyelwa kwamandla ngaphandle kwemigodi, kusaphakamisa imibuzo, njengoko kubonakala kungaphenduli. NgoNovemba wonyaka ophelileyo, intengiso yelizwe yangaphandle yehle nge-13,6%.
Kukho i-bias ephawulwe ngamafutha, kuba kwiinyanga ezilishumi elinanye zokuqala, zehla nge-11,4%. Nangona kunjalo, ulimo alukhange luqhubele phambili, icandelo lezemveliso lehle nge-0.1% kwaye ezinye iimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zinyuke nge-19.3%, kodwa kanye ezo zithatha inxaxheba kancinane kwi-aggregate iyonke.
Umbuzo ubalulekile, kuba ukungalingani kwangaphandle kunokubonisa ingozi ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwaseColombia namhlanje: ukuba ilizwe alinayo imali eyidingayo. Okwangoku, inkxaso-mali yangaphandle notyalo-mali lwangaphandle luvale esi sikhewu.
Ngamanye amazwi, kufuneka kwenziwe okuthile ukuze kuphuculwe indawo yaseColombia kurhwebo lwehlabathi. Ngokutsho kwe-Vice Minister of Foreign Trade, uLaura Valdivieso, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuhla okubonakalayo kumanqanaba orhwebo lwangaphandle kwiplanethi, okubangelwa yimfazwe yorhwebo, kuye kwachaphazela.
Amanani abonisa le nyaniso. Kwiinyanga zokuqala ze-10 ze-2018, ukuthengiswa kwempahla evela eYurophu naseTshayina kwanda malunga ne-12%. Kwaye kwangexesha elifanayo lika-2019, ukuthengiswa kweTshayina kwehle nge-5,1% kunye nokungeniswa kweYurophu nge-0,7%.
Ukongeza koku kukwehla kwamaxabiso eemveliso kumazwe ngamazwe. Ngexesha elifanayo ngo-2018, bawela kwi-14.9% kwaye ngo-2019 bawela kwi-9.2%. Le nyaniso yokugqibela iye yalichaphazela kakhulu ilizwe, kuba ukuthengiswa ngaphandle kweColombia kugxile kwiimveliso eziphambili. Urhulumente ubonise izinto ezintathu eziphambili ngokubaluleka ukulungisa le ngxaki yentsilelo yangaphandle: ukusetyenziswa ngcono kwezivumelwano ezikhoyo zorhwebo ngokukhululekileyo (FTAs), ukuququzelela urhwebo kunye nokuvuselela utyalo-mali oluthe ngqo lwangaphandle.
Ukongeza, urhulumente uya kuqalisa inkqubo "Colombia Exports More" phakathi kuFebruwari, ukukhuthaza ukuthengisa kumazwe angaphandle, kungekhona nje ngokusekelwe kule migaqo yezopolitiko, kodwa kunye nokuqhelaniswa nommandla wokwandisa unikezelo oluthunyelwa ngaphandle kwamasebe.
IColombia idinga ukuthumela ngaphandle ngakumbi nangakumbi iimveliso zamandla angezizo ezemigodi. Kwaye kucacile ukuba ilizwe likwanethuba elikhulu kwicala leenkonzo, ezifana nokhenketho. Eli candelo libonisa ukukhula okubonakalayo ngaphezulu komndilili wehlabathi. Ngapha koko, icandelo lokhenketho kulindeleke ukuba lenze phantse i-6 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwingeniso.
Ilizwe lingenise amafutha amaninzi kweyeNkanga kwaye liveze umngcipheko wokuphulukana namandla alo okusebenza ngokwalo. Ukuba oko kuyenzeka, iColombia kuya kufuneka ichithe i-30 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngonyaka kweli cala. I-Banco de la República kutshanje ibonise ukuba abasemagunyeni kwezoqoqosho baqikelele intsilelo ye-akhawunti engaphezulu kwe-4,5%.
Xa amazwe enentsilelo esisigxina ngaphezulu kwe-5%, uhlengahlengiso kuqoqosho lube lukhulu kakhulu kwaye lubandakanya ukudodobala koqoqosho okunokwenzeka. Ngamanye amazwi, ilizwe liza kuba semngciphekweni wemeko enzima kakhulu kulo mba.
Njengotshintsho oluthe ngcembe kwibhaskithi yamandla ehlabathi, ukuphumelela kulo mba ngumcimbi “wokukhathalela” kuthi sonke.
