Inkcubeko ye-Olmec ithathwa njengomama wempucuko yaseMesoamerican kwaye ifanekisela enye yezona zizwe zamandulo ezanda kwaye zahlala kule mimandla iminyaka engaphezu kwamawaka amathathu. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga ne Iimpawu zeNkcubeko ye-Olmec, siyakumema ukuba uhlale uze unandiphe le mpapasho. Sukuphoswa yiyo!
Imvelaphi kunye neempawu zeNkcubeko ye-Olmec
Inkcubeko ye-Olmec yenye yezona mpucuko zakudala, ezenziwe ngummandla omkhulu waseMesoamerican. Ukuphuhliswa kwayo kulo mmandla kwenzeka phakathi kwe-1200 kunye ne-1400 BC, nangona kunjalo; Isiqalo sobuhlanga samalungu alo sifikelele ngoku siyimfihlakalo epheleleyo, akuqinisekanga ukuba bazibiza njani okanye bazibiza njani kunye nonxibelelwano lwabo oluchanekileyo kweli hlabathi, kuba luncinci kakhulu ulwazi olwagcinwa phakathi kwamalungu abo. kunye nophando kwihlabathi langoku.
Intetho ye-Olmec yamkelwa ngabaphandi abahlukahlukeneyo bezinto zakudala kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX, ukuze bachaze iimpawu zenkcubeko yamandulo, kwaye ngolwimi lwesiNahuatl inokuguqulelwa ngokuthi "abantu abavela kwilizwe lerabha okanye irabha". Ukuba kukho nantoni na eyahlula uluntu lwe-Olmec, luyinkimbinkimbi enkulu, alubonakali nje kuphela kwindalo yalo yenkcubeko engaqhelekanga njengeentloko ezidumileyo, izibingelelo kunye nezinto ze-jade, kodwa kunye nokukwazi ukudlula indawo yayo yangaphambili kwaye ibe ngowokuqala waseMesoamerican. inkcubeko..
Nangona kuyaziwa ukuba, ngenxa yeempawu ezininzi zenkcubeko ye-Olmec eziye zagcinwa phakathi kwamaqela aseMesoamerican ngasekupheleni, ithathwa njenge "nkcubeko kamama", inyaniso kukuba impumelelo yayo kufuneka ibonakale njengesiphumo sokuvela kwemvelo. impucuko yangaphambili. Yiba nokuba kunjalo, ii-Olmec zinendawo ekhethekileyo kwimbali yaseMesoamerican, kwaye intlangano yabo yezopolitiko kunye nembono yehlabathi ifikelele kubunzima obungakaze bubonwe kude kube ngoko.
Ukusuka kobu bubunzima buvela uninzi lweendlela zokuqhelaniswa nenkcubeko ukusuka ngoku ukuya kuthi ga ngoku kude kube nguloyiso lwaseSpain luya kunika iinkcukacha zonke imibutho yangaphambi kwe-Hispanic; Phakathi kweempawu zenkcubeko ye-Olmec sinazo:
- Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zemikhosi ezibekwe ngokwezicwangciso ezichazwe kakuhle.
- Iintloko ezinkulu ezinobunzima beetoni.
- Inkolo yeenkolo ezininzi, enokufana okukhulu neentsomi zamva ezinjengamaMayan okanye ama-Aztec.
- EzoLimo nokuloba ezaziyizembe kuqoqosho lwayo kunye norhwebo nabanye abantu.
- Ukwenziwa kwezithethe zemveli ezifana nomdlalo webhola, ukuphuhliswa kwekhalenda kunye nenkqubo yayo yokubhala.
- Ixesha lenkqubo yezopolitiko eyayilawulwa ngokobuthixo, kwaye ngokwentlalo yayiyiqhezu phakathi kwamaqela amabini: aphezulu nangaphantsi.
Ubicación
Inkcubeko ye-Olmec inemvelaphi yayo kwimimandla engaselunxwemeni esemazantsi eGulf of Mexico, ngoku ichaphazela amazwe aseVeracruz naseTabasco. Ngokumalunga ne-125 yeekhilomitha ubude kunye neekhilomitha ezingama-50 ububanzi, yayikwimimandla efana nale:
- San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan
- Ichibi leeNduli
- zapotes ezintathu
- Intengiso
Ukwandisa ekugqibeleni uloyiso ukusuka entshona kwiintaba zeTuxtlas ukuya empuma kunye nethafa leChontalpa.
Izixeko zaseOlmec
Ukuchuma kwe-Olmecs ekuqaleni kwakungenxa yokusetyenziswa kwemihlaba enemveliso kunxweme lweGulf of Mexico. Malunga no 1200 BC C. Iizembe ezibalulekileyo zasezidolophini zakhiwe:
- San Lorenzo (omdala),
- La Venta, iLaguna de los Cerros,
- Zapotes ezintathu kunye;
- Iikalika.
I-San Lorenzo ifikelele kwindawo ephezulu ye-apogee kunye nefuthe phakathi kwe-1200 kunye ne-900 a. C. xa indawo yayo yobuchule kunye nokhuseleko ngokuchasene nezikhukula yayivumela ukuba ilawule urhwebo lwasekhaya; kwaye kukho ubungqina bokuba iSan Lorenzo malunga ne-900 a. C. wafumana isiphithiphithi esicwangcisiweyo, ngelixa iLa Venta yaqalisa ukuchuma ngokunxuseneyo, yaba likomkhulu kwaye inabemi abangama-18.000. Ezi ndawo zintathu nazo zibene-symmetry yamacala amabini kucwangciso lwazo, kwaye eLa Venta iphiramidi yokuqala eMesoamerica yakhiwa.
Enye yezona zinto zihlabayo luyilo olucwangcisiweyo loyilo lwamaziko enkolo ezi dolophu, umzekelo, eLa Venta izakhiwo zimi ngokulinganayo ecaleni kwe-axis yomntla-mazantsi ezineentloko ezine ezinkulu ezijikelwe ngaphandle kwiindawo eziphambili; ngokungathi ngabagadi bale complex.
Ilandelwa yiphiramidi enkulu enyathelweyo (ngoku eyindunduma), iplaza etshoneyo eneentsika zebasalt eziimitha ezimbini ukuphakama, kunye neephiramidi ezimbini ezincinci, zezinye zezinto eziya kuthi kamva zikhutshelwe ziziza eziphambili zenkcubeko yaseMesoamerica yamva. bakwalungelelanisa ngokuchanekileyo izakhiwo zabo. Zombini iLa Venta kunye neSan Lorenzo zafumana ukutshatyalaliswa okucwangcisiweyo nangokwabom kwezikhumbuzo zabo, phakathi kwe400 kunye ne300 BC. c.
Inkolo
Njengenxalenye yeempawu zenkcubeko ye-Olmec, iinkcukacha zenkolo yabo zihlala zingagqibekanga; kodwa ngokuvela kobungqina bamandulo, kunokwenzeka ukuba kwakhiwe iinkalo ezithile ezibaluleke ngakumbi kunqulo lwabo.
I-Olmecs ibonakala ngathi ithathelwe ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwimimandla ejikelezwe yindalo edityaniswe nesibhakabhaka, umhlaba kunye nomhlaba ophantsi. Njengomzekelo woku yayiyimiqolomba, leyo ngandlel’ ithile yayinokukhokelela kwintlabathi neenduli ezazinemithombo yamanzi, inikela ngokulandelelana kokungena kwiindawo ezintathu ezingaqondakaliyo. Phakathi kwezona nduli zibalulekileyo kwiiOlmec zezi: El Manatí, Chalcatzingo kunye neOxtotlitán.
Akukho lwazi lokumelwa namagama oothixo ababenqulwa ziiOlmec, kodwa kuyaziwa ukuba uninzi lwalufuzisela iziganeko zendalo ezifana nemvula kunye nombona ngokusisiseko; Ngenxa yesi sizathu, oothixo abaziwayo kwi-Olmec yobugcisa bokubonakaliswa bachongwa ngenombolo endaweni yegama.
Ngokunjalo, kuyaziwa ukuba ii-Olmec zanika intsingiselo ekhethekileyo kwizilwanyana kwindawo yendalo, ngakumbi kwizilwanyana ezizingelayo kwikhonkco lokutya ezifana neejaguar, amaxhalanga, iingwenya, iinyoka kunye nookrebe; ebafanisa nezidalwa ezingokobuthixo yaye mhlawumbi naphantsi kwenkolelo yokuba abona balawuli banamandla banokuba ngabantu abanjalo.
Ukongeza, baye batsaleleka ekuxubeni izilwanyana ukwenza izidalwa ezingaqhelekanga nezimangalisayo njengejaguar, umnqamlezo phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yayisisithixo sabo esiphambili. Siyazi nokuba banqula inamba kwaye bakholelwa kwiincinci ezine ezibambe isibhakabhaka, mhlawumbi zimela amanqaku amane ekhadinali, njengabanye oothixo base-Olmec, babebaluleke kakhulu kwiinkolo zaseMesoamerican kamva.
Qoqosho
Uqoqosho lwaluyenye yezona mpawu zibalulekileyo zenkcubeko ye-Olmec, yayisekelwe kwezolimo ngokuyintloko isebenza kwizityalo zeemveliso ezifana nombona kunye neembotyi ezazilinywa kwaye zivunwe ngamaxesha amabini onyaka; Batyale nethanga, igwava kunye nesapodilla.
Baphinda baqokelela ubuncwane obuyintabalala kulo mmandla njengezityalo, amandongomane esundu, kwanezilwanyana zaselwandle ezifana nofudo neembaza. Ngendlela efanayo, iimveliso eziqhelekileyo ezifana ne-obsidian, i-jade, inyoka, i-mica, i-rubber, i-ceramics, iintsiba kunye ne-ilmenite epholisiweyo kunye nezibuko zemagnetite zazikho kule mpucuko. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba zonke iimveliso zayo, ngaphandle kokukhetha, zaye zathengiswa kwiidolophu ezingabamelwane.
ULwimi
Nangona kungaziwa ngokuchanekileyo, izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuba ulwimi lwaluyimvelaphi yenkcubeko ye-Olmec kwaye ivela kumnombo kaMixe-Zoque. Ngokumalunga nolwimi, nabo bacingelwa ukuba yeyona mpucuko iphambili kuluntu lwaseMesoamerican.
Ukubhala
I-Olmecs inokuba yimpucuko yokuqala yaseNtshona ukwenza indlela yokubhala; oku kwafunyanwa eSan Andrés de Tabasco 2002 kwaye eSan Lorenzo 2006, ngokwayo yayiyimbonakaliso yemiqondiso eyenziwa yi-Olmecs kwindawo ekufutshane ne-650 kunye ne-900 BC. C. kudala ngaphambi kokuba imibhalo yokuqala yenkcubeko yaseZapotec yonyaka wama-500 a. c.
I-2002 efunyenwe kwindawo ye-archaeological yaseSan Andrés de Tabasco ibonisa intaka kunye neempawu ezifana ne-hieroglyphics yamaMayan kamva. Ngokufanayo, kwenzeka kwi-Block yeCascajal eyaziwayo, eyafunyanwa kufuphi nommandla waseSan Lorenzo kwi-2006 kwaye ibonisa i-compendium yeempawu ze-62, i-28 yazo iyodwa kwaye ibhalwe kwibhloko yenyoka.
Inani elikhulu lababhali bezinto zakudala abaphambili bathathela ingqalelo oku kufunyaniswe "njengeyona bhalo yangaphambili yeColumbian". Abanye bahlala bethandabuza malunga nonobangela wokungafani kweli litye, elisuswa ngokwenene kulo mxholo we-archaeological, njengoko lingabonakali lifana nayo nayiphi na enye inkqubo yokubhala yaseMesoamerican.
Kukho kwakhona iimpawu ze-Olmec ezichongiweyo njenge-Epi-Olmec; nangona abaphandi abaninzi bezinto zakudala banombono wokuba umbhalo we-Epi-Olmec unokufuzisela isicatshulwa esidlulayo phakathi kwe-Olmec, endala kakhulu, kunye neMayan; nangona kunjalo, olu luvo aluvunywanga ngabo bonke abaye bafunda le nkcubeko.
Umbutho wezentlalo nezopolitiko
Kukho ulwazi oluncinci oluthe ngqo malunga nombutho wezentlalo kunye nezopolitiko we-Olmecs; nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwabaphengululi lucinga ukuba iintloko ezinkulu kunye neminye imizobo imele abalawuli babo, kule nkcubeko akukho nto ebizwa ngokuba yi-stelae yaseMayan apho kukhankanywa amagama abalawuli babo abathile kunye nemihla ababelawula ngayo.
Nangona uluntu lwe-Olmec, njengezinye iinkcubeko zangaphambi kwe-Columbian eMesoamerica, zisenokuba zilawulwa liqela elibonakaliswe ngokuphakamileyo njengobubingeleli obulwayo (urhulumente wolawulo lobuthixo), abagcina amandla abo ngokusekelwe kwigunya likaThixo loothixo babo.
Ubugcisa
Ubugcisa bungenye yeempawu ezigqithiseleyo zenkcubeko ye-Olmec, inezinto ezininzi ezisahlalutywayo; kodwa ngokumangalisayo owona mboniso ubalulekileyo wobugcisa bakhe ziintloko ezaziwayo-kakuhle ze-Olmec, ezingumzekelo womfanekiso oqingqiweyo omkhulu kunye nowona msebenzi wakhe ubalaseleyo wobugcisa. Kukholelwa ukuba ezi zimele amagorha okanye iinkokeli, okwangoku imizekelo ye-17 eyaziwayo, yonke isasazwa phakathi kweXalapa Museum of Anthropology kunye neLa Venta Museum Park.
Into enomdla kwezi ntloko zinkulu yinkangeleko eyahlukileyo yeempawu zaseAfrika, nto leyo ebangele ukuba kuqikelelwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ithiyori eyaphikiswa kamva iye yacetywa, ebonisa iindlela zokusebenzisana kumaxesha amandulo.
Iintloko ezilithoba zokuqala ezifunyenweyo zaziseSan Lorenzo ezathi kamva zafuduselwa eLa Venta, apho zangcwatywa khona; kukholelwa ukuba zazinokufuzisela iintloko zeentshaba, kungoko kungcwatywa, okanye iintloko ezazingcwatywa xa zifile. Ukongeza, kukho inkolelo yokuba banokuba neempawu ezintle zekati kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu banale mbonakalo.
Ukongezelela, kukho ingcamango yokuba aba bamele amajoni kungekhona oothixo, ngenxa yezigcina-ntloko abazinxibayo. Ukucaciswa kwayo kwenziwa nge-basalt eziswe ukusuka kumgama omde, ubunzima beetoni ezininzi kunye nokulinganisa ukuya kwiimitha ezintathu ezine ezine ukuphakama, kwaye zifunyenwe kule ntsalela ilandelayo:
- ISan Lorenzo: iintloko ezili-10 ezinkulu
- Intengiso: Iintloko ezi-4 ezinkulu
- I-Tres Zapotes: Iintloko ezi-2 ezinkulu
- I-Rancho La Corbata: Intloko e-1 enkulu
IiOlmec zenze eminye imifanekiso eqingqiweyo efana naleyo imele umlo we-Olmec, ebonisa umntu onentshebe kunye nemilenze yakhe egobileyo, nto leyo emnika inkalo ekhethekileyo yokwenyani kuyo yonke imizobo yangaphambi kweSpanishi. Kukho neminye imisebenzi ebalulekileyo efana ne-jadeite dwarf okanye inkosi yeefayile; lo mfanekiso wokugqibela uphethe ezingalweni zakhe umntwana ekukholelwa ukuba unguthixo, oneempawu eziqhelekileyo zejaguar eyindoda ebizwa ngempazamo ngokuthi "ubuso bomntwana", kwaye mhlawumbi imele ukuzalwa kukathixo wejaguar.
Kukho olunye uhlobo lomfanekiso oqingqiweyo kumatye ezikhumbuzo azizibhloko zetrapezoidal, ezineenkcukacha ezingaqondakaliyo emacaleni kunye nomngxuma apho kuphuma umfanekiso okwimilo yomlomo wenamba okanye wejaguar, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba ucebisa ukudalwa kothixo. Kwakwindawo enye, izinto ze-ceramic, amanani kunye neziqwenga ze-ceramic zifunyenwe ukusuka kwixesha lezityalo phakathi kwe-1500 kunye ne-1150 BC.
I-Ceramics yeyona nkcubeko ihlwempuzekileyo, ngokubanzi i-monochromatic kwaye ngaphandle kweentlobo ezininzi zeetypologies; Zenziwe ezimnyama kwaye zingenalo naluphi na uhlobo lokuhlobisa. Ngeli xesha elifanayo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-basalt kunye ne-obsidian kwaqala ukutsala ingqalelo; Ukongezelela, ukusetyenziswa kwe-quartz, i-pyrite kunye nawo onke amatye anzima aphuma ngaphandle, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-jade esetyenziselwa ukwenza iimaski zomngcwabo.
Uyilo olusisiseko lwempucuko ye-Olmec
EMesoamerica zonke iindonga kwaye ngokuyintloko kwiGulf, iqulathe undoqo wamaqhekeza amatye okanye izizaliso ezirhangqwe ngodonga olugcinayo, iileya ezomeleleyo zestucco ezazigqume ezi ndonga, ezathi kamva zahonjiswa ngemizobo, imizobo eqingqiweyo okanye imizobo.
Yonke le misebenzi yoyilo yenzelwe njengemvelaphi yezithethe kwaye yayihonjiswe ngokutyebileyo, ngokupheleleyo izakhiwo zenkolo kunye nezithethe zasekwa apho imingcelele kunye nokubonakaliswa okumangalisayo kwenkolo ngokwakhiwa kweepiramidi, amaqonga omdaniso kunye neenkundla zebhola njengeethagethi eziphambili.
I-Olmec ngeenkwenkwezi
Le mpucuko imangalisayo nesebenzayo yayinombono ocacileyo wokuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi, owawubalulekile kwicala lezolimo kunye nezinye izihloko ezibaluleke kakhulu kule nkcubeko. Aba babekrelekrele kakhulu kwaye banenkcubeko, bafunda ukujonga isibhakabhaka kwaye ngoku bakwazi ukwenza ikhalenda echanekileyo eqwalasela ixesha lonyaka, inyanga yenyanga, umjikelo wezolimo kunye nemihla yemisitho yenkolo abayenzayo. Ngokusekelwe koku babelawula phantse yonke into ebangqongileyo. Bawugcina umsebenzi wabo besebenzisa amakroza.
Ukuphela kweOlmecs
Abembi bezinto zakudala basaqokelela imikhondo etyhila imfihlelo yento ebangele ukuhla kwale mpucuko inamandla nemangalisayo, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yayiyindibaniselwano yotshintsho lwendalo lwendalo kunye nezenzo zabantu ezibangele ilahleko yokuqala yale nkcubeko. Ilahleko elusizi kwimbali yeeOlmecs.
Kukho izihloko ezingenakubalwa ekufuneka kujongwane nazo malunga nokuhla kwayo, okuthe ngokufunyaniswayo ngoku kuzamile ukucacisa isiphelo sale mpucuko. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ukuze babe ngabantu abakrelekrele ngolo hlobo kumaxesha amandulo, ukunyamalala kwabo kutyhila izizathu ezingekacaci.
I-Olmec yayithembele kwizivuno ezimbalwa ukuze bafumane ukutya okusisiseko, kubandakanya umbona, i-squash, kunye neebhatata. Nangona besitya ukutya okunempilo kunye nesi sixa silinganiselweyo sokutya, into yokuba banokuninzi ibenza babe sesichengeni sokutshintsha kwemozulu. Umzekelo, ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo lunokugubungela ummandla ngothuthu okanye lutshintshe indlela yomlambo: intlekele ibiya kuba yintlekele kwiiOlmecs; Ukutshintsha okuncinci kwemozulu okufana nembalela kunokuchaphazela kakhulu izityalo zakho ozithandayo.
Izenzo zomntu mhlawumbi zadlala indima ebalulekileyo njengoko: imfazwe phakathi kwe-Olmec yaseLa Venta kunye nesinye sezizwe ezininzi zasekuhlaleni kunokuba negalelo ekuweni koluntu; Ukulwa nako kuyenzeka. Ezinye izenzo zabantu, ezifana nezolimo okanye ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi ezolimo, zazinokuba yingozi kakhulu ekuzinzeni kolu luntu.
Kuye kwaqinisekiswa ukuba iingxaki phakathi kwabo kwaye mhlawumbi ukuhlaselwa okunamandla okufunyanwa yimfazwe, indalo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ibangele ukuba bahlambuluke ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kukho izakhiwo zale mpucuko ezenze ukuba kuphononongwe utshintsho olwenzeka kwimithombo yamanzi neyokutyalwa kwabo, kuba into eyaziwayo kukuba kwezinye iidolophu, kusuke kwangalawuleki, nto leyo eyabakhokelela ekubeni bafuduke, nto leyo ebangela ukufa kwabantu endleleni, ezazibaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni impucuko iphambili.
Kulindeleke ukuba ngeziphumo ezintsha, kuya kuba nako ukususa amathandabuzo ngokusekelwe kwezinye izigqibo ezikhokelele ukuba le mpucuko ebalulekileyo ilahleke ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ukuba ufumene eli nqaku linomdla malunga nezahlukileyo Izixhobo yeNkcubeko ye-Olmec, siyakumema ukuba wonwabele la makhonkco angakumbi aya kuba nomdla kuwe: