Ekubeni abantu bavela eAfrika malunga neminyaka ezizigidi ezibini eyadlulayo, baye basasazeka ngempumelelo kulo lonke ihlabathi, beqhelana neemeko ezahlukahlukeneyo, njengemozulu. Imibutho eyahlukeneyo eyavela kwiplanethi yahluke kakhulu ekudaleni Iimpawu zoKwahluka kweNkcubeko oko kusekho nanamhla.
Iimpawu zoKwahluka kweNkcubeko
Iyantlukwano yenkcubeko ludidi lweenkcubeko ngaphakathi kommandla othile okanye kwihlabathi liphela. Iqondo leyantlukwano yenkcubeko phakathi kommandla okanye uluntu inokufunyanwa kwinqanaba lobukho babantu abavela kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo zenkcubeko kunye neenkcubeko. Ukongeza kwiyantlukwano ephawulekayo yenkcubeko ekhoyo, efana nolwimi, isinxibo kunye nezithethe, kukwakho iyantlukwano ebalulekileyo kwiindlela uluntu oluzilungelelanisa ngalo, kwiindlela zabo ezixabisekileyo kunye nezithethe zabo, kunye neendlela abanxibelelana ngazo. okusingqongileyo..
Iyantlukwano yenkcubeko kunzima ukuyilinganisa, kodwa inani leelwimi ezithethwayo kwindawo ethile okanye kwihlabathi lithathwa njengophawu oluhle. Le ndlela ibonisa ukuba kusenokubakho ixesha lokuhla kweyantlukwano yehlabathi.
Uphando lukaDavid Crystal lwabonisa ukuba, ngokomlinganiselo, ulwimi alusasetyenziswa rhoqo emva kweeveki ezimbini. Ubale ukuba ukuba lo mkhwa wokunyamalala kolwimi uyaqhubeka, ngo-2100 ngaphezulu kwe-90% yeelwimi ezithethwayo namhlanje ziya kuba ziphelile. Ukunyuka kwabantu abaninzi, ukufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kunye ne-impiriyalizim zizizathu ezinokuchaza oku kwehla.
Yintoni iyantlukwano yenkcubeko?
Iiyantlukwano zenkcubeko yimiba eyahlukeneyo emelwa ziinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ngokukodwa, njengolwimi, izithethe, i-gastronomy, inkolo, amasiko, imodeli yombutho wosapho, ezopolitiko, phakathi kwezinye iimpawu zeqela labantu abahlala kwindawo ethile.
Iyantlukwano yenkcubeko yingcamango eyenzelwe ukuqonda iinkqubo zokwahlula phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo kwihlabathi jikelele. Iinkcubeko ezininzi zenza into ebizwa ngokuba yinkcubeko yabantu okanye yoluntu; "ibrand" eyenza umntu abe nokwahlula amalungu endawo ethile kubemi behlabathi.
Ukwahluka kuthetha ubuninzi, ukwahluka kunye nomahluko, ingcamango ethathwa njengesichasi ngokupheleleyo sokufana. Okwangoku, ngenxa yenkqubo yobukoloniyali kunye nokungafani kwenkcubeko phakathi kwezizwe ezininzi zehlabathi, phantse onke amazwe aneyantlukwano yenkcubeko, oko kukuthi, "iqhekeza" lezithethe kunye nokusetyenziswa kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo.
Kukho uluntu oluninzi olwahlukeneyo ehlabathini olwahluke kakhulu omnye komnye. Abaninzi kubo baye bawugcina lo mahluko unanamhla. Kukho iiyantlukwano ngokwezithethe zabantu, njengolwimi, isinxibo nezithethe. Kwanolungelelwaniso loluntu ngokwalo lunokwahluka ngokuphawulekayo, ngokomzekelo ngokuphathelele ukuziphatha okanye ngokunxulumene nemekobume. Iiyantlukwano zenkcubeko zinokuthathwa njengezifana neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Abanye abantu bakugqala ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi njengengozi yokulondoloza iimpawu zeyantlukwano yezithethe, ekubeni bekholelwa ukuba kuthetha ukulahleka kwezithethe nezithethe eziqhelekileyo zebutho ngalinye, kuthabathel’ indawo iimpawu zehlabathi nezabantu. Uphononongo ngabaphandi abaninzi bagqibe kwelokuba inkqubo yokudityaniswa kwehlabathi iphazamisa iyantlukwano yenkcubeko, kuba kukho ukutshintshiselana okukhulu kwezoqoqosho kunye nenkcubeko phakathi kwamazwe, ahlala efuna ukufana.
Xa sijongana nentsingiselo yokubekwa emgangathweni kweendawo zezalathiso zezentlalo nezenkcubeko ezibangelwa kurhwebo lwehlabathi jikelele kunye norhwebo, ukugcinwa kweyantlukwano ngokwenkcubeko kubonakala kungumba obalulekileyo kunye nemali ekufuneka iqwalaselwe.
- ukuba kungabikho mzekelo mnye wenkcubeko kodwa kunoko kukho iyantlukwano enkulu yeenkcubeko ezinexabiso elilinganayo nezifanelwe yintlonipho elinganayo
- ukuba ukuqondwa koku kwantlukwano kuyimeko ebalulekileyo yoxolo nencoko phakathi kwabantu.
“Iyantlukwano yenkcubeko imele […] njengeyantlukwano yebhayoloji, indawo etyebileyo yezinto ezinokwenzeka.” Ngenxa yesi sizathu, "amaziko ezizwe ngezizwe ngoku azixhobisa nge-arsenal eqhelekileyo kunye neyomthetho ukukhuthaza iyantlukwano yenkcubeko." (Ilaphu Flipo)
IiFactors zeNkcubeko
Ngokuthelekiseka neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ezibonwa njengomba wobukho bexesha elide bazo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, kunokuphikiswana ukuba iimpawu zeyantlukwano yenkcubeko zibalulekile kubukho bexesha elide loluntu; kunye nokuba ukugcinwa kweenkcubeko zemveli kunokubaluleka njengoko kugcina ubukho beentlobo kunye ne-ikhosistim ngokubanzi.
INkomfa Jikelele ye-UNESCO yafikelela kwesi sigqibo kwi-2001 xa ivuma imimiselo yenqaku le-1 yeSibhengezo seHlabathi kwiNdawo yeNkcubeko, ethi "ukwahlukana kwenkcubeko kuyimfuneko kuluntu njengoko i-biodiversity iyimfuneko kwindalo".
Abanye abantu bayaliphikisa eli bango ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Okokuqala, njengoninzi lwemiba yendaleko kwindalo yomntu, ukubaluleka kweyantlukwano yenkcubeko ukuqhubeka nobukho yingcinga engavavanywanga engenakuqinisekiswa okanye kuphikiswe. Okwesibini, kunokutshiwo ukuba akukho mthetho ukugcina "uluntu oluphuhliswe kancinci" njengoko lubanqanda abantu abaninzi phakathi kwabo ngeenzuzo zokusebenzisa izinto ezintsha zobugcisa kunye nezonyango ezisetyenziswa yihlabathi "eliphuhlisiwe".
Kanye njengokuba ukugcinwa kwentlupheko kumazwe angaphuhliswanga "njengeyantlukwano yenkcubeko" ayichaphazeli, akufanelekile ukugcina nayiphi na inkolo ngenxa yokuba ithathwa njengenxalenye yeempawu zokwahlukana kwenkcubeko. UMbutho Wehlabathi Wezempilo neZizwe Ezimanyeneyo uvakalise ukuba iinkqubo ezithile zonqulo azihambisani nemigaqo, kuquka ulwaluko lwamabhinqa, ukuba nesithembu, ukutshata kwabantwana nokubingelela ngabantu.
Ngokukhula komanyano lwehlabathi, amazwe asele emiselwe ngokwembali abe phantsi koxinzelelo olumangalisayo. Kweli xesha lophuhliso lwetekhnoloji, ulwazi kunye nemali eyinkunzi idlula imida yejografi kwaye ilungisa ubudlelwane phakathi kweemarike, amazwe kunye nabantu. Ngokukodwa, ukuphuhliswa kweendaba kuye kwaba nefuthe elikhulu kubantu kunye noluntu emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukuba kukho nayiphi na inzuzo, oko kuvuleleka kuchaphazela kakubi ubuntu boluntu. Ngenxa yokusasazeka ngokukhawuleza kolwazi kwihlabathi liphela, intsingiselo yenkcubeko, amaxabiso enkcubeko kunye nezitayile zisemngciphekweni wokulinganiswa. Ngenxa yoko, iqondo lokuzazisa komntu noluntu linokuqalisa ukuba buthathaka.
Abanye abantu, ngokukodwa abo banokholo oluqinileyo, baxhasa ingcamango yokuba kunomdla kubo bonke abantu kunye noluntu lonke ukugcina imodeli ethile yoluntu kunye nemiba ethile yaloo modeli. Ngoku, unxibelelwano phakathi kwamazwe awahlukahlukeneyo luya lusiba lukhulu ngakumbi. Bayanda abafundi abakhetha ukufunda kumazwe aphesheya ukuze bafumane iyantlukwano yenkcubeko ngokwabo. Injongo yakhe kukwandisa i-horizons yakhe kunye nokuphuhlisa ubuntu bakhe ngolwazi lobomi kwamanye amazwekazi.
Ngokomzekelo, ngokukaFengling, uChen, uDu Yanyun, kunye noYu Ma, bathi imfundo eTshayina yakhiwe ngokuyintloko, njengesiqhelo, ekutolikweni okucacileyo kwezinto eziphathekayo kunye nokukhumbula ngoomatshini. Inkqubo yemfundo yaseTshayina isekelwe kumnqweno wokuba abafundi baqonde imixholo ethile esekiweyo.
Eklasini, ootitshala baseTshayina bangabathwali bolwazi kunye nesimboli samandla, abafundi baseTshayina ngokubanzi banentlonipho enkulu kubafundisi-ntsapho babo. Kwelinye icala, kwinkqubo yemfundo yaseUnited States of America, abafundi baseMerika babagqala oonjingalwazi baseyunivesithi njengoontanga babo. Ukongeza, iingxabano nootitshala ziyakhuthazwa.
Ingxoxo yasimahla nevulelekileyo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezihloko luphawu kwiikholeji ezininzi zaseMelika kunye neeyunivesithi. Ingxoxo-mpikiswano ngowona mahluko uphambili phakathi kweenkqubo zemfundo zaseTshayina kunye neMelika yaseMelika. Kodwa asikwazi ukuthetha ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukuba yeyiphi engcono, kuba inkcubeko nganye ineenzuzo zayo kunye neempawu zayo. Yiyo le yantlukwano kunye neyantlukwano yenkcubeko eyenza ilizwe lethu libe nemibala emininzi.
Abafundi abafunda phesheya, ukuba nje bedibanisa imiba elungileyo yeenkcubeko ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kuphuhliso lwabo, bafumana inzuzo yokhuphiswano kwimisebenzi yabo ngokubanzi. Ngokukodwa, xa kujongwa inkqubo yangoku yokudityaniswa kwezoqoqosho, abantu abaye bafunxa amava eenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo.
Ilifa lenkcubeko
ISibhengezo seHlabathi liphela malunga neyantlukwano yenkcubeko, esamkelwa yiUNESCO ngo-2001, luxwebhu olusemthethweni oluqaphela iyantlukwano yenkcubeko "njengelifa lemveli loluntu" kwaye ithatha ukhuseleko lwayo njengokuzinikela okungenakuthintelwa kunye nokuziphatha okuhle, okuhamba kunye nentlonipho imeko yomntu.
Ukongeza kwiSibhengezo seMigaqo esamkelwa ngo-2003 kwiSeshini ye-Geneva yeNgqungquthela yeHlabathi yoMbutho woLwazi (WSIS), iNgqungquthela ye-UNESCO yoKhuseleko nokuPhakanyiswa kweYantlukwano yeeNgcaciso zeNkcubeko, eyamkelwa ngo-Oktobha 2005, ikwasemthethweni ngokusemthethweni. isixhobo esibophezelayo esiqaphela ukuba:
- ubume obukhethekileyo beempahla zenkcubeko, iinkonzo kunye nemisebenzi sisiseko sobunikazi, ixabiso kunye nomxholo we-semantic;
- Ngelixa iimpahla zenkcubeko, iinkonzo kunye nemisebenzi zibalulekile kwezoqoqosho, azikho nje iimpahla zabathengi ezinokuphathwa njengezorhwebo.
Isibhengezo sithi "kukho uxinzelelo olukhulayo kumazwe ukuba ayeke amalungelo awo okusebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo yenkcubeko kunye nayo nayiphi na inkalo yecandelo lenkcubeko ngexesha lothethathethwano lwezivumelwano zorhwebo zamazwe ngamazwe." Okwangoku, amazwe angamalungu e-116, kunye ne-European Union, baye bavuma iNgqungquthela (ngaphandle kwe-US, i-Australia kunye ne-Israel).
Esi sixhobo somthetho esingabopheleliyo esilungiselelwe ukulawula urhwebo lwehlabathi siye saba sisalathisi esichanekileyo sokhetho lomgaqo-nkqubo waseYurophu. Ngo-2009, iNkundla yoBulungisa yoLuntu lwaseYurophu yaxhasa umbono obanzi wenkcubeko, ngaphaya kwepropati yenkcubeko ngokhuseleko lweefilimu okanye injongo yokukhuthaza iyantlukwano yeelwimi eyayisaziwa ngaphambili.
Kukwafanelekile ukukhumbula iNgqungquthela yokuKhuselwa kweLifa leMveli leNkcubeko eNgaphathekiyo, eyavunywa ngomhla wama-20 kweyeSilimela yowama-2007 ngamazwe angama-78, emisela: Ilifa lenkcubeko elingaphathekiyo, elidluliselwa ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye, ngokuqhubekayo lidala uluntu kunye namaqela akhoyo. zigcinwe phantsi kweempembelelo zokusingqongileyo ekusebenzisaneni nendalo kunye nembali, kwaye zibanika imvakalelo yokuzazi nokuba zisisigxina, ngaloo ndlela zinika imbeko kwiyantlukwano yenkcubeko kunye nobuchule bomntu.
Iyantlukwano yenkcubeko ikwakhuthazwa sisiBhengezo saseMontreal sowama-2007 kunye neManyano yaseYurophu. Uluvo lwelifa lemveli ekwabelwana ngalo luquka iingcamango ezininzi ezingahlukaniyo. Ngaphandle kokwahluka kweelwimi, kukho iiyantlukwano zonqulo nezithethe. Ngokukodwa, isicwangciso se-Agenda ye-21 yoPhuhliso lweNkcubeko luxwebhu lokuqala olukumgangatho wehlabathi oluseka ukuzibophelela kwabasemagunyeni basekhaya kunye nesixeko ukuphuhlisa inkcubeko kunye nokukhuthaza ukugcinwa kweempawu zokwahlukana kwenkcubeko.
Ukukhuselwa kweyantlukwano yenkcubeko
Ukukhuselwa kweempawu zokwahlukana kwenkcubeko kunokuba neentsingiselo ezininzi:
- Ulungelelwaniso oluza kubethwa: oko kukuthi, ingcamango yokukhusela iyantlukwano yenkcubeko ngokwenza imisebenzi exhasa iinkcubeko ezincinci ezingakhuselekanga;
- Ukukhuselwa kweenkcubeko ezincinci ezisengozini yokuphela;
- Ezinye iimeko xa uthetha "ngenkcubeko yokukhusela" ebhekiselele kwingcamango "yodwa kwinkcubeko". Oku kudala unxulumano phakathi kwembono yentlalo yenkcubeko kunye nengcamango ekhoyo ekurhwebeni kwayo. Ububodwa benkcubeko bugxininisa ububodwa bempahla neenkonzo zenkcubeko, kubandakanywa nezo zamkelwa yiManyano yaseYurophu kwiSibhengezo seyantlukwano yeNkcubeko.
Injongo kukukhusela koko kubizwa ngokuba yi-'commodification', ebonwa njengento eyingozi kwiinkcubeko 'ebevinjwe amathuba', ukuxhasa uphuhliso lwazo ngenkxaso-mali, inkuthazo, njl. njl., ekwabizwa ngokuba 'kukhuseleko lwenkcubeko'. Ukhuseleko olunjalo lunokuthi lubalelwe kwizibonelelo "zamalungelo enkcubeko" ezazanywa ngeminyaka yee-1990 eYurophu.
ukufana kwenkcubeko
Iimpawu zeyantlukwano yenkcubeko zivezwa njengento echasene nokufana kwenkcubeko. Abanye, kuquka i-UNESCO, boyika ukuba ukufana kwenkcubeko kuqaliswa. Babonelela ngobu bungqina bulandelayo ukuxhasa le ngxoxo:
- Ukunyamalala kweelwimi ezininzi kunye neziyelelane, umzekelo eFransi, ezingenawo ubume bomthetho okanye ukhuseleko lwaseburhulumenteni (isiBasque, isiBreton, isiCorsican, isiOccitan, isiCatalan, isiAlsatian, isiFlemish nabanye)
- Ulawulo olukhulayo lwenkcubeko yase-United States yaseMelika ngokusasazwa kweemveliso zayo ngendlela yeemuvi, iinkqubo zikamabonwakude, umculo, iimpahla kunye nokutya, ezikhuthazwa ngemidiya kunye nevidiyo, iimpahla zokusetyenziswa ngokumanyeneyo kwehlabathi. (iipizza, iindawo zokutyela, ukutya okukhawulezayo, njl.).
Kukho imibutho emininzi yamazwe ngamazwe esebenza ukukhusela uluntu olusengozini kunye neenkcubeko, ngokukodwa i-Survival International kunye ne-UNESCO. ISibhengezo seHlabathi kwiDibansi yeNkcubeko, eyamkelwa yi-UNESCO kwaye yamkelwa ngamazwe athatha inxaxheba angama-185 ngo-2001, sisixhobo sokuqala esikhuthazwayo samazwe ngamazwe esenzelwe ukukhusela nokukhuthaza iyantlukwano yenkcubeko kunye neengxoxo zenkcubeko.
IKhomishini yaseYurophu yoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo kwiNethiwekhi yeHlabathi eNgqwesileyo (eyaziwa ngokuba yi-SUS DIV), ngokuhambelana neSibhengezo se-UNESCO, ijolise ekuphononongeni ubudlelwane phakathi kweyantlukwano yenkcubeko kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo.
UThomas Bauer akaboni mkhwa wokwandisa iyantlukwano yenkcubeko kwihlabathi; njengesiphumo senkqubo yehlabathi yohlengahlengiso kunye ne-secularization, ubona ilahleko yeyantlukwano yenkcubeko, iilwimi kunye neendlela zokuphila njengeyona ndlela iphambili. Kwangeminyaka yoo-1920, uStefan Zweig waziva “enoloyiko oluncinci lwehlabathi elinothozamiso.” Wabona isizathu ngaphezu kwayo yonke into "kwiindlela zokusetyenziswa koomatshini bobuntu ... ezisuka eUnited States of America ezinikezela ngolonwabo ngaphandle kokufuna umzamo."
Ukumiswa kwefashoni, imidaniso, iinwele, iimuvi, imidlalo kunye neendlela zokuzonwabisa kubomi bemihla ngemihla, apho siye saba "ngamakholoni obomi bakho (eMelika)", sasebenza njengezalathisi. Ngokufanayo, kwanangaphambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala, uWalter Rathenau wathi ubuchule bokusebenzisa oomatshini behlabathi buxonxe indlela abantu abacinga ngayo kangangokuba zonke iinkalo zobomi zaye zamiselwa ngokufana.
ukwahluka kwenkcubeko
Kukho inani leyantlukwano kwiimpawu zeyantlukwano yenkcubeko nangona ukufana ngokubanzi kweenkcubeko. Imbono ye-ikholoji iphononongwa ukuqonda ubunyani balo mahluko. Isazi ngendalo, uMarvin Harris, ucacisa oku:
Imbono ye-ikholoji ibonisa ukuba imozulu, ukutya kunye namanzi anikezela; kunye nobukho okanye ukungabikho kweentshaba ezisongelayo kuchaphazela ukuvela kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zenkcubeko ezinceda abantu ukuba baziqhelanise nokusingqongileyo. UMarvin Harris uthi indlela abantu abavelisa ngayo ukutya nezinye izinto eziyimfuneko ichaza imvelaphi nophuhliso lwezithethe.” Iimpawu zeyantlukwano yenkcubeko kunye nezinto zayo zichazwe ngezantsi:
ULwimi
Iingcali ze-anthropologists zichaza ngokwazo malunga neendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye neesimboli ngokusebenzisa intlalontle nangona zonke ziyi-Homo sapiens. IsiArabhu sithethwa kwisiSanskrit saseArabia naseIndiya kwaye kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi koonobumba babo. IsiTshayina nesiNgesi eNgilani zinealfabhethi ezahlukileyo kwaye kunzima ukucinga ukuba abasebenzisi bezi lwimi bake bathetha ulwimi oluqhelekileyo.
Amaxesha adlala indima emangalisayo ekutshintsheni iimfuno zentlalo kunye nentlalontle yabantu abathetha iilwimi ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, kwiPakistan yaseIndiya kuthethwa isiHindi okanye isiUrdu, kodwa kwiminyaka eliwaka eyadlulayo, kwakungekho mkhondo wolu lwimi.
Nxiba
Ukukhusela abantu kwindawo ebonakalayo kunye neemeko zemozulu, ukusetyenziswa kwempahla kwenziwa kuzo zonke iinkcubeko. Ukususela ekuqaleni, amasiko ahlukeneyo ahlala kwiimeko zemozulu ezahlukeneyo kunye neendawo eziphathekayo, ngoko ke kukho izambatho ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphezu koko, izithethe neenkolelo zonqulo zikwachaphazela nesimbo sokunxiba ngokwemibala nangendlela eyilwe ngayo.
E-Indiya nasePakistan, ngenxa yemozulu eshushu kunye neenkolelo zamaSilamsi, iimpahla zomqhaphu ezilula zinxitywe, zigqume umzimba wonke. I-Shalwar kunye nehempe yamadoda, isuti ye-Shalwar enentloko (i-Dopatto) inxitywa ngabasetyhini, ngelixa eSwitzerland ngenxa yemozulu ebanda kakhulu, abantu banxiba iimpahla zoboya ezinzima ezibandakanya idyasi, ibhulukhwe kunye nomnqwazi okanye uboya be-cap.
inkqubo yosapho
Ngokwee-anthropologists, ulwakhiwo losapho luxhomekeke kwimithombo yezoqoqosho efana nokubakho kokutya kunye nezinye iimfuno zebhayoloji. Okukhona imithombo isanda, kokukhona inkulu intsapho. Umzekelo, izizwe zamandulo kunye nemibutho yezolimo yamandulo yayinolwakhiwo losapho olwandisiweyo njengenxalenye yenkcubeko, ngelixa kuluntu lwanamhlanje olusezidolophini kunye nolwemizi-mveliso, usapho olunye yinkqubo yosapho lwabantu.
Inkolo
Unqulo luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkcubeko kuba ukuxhaswa kwamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo ukunciphisa ingozi yeentlekele zemvelo yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yendalo yomntu. Inkolo, kukufumana isiqabu somoya ngokuseka unxibelelwano nomdali (uThixo). Ngoko ke, inkcubeko nganye eyahlukileyo ineenkolo neenkolelo zayo.
Ngokomzekelo, kwiinkcubeko zonqulo lwamaSilamsi, umntu ngamnye kuluntu ukholelwa kubunye bukaThixo kunye nesiprofeto soMprofeti uMuhammad njengento ekhethekileyo. EIndiya, kunqulwa oothixo nezithixo ezahlukahlukeneyo. URama ucingelwa ukuba ngumpostile kaThixo. EJapan, uMahatma Buddha ukholelwa ukuba yintlawulelo yoluntu kwaye uyacelwa ukuba ancede kwaye akhokele.
Uluntu
Zonke iinkcubeko zisebenzisa imfundo ukudlulisela inkcubeko kwisizukulwana esilandelayo kunye nokuvumelanisa abantu ngabanye kuluntu kunye nohlobo lwenkcubeko yabo, kodwa le fomu yahlukile kwinkcubeko nganye. Ngokutsho kukaMead: "Uqeqesho lwenkcubeko lufundisa abantu ubundlobongela okanye ukungeniswa okanye ukhuphiswano kunye nokuyeka." Uluhlu lolwazi, amava kunye nemigqaliselo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni iziphumo zahluke.
Isiko
Inkcubeko nganye ngenxa yemithendeleko kunye neenkolelo zayo zinendlela yokubhiyozela izithethe zonqulo, ezichatshazelwa yimozulu kunye noluntu. Ngokomzekelo, umtshato ngowona mthombo ubalulekileyo wokuzonwabisa yaye uziizithethe ezahlukahlukeneyo ezixhomekeke kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo.
Imilinganiselo yentlalo
Izithethe zentlalo zinyanzeliswa yimilinganiselo, izithethe kunye neenkolelo zenkcubeko kwaye zibunjwe ngendlela eyahlukileyo ngenxa yezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokulindela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. Ukuthi iSalam sisiqhelo sentlalo yamaSilamsi, ngelixa intsasa elungileyo isetyenziselwa ukuhambisa intsingiselo efanayo kwinkcubeko yaseYurophu. Ngokufanayo, kwibutho lamaSilamsi, ukungaseli iwayini lisiko, ngelixa kwinkcubeko yaseYurophu kuchasene. Ukuqhuba ngasekhohlo kusemthethweni e-UK, kodwa eSaudi Arabia akukho mthethweni.
amasiko nezithethe
Amasiko nemisitho ngumthombo obalulekileyo wokusasaza inkcubeko kwaye izisa isiqabu eluntwini kuba inkanuko yokuthatha inxaxheba kuyo ibethelela ifuthe lenkcubeko ezingqondweni. Kukho amasiko awohlukeneyo ngenxa yenkolelo ngendalo kunye neziganeko zendalo.
uncwadi kunye nobugcisa
Uncwadi kunye nobugcisa ngumthombo obalulekileyo wokukhumbula iziganeko ze-epic kunye nezothando ezenzeka kwinkcubeko kunye nokuzidlulisela kwisizukulwana esilandelayo. Ubugcisa yimbonakaliso yebhongo nobuchule bomntu ngamnye kuluntu, kodwa inkcubeko nganye inamava ahlukeneyo kunye nemigqaliselo.
ezemidlalo nolonwabo
Imisebenzi yezemidlalo kunye nokuzonwabisa igcina abantu besempilweni kunye noluntu lweemvakalelo kwaye bayinxalenye yenkcubeko. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yolu tyekelo lwabantu kuluntu kunye nokwahluka okusingqongileyo, iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo zinemidlalo nemidlalo eyahlukeneyo.
EPakistan, ngaphandle kweKabaddi, ibhola ekhatywayo, ibhola yevoli, iqakamba kunye nemiboniso bhanyabhanya, isekisi, imiboniso bhanyabhanya, umabonwakude kunye nethiyetha lulonwabo oludumileyo. Kwinkcubeko yama-Arabhu, umdyarho wamahashe, umdyarho weenkamela kunye nokudubula kotolo kuyasetyenziswa, ngelixa kwinkcubeko yaseYurophu, ibhola ekhatywayo, umdyarho weemoto, imidlalo yeemoto, iiklabhu kunye ne-cinema yimidlalo eqhelekileyo kunye nokuzihlaziya.
Imisebenzi yezoqoqosho
Imithombo yoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo kwendalo kumisela imisebenzi yezoqoqosho kwinkcubeko yoluntu. Imisebenzi yomntu ngamnye ihambelana noqoqosho loluntu. Uluntu oluxhomekeke kuqoqosho lwezolimo lubizwa ngokuba yi-agrarian society. Uluntu oluxhomekeke kuqoqosho lwezoshishino lubizwa ngokuba luluntu lwezoshishino.
Inkqubo yezopolitiko
Naphi na apho umntu ebekho (ukususela kuluntu oluhambahambayo ukuya kwibutho lezoshishino), inkqubo yezobupolitika ibe yinxalenye yenkcubeko yakhe. Balwa iimfazwe baza bafela oko. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yezopolitiko, ngelixa idlula kumanqanaba endaleko, yahlukile ngokwesakhiwo kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. ESaudi Arabia ubukhosi, eLibya nguzwilakhe; eGreat Britain naseUnited States umongameli wedemokhrasi uyasebenza.
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