Buyisela ukuthanda izinto eziveliswa kweli lizwe
Ukuba imeko yangoku isishiya nayo nantoni na, kukuqinisekisa ukuba sisengozini kakhulu kunokuba sicinga kwaye singathanda ukuyamkela. Usemngciphekweni njengomntu kwaye usesichengeni njengoluntu. Izakhiwo ezininzi ziye zanyamalala okanye zasuswa.
Amasiko, amalungelo, amabali eminyaka kunye neminyaka, amaziko, ngokubanzi, zonke izinto eziye zaqanjwa ngabantu ziye zajika zafana naziphi na ubomi bethu. Isifundo esinzima kodwa esinzulu esisifumeneyo.
Ingcinga ephambili yeli nqaku kukuba umhlaba, ewe, uyatshintsha. Hayi ngeli xesha kuphela, asazi ukuba iya kuhlala ixesha elingakanani. Kukho imiqondiso yokuba kuya kubakho utshintsho lwesakhiwo ekufuneka sinikele ingqalelo enkulu kulo. Ekuphela kwento engenakwenzeka kuthi kukuba sifikelele kwihlabathi elitsha kwaye asikazilungiselelanga ukujongana nalo.
Asazi ukuba zingaphi izinto eziphinde zahlengahlengiswa kweli hlabathi litsha, kodwa zimbalwa esizaziyo. Siya kuba nelona zinga liphezulu labantu abangaphangeliyo kwimbali, siya kubuyela kumanqanaba entlupheko ebesicinga ukuba soyisile.
Amashishini aya kuphuma kwishishini, amazwe aya kuba namanqanaba aphezulu etyala kunokuba ebecingelwa ukuba amkelekile ngaphambili, uninzi luya kuphonononga i-megatrend esele ijongwe ngaphambili yokwandisa uhambo.
Siya kuba nedijithali ngakumbi yonke imihla, siya kukwazi ukusebenza kancinci emntwini, siya kukhathalela ngakumbi nayiphi na inguqulelo yomkhuhlane, iinkqubo zokhathalelo lwempilo ziya kuba neyona nto iphambili, siya kuzijonga sisengozini ngakumbi kwiimeko esizenzayo. andazi malunga.
Imbono kunye novavanyo lweengozi, ngakumbi kwicandelo lezemali, ziya kuphononongwa kwakhona ngokupheleleyo. Ngokomzekelo, ngaba kukho umngcipheko wokuba urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe luya kutshintsha iipatheni zalo kwaye indlela eya kwintsebenziswano epheleleyo yehlabathi iya kuphazamiseka? Ngoko kubonakala ngathi.
Ingcamango, kuma-utopia amaninzi, ukuba iplanethi iyiyunithi enkulu enemveliso, ekufuneka ikhonze abantu bonke ngokusetyenziswa kakuhle kwemithombo ekhoyo, ibonakala ngathi ayinakwenzeka kwixesha elizayo elingekude. Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi, kwabaninzi, kuye kwanyamalala kwinguqulelo ebesazi.
Oku kungasentla, ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi; Akubonakali kunokwenzeka ukucinga ngamakhonkco exabiso lehlabathi, apho kubonakala ngathi kukho ubudlelwane bezorhwebo, kwelinye icala, kunye nobudlelwane bezopolitiko bamazwe ngamazwe, kwelinye.
Injongo yeTshayina yokususa iMelika kunye neYurophu kwisikhundla sobunkokeli ebesibambe ngaphezu kwenkulungwane icacile. Indlela asabela ngayo lo mva ngokufuna ukukhusela isikhundla sakhe okwexeshana nayo icacile. Yeyiphi inkuthazo ke ngoko amagunya aseNtshona aya kuba nayo ukuze aqhubeke esomeleza eyona mbangi yawo iphambili?
Olu lungelelwaniso olutsha phakathi kwezopolitiko, uqoqosho, kunye nezorhwebo nomdla ngokuqinisekileyo luya kukhokelela ekuxhomekekeni kancinci kwiinkqubo ezininzi kunye neemveliso ezivela kumazwe, iifektri, kunye nezibonelelo abazimise kumazwe afana neTshayina.
Kwezinye iimeko, iinkqubo zokufuduka sele ziyaziwa, kwezinye, ubuncinci siza kubona ukuhlukahluka okunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwaye, ngoko ke, umngcipheko wokuba kwilizwe elikhuphisana kakhulu lolawulo lwehlabathi. Kule meko, iColombia mhlawumbi inethuba layo eliphambili iminyaka eliqela. Eli lithuba lokuzibeka njengenye indlela yenyathelo elilandelayo.
Yiba yinxalenye yekhonkco elitsha lexabiso, mhlawumbi ngoku lengingqi. Kutheni le nto sinokuba yinye indlela efanelekileyo yoku? Kukho izizathu ezininzi zokucinga ngeengenelo zethu. Indawo, italente, abasebenzi abanezakhono, amaziko awomeleleyo, idemokhrasi, kunye nobudlelwane belizwe kunye namagunya aseNtshona. Ngokuqinisekileyo iya kuba yinto ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo kolu hlengahlengiso lwamakhonkco amatsha exabiso.
Nangona kunjalo, oku ngasentla akuyi kwanela. Le ngcamango sele inabaninzi, eMexico, ePeru, eChile, eArgentina nakwamanye amazwe athetha okufanayo. Ukhuphiswano lotyalo-mali lwamazwe ngamazwe, kumazwe achatshazelwe ngamanqanaba amakhulu abantu abangaphangeliyo, luya kubulala.
Ukhuphiswano olukhulu luvela kutyalo-mali. Ngaba singaba yeyona ndawo ilungileyo yokufudukela kwenye indawo yotyalo-mali? Kuya kuthatha umbono omkhulu weqhinga ukuphumeza oku, isigqibo esikhulu sesizwe. Kuya kufuneka siguqule ezinye izinto, sidale ezinye kwaye sisombulule imiqobo kunye nemiqobo enokuthi namhlanje ingasenzeli elona lizwe linomtsalane kutyalo-mali.
I-ajenda iyaziwa, into esingayazi kukunika iingxoxo ezinzima. Kunzima kakhulu kuthi ukuba sithathe iingxoxo ezinzulu nezesakhiwo malunga nemibandela yemali, yezabasebenzi, yomhlalaphantsi, yerhafu, yemfundo, yobulungisa okanye yokhuphiswano.
Ngaba sinokuba nazo ezi ngxoxo kwaye sizame ukwakha i-ajenda yophuhliso lwesicwangciso esivumela ukuba sibe ngabaphumeleleyo kolu hlengahlengiso oluqhubekayo?
Enye indlela, ukuba asifuni ukunika yonke ingxoxo, ukuba sigxininise ekudaleni iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokubonelela ngeemeko ezivumela ukuba sibe nokhuphiswano lotyalo-mali olutsha.
Yenza imeko enomtsalane ngokwaneleyo kutyalo-mali olutsha, ukuze sikwazi ukukhetha indawo oya kuyo. Ubuncinci inika into enikezelwa ngamanye amazwe. Umzekelo, ngokusebenzisa imimandla yoqoqosho ekhethekileyo okanye ngolawulo olulodwa kutyalo-mali olutsha oludala imisebenzi kunye nophuhliso esiludinga kakhulu.
Olunye uncedo lokuhlengahlengiswa korhwebo lubonakala luqilima ngakumbi kwiinjongo zalo zokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwamanye amazwe, likwafuna ukuthanda iimveliso ezinecandelo elikhulu labasebenzi basekhaya, kwihlabathi apho intswela-ngqesho iyenye yeengxaki ezinkulu.
Kulindeleke ukuba amazwe afune ukuvuselela ukudalwa kwemisebenzi kummandla wawo, kunyanzelekile ukwenjenjalo. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuzama ukuthengisa kumazwe angaphandle, kodwa asinakukwazi ukuthabatha ithuba kwiimarike zethu zasekhaya ukudala imisebenzi emininzi.
Kangangeminyaka eliqela, amazwe amaninzi kwiManyano yaseMelika sele ekhuthaza amaphulo afana neThenga leNdawo, kubandakanya lendawo, ejolise ekuxhaseni iinkampani ezidala imisebenzi kuqoqosho olungabamelwane. Kusemthethweni ukwenza njalo kwaye kuyavakala.
Kuya kuxhaphaka ngakumbi ukubona abathengi besazi ukuba oko bakuthengayo kusisiphumo sezenzo ezizinzileyo, iimveliso ezithobela umthetho okanye iimveliso ezidala imisebenzi kwindawo yabo.
Ukusuka kwa-Andi, siye sasungula i-decalogue yenkxaso yenkampani yelizwe, oko kukuthi, zonke iinkampani ezidala imisebenzi e-Colombia, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imvelaphi yotyalo-mali lwabo. Kubalulekile ukuba ziya zisanda iinkampani nemisebenzi kwintsimi yethu, siyayifuna.
Oku akukho malunga nokukhusela. Ngamanye amazwi, akukho malunga nokubeka imiqobo okanye irhafu kwiimveliso ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Imalunga nokuvelisa isicwangciso esivumela amathuba amaninzi nemisebenzi elizweni.
Khuthaza abathengi, iinkampani kunye nombuso waseColombia ukuba basebenzise amandla okuzikhethela ukuze ngezenzo zabo bathenge kwaye bavelise imisebenzi kunye nokuphila kakuhle. Kodwa, kuyo nayiphi na imeko, asinakuvumela naluphi na uhlobo lokhuphiswano olungalunganga oluvela kubavelisi bakwamanye amazwe.
Izenzo zoshishino ezingalunganga zibonwa njengento enkulu kumazwe amaninzi, kuba zenzakalisa imisebenzi, iintsapho, amashishini kunye norhulumente. I-Decalogue ikwafuna ukusimanyanisa ekukhuseleni nasekuhlanguleni iinkampani ezahlukeneyo kunye namashishini.
Imibuzo ethi i-coronavirus isishiya malunga nekamva laseColombia
Ngolu bhubhani, ngokwembono yezoqoqosho, umise yonke imiqathango yenkqubo, ubuncinci kwindawo ebalulekileyo yabemi behlabathi. Okokuqala, ubhubhani wezizwe ngezizwe ushiye ubuncinci i-50% yabemi behlabathi bengakwazi ukufumana imali. Oku kukhokelele abasemagunyeni abaninzi, oorhulumente kunye neengcali ukuba baphelelwe ziingxoxo okanye izisombululo ezilula.
Iingxaki eziqhelekileyo zivela kukungalingani kwezemali, kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali okanye kwangaphandle. Ngamanye amazwi, ngamazwe angawaphathanga kakuhle uqoqosho lwawo. Kodwa kule meko, uninzi lwabemi kwafuneka luhlale ekhaya, iinkampani kwafuneka zicime oomatshini babo kwaye izixhobo zokuvelisa ngokubanzi zangena kwimowudi yokulala.
Ke oorhulumente kufuneka bajikeleze isangqa: singaqinisekisa njani ukuba izixhobo zokuvelisa ziphuma zingonakalanga ukuba abantu bahlala bevaliwe? Ngeendlela ezininzi, i-coronavirus ifunde izifundo ezicacileyo. Ezona ngxaki zamva nje zikhokelele kumaziko amatsha, izigqibo ezinobungozi okanye uhlengahlengiso oluthe lwasebenza ngokusesikweni ukubeka uqoqosho kwamanye amanqanaba.
Ngokomzekelo, kwimeko yaseKholombiya, ingxaki yowe-1999 yabalaselisa ukubaluleka kokuba nobuncwane bokuqinisekisa ukonga koluntu. Ngenxa yoko, ilizwe lagqiba ekubeni liqinise i-Financial Institutions Guarantee Fund (Fogafin), namhlanje iqumrhu eliqinileyo elinezibonelelo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwi-inshurensi yediphozithi.
Kungoku nje inoovimba abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-20 zeerandi ezixhasa nayiphi na ingxaki kwinkqubo yezemali. Ukususela kule ngxaki efanayo kuvela inkqubo yangoku yezinga lotshintshiselwano lwasimahla, olubonise iingenelo zayo kwi-2008 kunye ne-2014, iminyaka yobundlobongela bangaphandle.
Imithetho yohlengahlengiso lwezemali kwimimandla, ulawulo lwemali ngokwalo kunye nesakhelo esitsha sobukhosi buvela kwiimeko apho iintlekele ziye zasinyanzela ukuba sicinge ngezisombululo ezintsha, ezisebenzayo nezinokwenene.
Kodwa ngoku yonke into yahlukile. Kuyabonakala ukuba, akukho lizwe kwiplanethi elinesakhelo seziko elikwaziyo ukujongana nokuyeka imveliso ngesiquphe.
Kwiimeko zangoku, ezinye izinto zibalulekile. Umzekelo, ithuba lokuqinisekisa ingeniso kwinxalenye enkulu yabemi ngaphandle kweemeko. Ngamanye amazwi, nika (ngaphandle kwe-euphemisms) imali ebantwini. Kwanaleyo, ngaphambi kobhubhane, yayingabonakali isesichengeni.
Usiya kowona mvuzo uphantsi uqhelekileyo?
Ngokucacileyo, ilizwe linonxibelelwano oluqinileyo lokukhusela uluntu oluye lwanceda ukukhusela ingeniso yezigidi zabantu abaxhamla kwiinkqubo ezifana neFamilias en Acción, iJovenes en Acción, kunye noMeya waseColombia.
Urhulumente wenze isigqibo sokuhlawula iintsapho ezizizigidi ezi-3 kwezi zibonelelo ngenkqubo yeSolidarity Income.
URoberto Angulo, ingcali kwimiba yomgaqo-nkqubo kwaye ngoku onguceba wesithili kwimiba yezentlalo, uchaze ukuba, ngenxa yokungxamiseka kokuzisa ingeniso kwinxenye yabemi ethe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ibingekho kwirada yeenkqubo zikarhulumente zentlalo, uthi. :
“Amaqonga avuliweyo agqibezela oko kufunekayo ukudibanisa iideciles ezisezantsi zabemi. Umqobo wezobuchwepheshe ugqitywe,” utshilo. Ngaloo ndlela, wachaza, "siya kuba sikulungele ukufumana umvuzo omncinci oqinisekisiweyo welizwe."
Oku kuya kuba linyathelo eliya phambili kuphela kumazwe aseNordic. Ingcamango yengeniso esisiseko yendalo yonke yaqala ukukhula ngamandla ukususela kwiminyaka yoo-1970. Kwaye kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ababhali abanjengoSteven Pinker kunye noRutger Bergman baye bakhusela.
Le yokugqibela ikhusela kwincwadi exhokonxayo ebizwa ngokuba yi-Utopia yeenyani. Ngamafutshane, imalunga nokunika wonke umntu imali ngaphandle kokukhetha. Ngomgaqo olula: yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokwabiwa kwakhona kwengeniso. Ngolungelelwaniso lweenkcukacha zolwazi, imfuno yokuqhubela phambili ukubuyiselwa kwe-VAT, umnqweno wokudala ingeniso yobumbano kunye nokuqiniswa kweenkqubo nguMphathiswa we-Social Prosperity, le ndlela ivulekile.
Okusingqongileyo ekufuneka kuhlaziywe
Nangona ilizwe liqaphela izibonelelo zokudluliselwa ngokuthe ngqo kubemi kwaye livuma inkqubela phambili ebhekiselele kwisakhiwo "sengeniso esisiseko yendalo yonke yamaColombia", ingxoxo elandelayo igxininise kwisakhiwo sengeniso ukuxhasa ngemali le nkqubela phambili.
UMphathiswa wezeMali u-Alberto Carrasquilla waphakamisa lo mbandela ngexesha lengxoxo yomthetho malunga nohlaziyo lwamva nje lwerhafu. Ukuba eli ziko lidityanisiwe, lingafudukela kwisakhiwo serhafu kunye nerhafu eyongezelelweyo ngokubanzi. Oku kuya kwenza kube lula ukulwa ubuqhophololo nokomeleza imali karhulumente. Le ngxoxo kufuneka ihlale ivulekile.
Keynes ulungile
Ihlabathi lihlala libuyela kwimigaqo yoqoqosho olukhulu lwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX: uJohn Maynard Keynes. Lo Mngesi, owayenempembelelo enkulu kumgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho wehlabathi emva kwemfazwe, wayekuxhalabele ukuqonda isizathu sokuba inkqubo yezoqoqosho esekelwe kwinkululeko ngexesha elithile ibangele intswelo-ngqesho eninzi.
Akufunekanga silibale umphumo wokungaqiniseki kwixesha elizayo kunye nendlela ezichaphazela ngayo izigqibo zabantu zotyalo-mali. UDudley Dillard, kumsebenzi wakhe kwingcinga yaseKeynesian, ubonisa ukuba kutheni umntu kufuneka acinge ngezoqoqosho zesiNgesi yonke imihla kunye nendlela ingcamango yezoqoqosho enzima ngayo kwihlabathi elilawulwa kukungaqiniseki.
“Ehlabathini apho ikamva loqoqosho lingaqinisekanga kakhulu nalapho imali iyindlela ebalulekileyo yokuqokelela ubutyebi, umgangatho wengqesho jikelele uxhomekeke kubudlelwane phakathi kweenzuzo ezilindelekileyo zotyalo-mali kwii-asethi ezinkulu kunye nexabiso lenzala ekufuneka lihlawulwe. ukukhuthaza izityebi ukuba zitshintshe ubunini bemali yazo. (…)
Xa ukuzithemba kwikamva kungabikho kwaye uqikelelo lwemivuzo lumfiliba, ixabiso elifunekayo ukuze abo bazizityebi bahlukane nemali yabo liya kudlula umlinganiselo olindelekileyo wembuyekezo. Utyalo-mali kunye nengqesho ziya kuwela kwinqanaba eliphantsi.
Ukudakumba lixesha apho ipremiyamu ekufuneka ihlawulwe kwimali engasebenziyo igqithise umlinganiselo olindelekileyo wembuyekezo ekunyuseni ii-asethi ezintsha phantse zonke iintlobo.
Le yenye yeengxaki eziphambili abaza kujongana nazo abasemagunyeni, kuba ukuphela kobhubhane akulindelekanga ukuba kubangele ukuvuselelwa koqoqosho kwangoko, kusaza kubonakala ukuba banjani.
khupha okanye hayi
Ingxoxo yangoku yezoqoqosho kwindawo yayo inombono wokuyipapasha okanye ungayishicileli. Ngamanye amazwi, "yenza intlalontle" kwintsilelo yoluntu ebangelwa ngubhubhane. Lo mbandela uphakamisa umbuzo wokuba ukuzisa imali eninzi kwiimarike kunokukhokelela ekunyukeni kwamaxabiso aphezulu.
Konke kuxhomekeke ekubeni urhulumente wabela ntoni kwimithombo yomba kwaye, okwesibini, abantu bachitha ntoni na loo mali bayifumana kurhulumente.
Ulawulo oluphakathi luya kwabela naziphi na izixhobo zokukhupha ukuhlawula iindleko ezinxulumene nobhubhane: impilo, umsebenzi kunye nokutya. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku akukho mntu uwuxoxileyo lo mbandela eColombia, kodwa uninzi lwezoqoqosho kuthiwa luyakuthanda ukwenza oko.
Omnye umbuzo ophambili ngowokuba loluphi uhlobo lokubuyisela uqoqosho oluya kujongana nayo. Apha, umba obuthathaka ngumbono wekamva leearhente zezoqoqosho.
Ukuba abasemagunyeni ababonisi ukuba banazo zonke iindlela zokuhlangabezana nale ntsholongwane okanye nasiphi na esinye isifo, uqoqosho luya kudodobala kakhulu. Ukwakha ukuthembela kwimigaqo-nkqubo yezempilo yoluntu kunokubangela ukubuyisela "V" ukuphumelela.
Yintoni oza kutyala kuyo?
Ubhubhane uveze enye inkalo: ukukwazi kwamazwe ukujongana nobhubhane kuya kwenza umahluko kula maxesha matsha. Ke ngoko, inkcitho kwimpilo nakuphando iya kubaluleka ukunciphisa iimpembelelo kwezi meko.
Ngoko ke, ilizwe lijongene nomngeni omkhulu. Izibonelelo zecandelo lezempilo zininzi, kodwa kucacile ukuba kusafuneka inkqubela-phambili ukwenza eli lizwe libe liziko lophando. Ayilonjongo zikude.
Umzekelo wale nto yizifundo zeklinikhi: uxwebhu lwe-2016 oluvela kwi-Pugatch Consulate ye-laboratory yase-Amgen lubonisa ukuba iColombia inokutsala utyalo-mali olufikelela kwi-500 yezigidi zeedola ukwenza izifundo zeklinikhi kumachiza amatsha okanye iimveliso. ezinikezelwe kwimpilo. Ngokuqinisekileyo likhona ithuba.
Ubhubhane wabonisa isoyikiso sokuqala esikhulu seplanethi kwimbali. Yaba nefuthe elikhulu. Kodwa oko akufanele kube ngumqobo ekuboneni izifundo ezinokufundwa. Ukuba awenzi njalo, iimpazamo ziya kuphinda zenzeke kwixesha elizayo.
Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku malunga noQoqosho lwaseColombia lunomdla, siyakumema ukuba wonwabele ezi ezinye: