I-Biodiversity ligama elisetyenziselwa ukubhekisa kwiyantlukwano yebhayoloji, eneneni yindawo yokuhlala apho kuye kwaboniswa ukuba kukho enye okanye iindidi ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo kwaye kweli nqaku siza kujongana ne iimpawu zeentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Yintoni iBiodiversity?
Eli gama linxulumene nezinto ezininzi kunye nezinto eziguquguqukayo ezinazo izidalwa eziphilayo. Ingqikelelo yezinto ezahlukeneyo zebhayoloji inokuqondwa kumanqanaba aliqela, nokuba isuka kwi-taxonomic, ukusebenza, i-phylogenetic, i-genetic okanye inqanaba letrophic kwaye zonke ziyinxalenye yeempawu ze biodiversity.
Indawo ehlala uhlobo olulodwa olusemncinci, kodwa ukuya kwinqanaba lembono yendaleko, ngemizekelo enemfuza ethe yasasazeka kwiindawo ezincinci zejografi kunye noluhlu olumxinwa lwendawo yokuhlala, kuthiwa i-ikhosistim eneentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Ingcinga yezinto ezahlukeneyo zebhayoloji ithetha ukuba ummandla uneentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kunye nokwahluka kwazo ngokwebhayoloji, ngaphakathi kwendawo. Ngokwahlukileyo, indawo yokuhlala eneentlobo ezininzi, ezinye zazo ezinokuba zakudala, ezinye inkqubo yazo ekhethekileyo iqinisekisiwe mva nje, enezinto zofuzo ezinobuxhakaxhaka kunye nokusabalalisa okubanzi, iya kuba ngummandla Onokwahlukana okuphezulu.
Nangona kunjalo, imbekiselo yokwahlukahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo eziphantsi okanye eziphezulu kumlinganiselo. Ngesi sizathu, kukho izalathisi ezininzi kunye neeparamitha apho iyantlukwano yendawo inokulinganiswa, njengeShannon okanye isalathisi sikaSimpson, phakathi kwezinye. Ukuba sizisekela kuzo, siya kuqwalasela ukuba ukusasazwa kwezinto eziphilayo azifani kwihlabathi.
Eyona nto iyinxalenye yeempawu zeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo kukuba isalathiso esikhulu seyantlukwano sinokufunyanwa ngokusondela kwethu kwimimandla etshisayo. I iimpawu zeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo zinokufundwa kusetyenziswa amacandelo amabini ahambelanayo, i-ecology kunye ne-evolutionary biology. Abaxhasi be-ecology bagxininise ngakumbi kwizinto eziphembelela iyantlukwano yendawo kwaye esebenza ngexesha elifutshane.
Ngelixa i-biologists ye-evolutionary, kwelinye icala, igxininise kwimilinganiselo ephezulu kwaye igxininise kwiziganeko eziye zavelisa ukuphela, isizukulwana sokulungelelanisa, kunye ne-speciation, phakathi kwabanye.
Oko kuye kwaboniswa kukuba kwiminyaka engama-50 edluleyo, ubukho babantu, ukufudumala kwehlabathi, kunye nezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo ziye zakwazi ukuguqula ukusasazwa kunye nokwahlukana kwenani elibalulekileyo leentlobo. Ulwazi kunye nobungakanani beempawu zezinto ezahlukeneyo zebhayoloji zizinto eziyimfuneko ekuqulunqweni kweengqikelelo ukusombulula iingxaki eziqatshelweyo.
Inkcazo yeZintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo
Umphandi wokuqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi biodiversity kuncwadi lwe-ecology ngu-E. O Wilson, ngo-1988. Nangona kunjalo, ingcamango yokwahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo iye yaphuhliswa ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, kwaye isaqhubeka isetyenziswa ngokubanzi namhlanje. I-Biodiversity ibhekisa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Idlulela kuwo onke amanqanaba olungelelwaniso lwenkqunto, kwaye kuyenzeka ukuba ihlelwe ngokwembono yendaleko okanye esebenzayo.
Oko kukuthi, ukuhlukahluka akunakuqondwa kuphela ngokwenani leentlobo. Ukwahluka okuqatshelwe kwamanye amanqanaba etaxonomic kunye nokusingqongileyo nawo kunempembelelo, njengoko siza kucacisa kumacandelo exesha elizayo lesi sithuba.
Iimpawu zezinto eziphilayo ziye zaba ngumxholo wezifundo ukususela kwixesha lika-Aristotle. Umdla wokufunda ngemvelaphi yobomi kunye nemfuneko yokugqiba ngomyalelo wakhokelela kwizithandi zobulumko ukuba zifunde ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi nokuseka iinkqubo zokuhlela ngendlela engaqondakaliyo. Ngaloo ndlela bazalwa kwisayensi ye-systematic kunye ne-taxonomy, ngoko ke, ukuhlalutya ukuhlukahluka.
Iintlobo zeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo
Ngokuphathelele Iindidi zeZityalo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kukho iimpawu ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo kwaye siza kubhekisela kuyo nganye kuzo kumacandelo ahlukeneyo, ukwazi Ziziphi iimpawu zeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo?
iyantlukwano yemfuza
Iyantlukwano yebhayoloji inokuphononongwa kwizikali ezahlukeneyo, kuqalwa ngemfuzo. Into ephilayo iyilwe ngamawaka emizila yemfuza edityaniswe kwiDNA yayo, epakishwe ngaphakathi kwiiseli.
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufunyanwa kwemfuza, ezaziwa ngokuba ziialleles, kunye nokwahluka kweechromosomes phakathi kwabantu ngabanye zenza ukwahlukana kwemfuza. Inani elincinane labemi, eline-homogeneous genome phakathi kwamalungu ayo, lahluke ngandlel' ithile.
Ukwahluka kofuzo olunokufunyanwa phakathi kwabantu bohlobo olufanayo lunokuba sisiphumo seqela leenkqubo ezinjengokuphinda zihlangane, ukwahlulwa kwemizila yemfuza, ukuguqulwa kweenguqu, i-gradients, uxinzelelo olukhethiweyo lwendawo, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Ukwahluka kuba sisiseko sendaleko kunye nokuzalwa kohlengahlengiso. Inani labantu abaguquguqukayo linokuba yimveliso yokutshintsha kweemeko zokusingqongileyo, kodwa utshintsho oluncinane lusenokuba ngenxa yokuncipha kwabemi, okanye kwezinye iimeko ezimandundu kubangele ukuphela kwendawo yohlobo oluthile.
Ngokunjalo, ukukwazi ukuba nolwazi ngeqondo lokuguqulwa kofuzo lwabantu ngabanye kubalulekile ukuba izicwangciso zolondolozo lweentlobo ezisebenzayo ziya kuphunyezwa, kuba le parameter ichaphazela ukomelela kunye nokuzingisa kweentlobo.
iyantlukwano yomntu ngamnye
Kweli nqanaba lombutho wemiba, sinokufumana ukwahluka ngokubhekiselele kwi-anatomy, physiology, kunye nokuziphatha kwizinto eziphilayo.
Iyantlukwano yabemi
Kwibhayoloji, amanani abantu achazwa njengeqela labantu abayinxalenye yohlobo olufanayo oluhlala ngexesha kunye nendawo, nabanokuthi bavelise kwakhona.
Ukuba sithetha ngenqanaba labemi, ukuguqulwa kwemizila yemfuza yabantu abayila abantu abakhankanyiweyo, kubeka ukhozo lwalo lwesanti ukuze kubekho izinto eziphilayo kwaye, kwakhona, zenza isiseko sendaleko eguquguqukayo ukuba yenzeke. Umzekelo othile wale nto ngabantu ngokwawo, apho bonke abantu babonisa ukuhluka kwe-phenotypic kunokubonwa.
Iintlobo ezingazange zibe noguquko lwemfuza kwaye zinenani elifanayo labantu zityekele ekutshabalaleni, zombini ngenxa yezizathu ezivela kwindalo, kunye nezo zibangelwa ngumsebenzi wabantu.
Ukwahlukana kwinqanaba leentlobo
Ukuba siya kunyuka kwinqanaba lombutho wezinto, kunokwenzeka ukuhlalutya iimpawu zeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo malunga neentlobo. Izinto ezahlukeneyo zebhayoloji yinto eqhelekileyo ephononongwa ziingcali ze-ikholoji kunye neengcali zebhayoloji zolondolozo kweli nqanaba.
Ukwahlukana ngaphezu kwenqanaba leentlobo
Iimpawu zeBiodiversity zingaqhubeka zihlalutywa ngaphezu kwenqanaba leentlobo. Oku, kuthathelwa ingqalelo amanye amanqanaba okuhlelwa kwetaxonomic anje ngegenera, iintsapho, iiodolo, kunye nezinye. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuxhaphake kakhulu kwizifundo ezinxulunyaniswa ne-paleontology.
Ngaloo ndlela, kunokwenzeka ukunyuka kwinqanaba, ukufumana i intsingiselo yezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo, de kube singakwazi ukufezekisa ukuthelekisa okwenziwa yi-biogeography, engeyona nto ngaphandle kokuqaphela ubutyebi bezinto ezahlukeneyo phakathi kweentlobo kwiindawo ezinkulu zejografi.
Ilinganiswa njani i-biodiversity?
Kwimeko yeengcali zebhayoloji, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba neeparamitha eziququzelela ubungakanani bezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo. Ukuqwalasela lo msebenzi ogqityiweyo, kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo, kunokulinganiswa ukusuka kwimbono yethiyori okanye yokusebenza.
Izikali zokulinganisa ezisebenzayo ziqulathe ufuzo, iintlobo, kunye neyantlukwano ye-ikhosistim, ukusuka kwelona lisezantsi ukuya kwephezulu. Umbono wethiyori usekwe kwiyantlukwano yealpha, beta kunye negamma. Ngendlela efanayo, uluntu lunokuhlolwa, ngokuchazwa kweempawu zalo ezibonakalayo.
Kuqhelekile ukusebenzisa izalathisi zeenkcukacha-manani apho ukuhlukahluka kweentlobo kunokulinganiswa ngazo. Ezi zithatha amanyathelo amabini abalulekileyo, inani elipheleleyo leentlobo kwisampuli kunye nobuninzi babo. Okulandelayo, siza kuchaza imilinganiselo kunye nezalathisi ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zii-ecologists.
Ukwahluka kwe-Alpha, i-beta kunye ne-gamma
Ukwahlukana kwe-Alpha, i-beta kunye ne-gamma zizikali ezithathu zokwahlukana ezivunyiweyo yi-IUCN, emele iManyano yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoLondolozo lweNdalo. Le mbono yacetywa yingcali yezityalo uRobert Harding Whittaker ngeminyaka yoo-1960 kwaye isasebenza nanamhlanje.
Iyantlukwano yealpha ligama elisetyenziswayo ukuchaza iintlobo ngeentlobo kwinqanaba lengingqi, oko kukuthi, ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuhlala okanye indawo yokuhlala. IBeta ngumahluko ekubunjweni kweentlobo phakathi koluntu. Ekugqibeleni, i-gamma linani leentlobo kwinqanaba lengingqi.
Nangona kunjalo, olu lwahlulo ludala ukuphazamiseka xa kuziwa ekuchazeni ummandla wengingqi kunye nokuba ummandla kufuneka ucandwe njani, ngaphaya kwemida yezopolitiko engenakubaluleka ngokwebhayoloji. Ukunyuswa kwale mida kuphenjelelwa ngumbuzo wophononongo kunye neqela elibandakanyekayo, ngenxa yokuba imibuzo yangaphambili ayinakuba nempendulo ecacileyo.
Kuphando oluninzi lwe-ikholoji ejongene neempawu zebhayoloji eyohlukeneyo, ukubaluleka kubekwe kwiyantlukwano yealpha. Okulandelayo siza kucacisa ezinye imizekelo yezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo.
Ukwahluka kwealpha
Ukwahlukana kwe-alpha kuvame ukuvezwa kubutyebi beentlobo kunye neemfuno zokulingana kweentlobo. Ngexesha lovavanyo olwenziweyo, indawo okanye ummandla okhethwe sisazinzulu umele uluntu luphela. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ukwenza uluhlu lwenani kunye negama leentlobo zezilwanyana ezihlala kuyo linyathelo lokuqala lokukwazi ukulinganisa iimpawu zezinto eziphilayo zendawo.
Inani leentlobo zezilwanyana ezifumaneka phakathi koluntu okanye ummandla bubutyebi beentlobo. Xa le datha isaziwa, ezinye izinto kufuneka zifundwe, ezifana, umzekelo, ukungafani kwe-taxonomic, iyantlukwano ye-taxonomic, ukubaluleka kwe-ikholoji, kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kweentlobo, phakathi kwezinye.
Ngesiqhelo, ukutyeba kweentlobo, kunye neentlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana ngokubanzi, ziyanda njengoko ummandla esiwufundayo usanda okanye xa sisuka kwindawo enkulu ukuya kwengaphantsi kobude kunye nesibanzi ukuya kwi-ikhweyitha.
Kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo into yokuba ayizizo zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana ezinceda ngendlela efanayo ukuze kubekho iintlobo ngeentlobo zendalo kwindawo leyo. Ngokwembono ye-ikholoji, imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yezinto eziphilayo imelwe linani lamanqanaba etrophic kunye neentlobo zemijikelo yobomi enegalelo ngendlela eyahlukileyo.
Ubukho bezinye iintlobo kule ndawo bunamandla okwandisa inqanaba leyantlukwano yoluntu lwe-ecology, ngelixa ezinye zingenakho.
iyantlukwano beta
Iyantlukwano yeBeta ngumlinganiselo weyantlukwano ebanjwa phakathi koluntu. Ngumlinganiselo woluhlu kunye neqondo lokutshintsha kweentlobo kwithambeka okanye ukusuka kwindawo yokuhlala ukuya kwenye. Omnye wemisebenzi yolu hlobo lokulinganisa kukufunda ukuthelekisa ukuhlukahluka kwithambeka lentaba. Ukwahlukana kwe-Beta kwakhona kuthathela ingqalelo utshintsho lwexeshana kukwakheka kweentlobo.
iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-gamma
Iyantlukwano yeGamma ngulowo umsebenzi wakhe ikukulinganisa iyantlukwano kwinqanaba eliphezulu lesithuba. Yiyo ejongene nokucacisa iyantlukwano yeentlobo ngeentlobo phakathi koluhlu olubanzi lwejografi. Ngokwesiqhelo ijika ibe yileyantlukwano yealpha kunye nenqanaba lomahluko we-beta phakathi kwabo.
Ngale ndlela, iyantlukwano ye-gamma ijika ibe linqanaba apho iintlobo ezongezelelekileyo zifunyanwa kwaye ukutshintshwa kwazo ngokwejografi kufundwa.
Izalathi zeentlobo zeentlobo zeentlobo
Kwi-ecology, i-diversity indices isetyenziswa ngokubanzi, ukuze kulinganiswe inani kusetyenziswa iinguqu zemathematika.
Isalathiso seyantlukwano sicingelwa njengesishwankathelo samanani esisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa inani lilonke leentlobo zezityalo zasekuhlaleni ezihlala kwiindawo zokuhlala ezahlukeneyo. Isalathiso sinokubonakaliswa njenge-dominance okanye njenge-equity kwaye siza kuthetha ngezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu.
Shannon Diversity Index
Isalathiso sikaShannon, okanye iShannon-Weaver index, siqhele ukusetyenziselwa ukulinganisa izinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo. Imelwe ngu-H', kwaye amaxabiso esalathiso aphakathi kwamanani a-positive kuphela. Kuninzi lwe-ikhosistim i-indices ixabisa phakathi kwe-2 ukuya kwisi-4.
Amanani angaphantsi kwe-2 athathwa njengeyantlukwano encinci, njengoko kunjalo i-ecosystem yentlango. Kwelinye icala, amaxabiso angaphezulu kwe-3 abonisa ubukho benqanaba eliphezulu lokwahluka, njengoko kunjalo ngehlathi okanye Imozulu yeTropiki okanye ulwalwa.
Ukuze ubale ixabiso lesi salathisi, inani leentlobo liqwalaselwa, yiloo nto esiyibiza ngobutyebi, kunye nenani labo elihambelanayo, esilibiza ngokuba lubuninzi. Ixabiso eliphezulu lesalathisi lihlala lisondele kwi-5 kwaye ixabiso elincinci li-0, yindawo apho kukho iintlobo kuphela, oku kuthetha ukuba akukho ntlukwano. I-ecosystem enesalathiso sika-Shannon sika-0 inokuba yi-monoculture.
Simpson diversity index
Isalathiso sikaSimpson seso simelwe ngunobumba D, kwaye siqikelela ukuba kungenzeka ukuba abantu ababini abakhethwe ngokungakhethiyo kwisampulu ngabohlobo olunye, okanye kolunye udidi lwetaxonomic.
Ngendlela efanayo, i-Simpson diversity index ichazwa njenge-1 - D. Emva koko ixabiso liphakathi kwe-0 kunye ne-1 kwaye, ngokuphambene nesalathiso sangaphambili, libonisa ukuba kungenzeka ukuba abantu ababini abakhethiweyo abakhethiweyo bayinxalenye yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo.
Enye indlela yokuyichaza kukusebenzisa isalathiso esilinganayo esimelwa njengo-1/D. Ngale ndlela, ixabiso le-1 libonisa ubukho boluntu olunohlobo olulodwa kuphela. Ukuba ixabiso liyanyuka, luphawu lokuba kukho ukungafani okukhulu.
Nangona izalathisi ze-Shannon kunye ne-Simpson zezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu kuncwadi lwendalo, kukho ezinye ezifana ne-Margalef, McIntosh, kunye ne-Pielou index, phakathi kwezinye.
Kutheni le nto kufuneka silinganisele iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo?
Imilinganiselo yeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo ibalulekile ukuba ujonge ukuba nedatha malunga nokuguquguquka kweyantlukwano, ngokotshintsho kwimekobume eyonakalisa i-ikhosistim, nokuba kubangelwa yindalo okanye zizenzo zabantu.
Isizathu sokulinganisa i-biodiversity kukuqinisekisa iziphumo zokuvela kobomi eMhlabeni, okwaqala malunga ne-3.5 yezigidigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye ngalo lonke elo xesha, izinto eziphilayo ziye zavelisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobomi, ezibonwa kwiplanethi namhlanje.
Ke ngoko, iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zendaleko ziye zanoxanduva kweli nani likhulu lezinto eziphilayo, ngenxa yenkululeko yokhuphiswano, iyantlukwano yendalo kunye ne-co-evolution.
