Funda malunga neempawu zoyilo lweGothic

Ngombono wokuhombisa obalulekileyo kunye nombono obaluleke ngokwenene, isitayile seGothic iye yaba yenye yezona ntshukumo zolwakhiwo zahlukileyo kwihlabathi, eziqhubeka nokubamba. Ngesi sizathu, siza kuphonononga ngolu papasho nganye nganye Iimpawu zeGothic Architecture.

UCiimpawu ze-architecture ye-gothic

Isimbo seGothic siquka iindlela ezininzi zobugcisa ezibandakanya umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kunye nefenitshala, kodwa akukho ngqeqesho yayinobuchule obubonakalayo kunokwakheka kweGothic. Intshukumo yoyilo lweGothic yaqala kumaXesha Aphakathi, malunga embindini wenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, eFransi, kwaye nangona intshiseko yaqala ukuhla kumbindi we-Itali malunga nenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, ezinye iindawo ezisemantla Yurophu zaqhubeka zisamkela isimbo, zivumela izinto ezithile ukuba zichume. kude kube namhlanje.

I-architecture ye-Gothic, ephuhliswe kwimodeli ye-architectural yaseRomanesque echazwe ngee-arches ze-semicircular, inokuphakama okukhulu, ukukhanya kunye nomthamo. Ibonisa njengamacandelo amele:

• Ivault eneembambo
• iimpundu ezibhabhayo
• I-arch etsolo

Ngokwazo, ezi ziimpawu zezakhiwo zeGothic eziphawuleka kakhulu kwezona zakhiwo zibalaseleyo zaseYurophu, njengeCathedral yaseNotre Dame eParis, eFransi. Ngokubanzi, eyona misebenzi yenziwayo enezi mpawu zoyilo lweGothic yayingamacathedrali (kunye neecawe).

Olu hlobo lolwakhiwo lwaluthathwa njengento egqibeleleyo yolwakhiwo kunye nolwakhiwo, kangangokuba kudla ngokuba nzima kakhulu ukwahlula ezi zimbini. Oku kusenokuba kungenxa yokuba abaqulunqi yayiziingcungela zobuchwephesha, kwakunye neengcaphephe kwezobunjineli kunye nokwakha.

Ukwakhiwa okukhulu kunye "nezikwere" zeRomanesque zanikezela ukukhanya kunye nokuma kweGothic, kunye nokugxininisa kwimigca ethe tye. Ngelixa i-cathedral yaseRoma yayiziva njengenqaba, ijikelezwe ziindonga ezishinyeneyo, ezinkulu, abakhi beGothic (abadla ngokuba yiPeripatetic kwaye bengaziwayo) bazama ukufezekisa ukudilizwa kodonga lwade lwaphantse lwafana nediaphanous. Udonga ke ngoko luba yiqokobhe elibhityileyo lelitye neglasi.

Iifestile ezinkulu zeglasi ezinemibala zinike indlela entsha yokucoca ukukhanya kunye nokuchaphazela amava enkolo. Enyanisweni, i-Gothic ininzi malunga nobuchule bokwakhiwa kwe-masonry njengoko imalunga nokutolika okutsha kokukhanya okusetyenzisiweyo ukumisela umlingiswa wesakhiwo esitsha. Ubunzima besakhiwo bubonakala buchithwa, buncediswa inxalenye yeendawo ezinkulu zefestile, isicwangciso sexesha elide kunye nemigca ethe nkqo ekhokelela ekujongeni uphahla lwayo.

Ixesha loyilo lweGothic

Ukuze siyazi imvelaphi kunye nophuhliso loyilo lweGothic, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuvela kolu hlobo lokubonakaliswa kobugcisa ekuhambeni kwexesha, ngezantsi:

Imvelaphi

Kwakudala ngaphambi kokuba kusungulwe kwaye kusekwe isimbo seGothic, uninzi lwezinto zalo zavela kwizakhiwo zempucuko yamandulo. AmaJiphutha, ama-Asiriya, amaIndiya namaPersi ookumkani baseSassanid babesele besebenzisa iarch ecacileyo kwimisebenzi yabo yezokwakha, eyayingasetyenziswa rhoqo ngelo xesha.

Ngendlela efanayo, impucuko yamaSilamsi yazalisekisa ngokupheleleyo ukusetyenziswa kwesi sixhobo sokwakha kwizakhiwo zabo, njengoko kunokubonwa kwezi zakhiwo zamandulo zilandelayo:

• IDome yeLiwa eYerusalem eyakhiwa phakathi kwama-687 kunye nama-691.
• Ii-mosque ezintle nezigqibeleleyo: I-Samarra ibekwe e-Iraq nase-Amr e-Egypt, umsebenzi wayo wokwakha wenziwa phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.

Kumaxesha angaphambili ivault eneembambo nayo yavela, le yayiqhele ukusetyenziswa ziimpucuko zama-Arabhu ezazihlala kwimimandla yaseSpain efana neCórdoba, izakhiwo zale ndawo zenziwe ngama-Arabhu ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kunye neMozarabs ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, kunye nee-arches diagonals. efakwe kuzo ibonise ngokucacileyo ukusetyenziswa kwesi sixhobo seempawu ze-architecture ye-Gothic.

Abahlali, kwelinye icala, banokufunyanwa njengezinto ezisisiseko kunye nesiseko kwiivault zekota-barrel, ukuze zisebenze njenge-counterweight. Impucuko yamandulo yaseAsiriya yakwazi ukusebenzisa kunye nokuphuhlisa izinto ezisisiseko kunye nezimele ezibonisa i-ogival architecture.

Ngoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba obu buchule okanye izinto zokwakha zaziswa eSpeyin nakwiYurophu iphela ngamaJoni Omnqamlezo, ngohambo oluya eYerusalem nakwimimandla yaseMntla Afrika.

Iseti kunye nokudityaniswa kwazo zonke ezi zinto zizise kunye nokuqulunqwa kohlobo olutsha lolwakhiwo olunemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo, lubabalwe ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa nolwakhiwo lweRomanesque kunye nokukhanya okukhulu, apho ingcamango inokunikwa ukuba iindonga zayo ziphantse zanyamalala phakathi kwesakhiwo kunye nokukhanya okukhulu. ukucaca.

Imvelaphi-iGothic yamandulo (1120-1200)

Ukudityaniswa kwazo zonke izinto zokwakha ezineempawu zoyilo lweGothic kwisitayile esilungelelanisiweyo okokuqala kwenzeka e-Ile-de-France (ummandla okufuphi neParis), apho abahlali bexabiso eliphakamileyo babenamandla amakhulu emali yokwakha iicathedrals ezinkulu ezathi. yenza umfanekiso woyilo lwanamhlanje.

Esona sakhiwo sidala sisaphila samaGothic yiAbbey yaseSaint-Denis eParis, eyaqalwa malunga no-1140, emva koko iicathedrals ezineevaults ezifanayo kunye neefestile zaqala ukubonakala ngokukhawuleza, ziqala nge-Notre-Dame de Paris (c. 1163-1345) kunye ICathedral yaseLaon (c. 1112-1215).

Ngoko ke uthotho lwamanqanaba amane ahlukeneyo atyebileyo aphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza: umgangatho womgangatho, emva koko inqanaba legalari ye-tribune, emva koko inqanaba legalari yomfundisi, apho kwakukho inqanaba eliphezulu elinefestile elibizwa ngokuba yi-clerestory.

Ipateni yeekholomu kunye ne-arches, exhasayo kwaye ifake ezi ziphakamiso ezahlukeneyo, zongezwa kwijometri kunye nokuhambelana kwendawo yangaphakathi. I-Window tracery (izahluli zefestile ezihombisayo) nazo zaphuhliswa, kunye nokukhethwa okukhulu kweglasi enemibala.

Icala elingasempuma lecathedral yokuqala yamaGothic laliquka i-semicircular projection ebizwa ngokuba yi-apse, equlethe isibingelelo esiphakamileyo esinomda we-ambulatory. Icala elingasentshona, apho kukho isango elikhulu lesakhiwo, lalilikhulu

buhle ngokubonakalayo ngakumbi.

Yayidla ngokuba ne-façade ebanzi ejikelezwe ziinqaba ezinkulu ezimbini, ezinemigca emi nkqo ilungelelaniswe ngemigca ethe tye yamasango elitye lesikhumbuzo (kumgangatho ophantsi), phezu kwayo kukho imigca ethe tye yeefestile, iigalari, imikrolo, neminye imisebenzi yamatye. .

Ngokuqhelekileyo, iindonga ezide zangaphandle ze-cathedral zixhaswa yimigca yeekholomu ezithe nkqo ezidityaniswe kwindawo ephezulu eludongeni kwisakhiwo se-semi-arch echazwe njengenkxaso endizayo. Le modeli yokuqala yoyilo lweGothic yasasazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu:

• Alemania
• ENgilani
• ENetherlands
• Italia
• España
• Photshugo.

Ukugcwala kunye nesiqingatha seGothic eRadiant-High Gothic (1200-80) "Rayonnant"

Kwilizwekazi, inqanaba elilandelayo leprojekthi yokwakha yeGothic yaziwa ngokuba yiRayonnant Gothic architecture, elingana nayo eyaziwa ngokuba 'yiGothic ehonjisiweyo'. Uyilo lweRayonnant Gothic luphawulwe ngamalungiselelo amatsha okuhombisa ijometri eyaye yanaba ngakumbi nangakumbi ngokuhamba kwexesha, kodwa kungekho nakuphi na ukuphuculwa kolwakhiwo.

Ngokwenene, ngexesha lesigaba seRayonnant, abayili bezakhiwo zecathedral kunye neemali zayisusa ingqalelo yabo kude nomsebenzi wokuphucula ukuhanjiswa kobunzima kunye nokwakha iindonga ezinde, endaweni yoko bagxile ekuphuculeni 'inkangeleko' yesakhiwo.

Le ndlela ibangele ukongezwa kweenkcukacha ezininzi zokuhombisa ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa nophahla (izakhiwo ezithe nkqo, ngokuqhelekileyo kunye neenqaba, njengeentsika eziphezulu, izibiyeli ezixhasayo, okanye ezinye izinto zangaphandle), ukubunjwa, kunye neethayile ezithile zefestile (ezifana ne-mullion).

Olona phawu lubalaseleyo lweRayonnant Gothic yifestile ejikelezayo ejikelezayo ehombisa imida esentshona yeecawe ezininzi, njengeStrasbourg Cathedral (1015-1439).

Izinto ezikhethekileyo ezingakumbi zoyilo lweRayonnant ziqulathe ukucuthwa kwezixhaso ezithe nkqo zangaphakathi kunye nokudibanisa igalari yeclerestory kunye ne-clerestory, de iindonga zenziwe ngeefestile zeglasi ezinemivalo ethe nkqo eyahlula iifestile zibe ngamacandelo. Eyona mizekelo ibalaseleyo yesitayile seRayonnant ibandakanya iicathedrals zaseFransi ze:

• saseReims
• saseAmiens
• Bourges
• eBeauvais

IHalf Radiant Gothic-Late Gothic (1280-1500) "Flamboyant"

Isimbo sesithathu soyilo loyilo lweGothic savela malunga ne-1280. Eyaziwa ngokuba yiFlamboyant Gothic architecture, yayihombise ngakumbi kuneRadiant kwaye iqhubekile kude kube malunga ne-1500. Uphawu loyilo lweFlamboyant Gothic architecture kukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwe-S-curve emile njengedangatye (isiFrentshi: flambé) kwitracery yefestile yamatye.

Ngaphezu koko, iindonga zatshintshwa zaba yindawo eqhubekayo yeglasi exhaswa ngama-rivets amathambo kunye ne-tracery. I-logic yejometri isoloko ifihliwe ngokugubungela ingaphandle kunye ne-tracery, izitena ezigubungelayo kunye neefestile, zongezwa ngamaqela anzima e-pediments, i-battlements, i-porticoes ephakanyisiweyo kunye neepatheni ezongezelelweyo zeenkwenkwezi ze-ribbed kwi-vault.

Ugxininiso kumfanekiso endaweni yento yolwakhiwo lunokuba luphenjelelwe ziziganeko zezopolitiko eFransi, emva kokusweleka kukaKumkani uCharles IV the Fair ngo-1328, kungashiyi mandlalifa angamadoda. Oku kubangele amabango avela kwisihlobo sakhe esisondeleyo esiyindoda, umtshana wakhe u-Edward III waseNgilani.

Xa ulandelelwano lwabuyela kuFelipe VI (1293-1350) weNdlu yaseFransi yaseValois, lwaqalisa iMfazwe Yeminyaka Elikhulu (1337), nto leyo ethetha ukuncitshiswa kolwakhiwo lwezonqulo nokwanda kolwakhiwo lwezakhiwo zomkhosi kunye nolwakhiwo. izindlu, kunye nezakhiwo zasebukhosini kunye noluntu.

Ngenxa yoko, uyilo olugqithisileyo lwe-gothic lunokubonwa kwiiholo ezininzi zedolophu, imibutho, kunye nezakhiwo zokuhlala. Zimbalwa iicawe okanye iicathedrals eziyilwe ngokupheleleyo ngokwesitayile esigqithileyo, ngaphandle kwezinye izinto eziphawulekayo:

• I-Notre-Dame d'Epine kufuphi ne-Chalons-sur-Marne.
• iSaint Maclou yaseRouen.
• INqaba yaseMntla yeChartres.
• Tour de Beurre e Rouen.

EFransi, iFlamboyant (eccentric) uyilo lweGothic ekugqibeleni lwathi shwaka, lwahonjiswa kakhulu kwaye lumdaka, kwaye longezwa ziimodeli zakudala zoyilo lweRenaissance eziswa e-Italiya ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.

Utoliko lwembali ngemvelaphi kunye nondoqo weGothic

Ubugcisa beGothic ukususela kwi-XIX kunye ne-XX ifumene ukutolikwa okuninzi okuye kwacwiliswa kwingxoxo-mpikiswano eqhubekayo, isizathu esiye savela ekukhulelweni kwesi sibonakaliso sobugcisa uluhlu lweenguqu okanye ukuguqulwa njengesakhiwo. Phakathi kwezona zibalulekileyo zezi:

Ukutolikwa kwesikolo saseJamani

Isikolo saseJamani simisela ukuba ubugcisa be-Gothic abukho nto ngaphandle kwe-exegesis efuna ukubonakalisa umoya jikelele, ngoko ke ukubonakaliswa kwayo kubonisa oko umphefumlo weNordic ngokwawo, ngokuchasene ne-classical kunye neMeditera. Njengenkokeli yale ngcinga ngumbhali-mbali wezobugcisa waseJamani kunye nethiyori uWilhelm Worringer.

Izandulela eziphambili ezihambelana nale ngcamango kwaye zichasene nokuphakama kwesitayile saseFrentshi, zifumaneka ikakhulu kubabhali benkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, kunye nokudibana phakathi:

• UJohann Gottfried Herder kunye noJohann Wolfgang von Goethe phambi kweStrasbourg Cathedral ngo-1770, apho ifilosofi kunye nomgxeki uHerder ebonisa ubungangamsha bobugcisa baseJamani kumbhali weencwadi kunye nososayensi uGoethe.

Ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, inani lababhali-mbali ababambelela kule ngcaciso yesiJamani yobugcisa kunye neempawu zoyilo lweGothic ziye zavela ngaphambili, kubandakanya:

• UWilhelm Pinders
• Hans Sedlmayr
•  UMax Dvorak

Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuba ingcamango yesiJamani ngolu hlobo lobugcisa lusekelwe kumgaqo womdla okhethekileyo kwiingcamango kwaye kungekhona kakhulu kwisethi yeenkqubo zokuqonda kwabo. Ke ngoko, ifom ixhalaba kuphela ngokunxulumene nengqondo yayo.

Ukutolikwa kweSikolo sesiFrentshi

Ingcinga yesiFrentshi kubugcisa beGothic ichasene nengcaciso yangaphambili, le ithiyori isebenzayo. Ngoko ke, bacinga ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu ukugxininisa zonke izibonelelo ezisetyenziselwa ukubonakaliswa kobu bugcisa, kunye neenkqubo zayo zokwakha kunye neemeko esele zisekwe kuyo.

Ukongeza, baye bachaza imvelaphi yommandla kunye neefom zesitayile. Le ngcinga ikhokelwa nguViollet le Duc, umbono wakhe uqhubekile kwaye waxhaswa ngababhali-mbali abavela kwiSikolo seLizwe saBagcisa:

• Jules Quicherat
• UFeliksi waseVerneiuil
• UCharles de Lasteyrie du Saillant
• UCharles Enlart

Ukutolikwa kwePanofsky

Kumsebenzi wakhe weGothic Architecture kunye neScholastic Thought, umbhali-mbali wezobugcisa u-Erwin Panofsky ubonisa ukuba i-architecture ye-Gothic kunye nesikolo sokucinga siyafana. Ngokombhali, ulwakhiwo lwecathedrali yeGothic lunika lonke ulwazi oluninzi olunokucaciswa, lufundeke kwaye luqondeke kuye nabani na ofuna ukulufunda. Isiseko sayo singumbono weseti yezinto ezenza yonke into.

Indawo yezoqoqosho kunye nentlalontle yeGothic

Uyilo lweGothic lwavela ngexesha leenguqu ezinzulu kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho eNtshona Yurophu. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX nakwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX, urhwebo noshishino lwavuselelwa, ingakumbi kumantla eItali naseFlanders (eBelgium), yaye urhwebo oludlamkileyo lwabangela ukuba kube nokwenzeka ukuphucula unxibelelwano, kungekuphela nje phakathi kwezixeko ezingabamelwane kodwa kwanaphakathi kwezixeko ezikude. imimandla.. Ngokwembono yezopolitiko, inkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini yayilixesha lokwandiswa kunye nokudityaniswa kukarhulumente.

Kunye nophuhliso lwezobupolitika nolwezoqoqosho, kwavela iqela leenkcuba-buchopho elitsha eliphenjelelwa kukuguqulelwa kwababhali bamandulo besuka kwisiGrike nesiArabhu besisiwa kwisiLatini, yaye kwabakho uncwadi olutsha.

Uyilo lweGothic lube negalelo kolu tshintsho kwaye lwachatshazelwa ngokulinganayo kubo. Isitayile samaGothic sasisezidolophini, apho iicathedrals, ewe, zonke zazibekwe ezixekweni kwaye uninzi lweemonki ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ziye zaba ngamaziko oluntu awayenemisebenzi emininzi yobomi boluntu.

I-cathedral okanye icawa ye-abbey yayisisakhiwo apho abantu babehlanganisana khona kwimithendeleko ebalulekileyo. Imibhiyozo ebalaseleyo nenemibalabala yaqala yaza yaphelela apho, kwaza kwabhiyozelwa imiboniso yokuqala.

Le yayiyindawo ebalulekileyo kwisixeko ngasinye, ngoko ke izigqibo zokwakhiwa kwezi bezifudula zihambelana nezopolitiko, ezenkolo okanye amagunya kamasipala.

Ngoko ke, ukuze kwenziwe umsebenzi omkhulu kangaka, kwakuyimfuneko ukuba kubekho izixhobo ezintle kakhulu, ngoko ke kwakuqhelekile ukuba ezinye zazo zixhaswe ngemali ngoncedo lwezoqoqosho olunikelwa yinkxaso yasebukhosini, nto leyo eyavumela uphuhliso lwabo ngexeshana. ngentsebenziswano yookumkani.

Ngokubanzi, ukuxhaswa ngemali akuzange kubonelelwe ngamathamsanqa abucala oobhishophu kunye neecanon, abanikela ngenxalenye yengeniso yabo, kodwa kwafuneka babhenele kwezinye iindlela ezifana nokuqokelelwa, iminikelo evela kwimibutho, ubuncwane bamandulo, irhafu kwiimarike kunye nokunye.

Ukufumaneka kwezibonelelo kunqume ukwakhiwa kwemisebenzi eqhubekayo kunye neempawu ze-architecture ye-Gothic, kwakukho iitempile ezininzi ezazakhiwe ngexesha elifanayo, nangona kunjalo, namhlanje kukho imizekelo embalwa kuphela.

Kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine, ngenxa yemeko yezoqoqosho emandundu eyayihamba ngaloo maxesha, ukuqondwa kwale misebenzi mikhulu kuyeka ukufa, kangangokuba abaninzi bamiswa ngokupheleleyo. Kwelinye icala, imvuselelo yasezidolophini ikhokelele ekunyukeni kweentlobo ezintsha zezakhiwo zoluntu ezingezizo ezenkolo ezifana nezi:

• Iindawo zokugcina
• Iintengiso
• IMakethi
• Amabhunga edolophu
• Izibhedlele
• Iiyunivesithi
• Bridges
• Iivillas kunye namabhotwe, ayeke ukuba yenzelwe abantu abahloniphekileyo kuphela.

izakhiwo zegothic

Izakhiwo ezineempawu ze-architecture ye-Gothic zahluke ngokubhekiselele kwinto yazo yokusebenza, nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwesi simbo kwakunxulumene nezakhiwo zonqulo ezifana neecathedrals, iicawa kunye nabanye. Kamva, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ubuchule kunye neempawu ze-architecture ye-Gothic zaye zaphunyezwa ngokuthe ngcembe kwizakhiwo ezingezona zonqulo ezifana nezi: izibhedlele, iiholo zedolophu, iiyunivesithi kunye nokunye.

Uyilo lwenkolo

I-cathedrals yenye yezona zibonakaliso ezinkulu apho zonke iimpawu kunye neempawu ze-architecture ye-Gothic zinokufumaneka, ngaphezu kokubonisa yonke intsebenziswano, i-verve kunye negalelo lesixeko siphela. Ekubeni ebudeni bokucwangciswa nokwakhiwa komsebenzi wayo, imibutho namabandla awahlukahlukeneyo ayesebenzisa intsebenziswano, ngoko ngokuqhelekileyo iba nomfanekiso ngamnye kwiicawa ezisecaleni.

Ngendlela efanayo, phakathi kolu hlobo lwezakhiwo zonqulo, i-architecture ye-Gothic yeemonki ivelele, phakathi kwayo oku kulandelayo kunokubonwa:

• Iimonki ngokusetyenziswa koyilo lweCistercian, olu hlobo lolwakhiwo lwalusemaphandleni, alunxulumananga nobomi basezidolophini, kwaye ngale ndlela kwaphuhliswa isitayile seproto-Gothic esiya kuthi kamva sithathe ithuba lokusasaza isitayile seGothic kuwo wonke loo mmandla. Nangona ingezizo zonke izinto zolu yilo ziya kusebenza njengesiseko sobuchule kunye neempawu zoyilo loyilo.
• Umyalelo weCarthusian.
• IiDominican kunye namaFranciscas.

Phakathi kweyona mizekelo ibalaseleyo, izakhiwo zayo ziquka iimpawu zenkolo ye-architecture ye-Gothic emhlabeni, sinokukhankanya oku kulandelayo:

• Reims Cathedral.
• ISainte Chapelle eParis.
• Indawo yokusebenzela yaseSanta María de Huerta.
• UClare oNgcwele waseAssisi.
• eSaint Maclou.
• I-Basilica yaseSan Francisco de Asís, isakhiwo sayo se-vaults engaphelelanga ngenxa yokuwohloka iqulethe izinto zolu hlobo lwezakhiwo.
• ICathedral yaseNotre Dame.

Uyilo lwaseburhulumenteni

Ekupheleni kweXesha eliPhakathi, ukwakhiwa koluntu kwaqala ukubonisa amandla ezoqoqosho awayekho ngelo xesha, ngenxa yenkqubela phambili yorhwebo kunye nemisebenzi yezandla, ukuqaliswa kweendlela ezintsha zorhwebo kunye nokufunyanwa kwangoko kweMelika. Oku kuxa izakhiwo eziqiniswe ngakumbi, ezigqibeleleyo kunye nezomeleziweyo kunye nemisebenzi yomkhosi iqala ukubonakala, njengakwimeko ye:

• iinqaba neendonga
• Iibhulorho ezinamasango okhuseleko kuzo zombini iziphelo kunye nenye phakathi.

Ukongeza, imisebenzi emikhulu kunye nezakhiwo ezimsebenzi wazo unxulunyaniswa nokuba likomkhulu lamaziko kamasipala kunye noorhulumente baqala ukubonakala, kulapha apho ulwakhiwo lukamasipala lomelezwa ngokuchasene namandla amakhulu okanye ecawa. Phakathi kwezixeko ezigqwesa kakhulu ngolu hlobo lwezakhiwo, singakhankanya:

• UFlorence
• Sienna.
• Ummandla weFlemish waseBelgium.
• I-Barcelona enezakhiwo ezifana neCasa de Ciudad kunye nePalacio de la Generalidad.

Ukongeza, ulwakhiwo olunobunewunewu olulungiselelwe ngokukhethekileyo izihandiba zatshintshwa ukuze zinike indlela yolwakhiwo olutsha oluneempawu zoyilo lweGothic ezifana:

• IMakethi
• amabhotwe asezidolophini
• Iiyunivesithi
• Amabhunga edolophu
• Izindlu zabucala zoluntu olutsha olutyebileyo.
• Izibhedlele

Ngexesha lokugqibela lemfuno yeGothic malunga nenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, izakhiwo zasekuhlaleni ezineempawu zoyilo lweGothic ziye zaphawulwa kakhulu kwingingqi yeFlanders.

izinto zokwakha zeGothic

Ubuchwephesha beGothic, obususela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini ukuya kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithandathu, yayiyeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo yolwakhiwo lwamaxesha aphakathi, ekhokelwa ngamaxesha eRomanesque kunye neRenaissance. Iphawula inguqu eqinisekileyo ukusuka kwiicawe zakudala zamaRomanesque 'ezichubby' ukuya kwiicathedrals ezinde, ezikhaphukhaphu: ukuguquka kwemozulu yentlalo-ntle yenkolo kubangele iinguqulelo ezintsha ezithe zaguqula ulwakhiwo lwecawa.

Igama elithi "Gothic" libuyela emva; Abakhi beRenaissance bahlekisa ngolwakhiwo olungenamvisiswano kwaye basebenzisa eli gama njengesalathiso esihlekisayo kwizizwe zamaJamani ezinoburhalarhume ezaziphanga iYurophu ngenkulungwane yesithathu neyesine: iiOstrogoths kunye namaVisigoths.

I-architecture ye-Gothic yayingaqondwa kakuhle njengesiphumo sexesha elingachanekanga kakhulu, elibhidekileyo nelingenalukholo, ngelixa inyaniso yayahluke kakhulu. Ukususela ngoko, uye waxatyiswa njengoyena mfanekiso ubalaseleyo wemfundo, umbutho owawufuna ukuvisisanisa ubumoya nonqulo nengqiqo.

Nangona kunjalo idume ngokuvelisa imimangaliso emitsha yolwakhiwo, imiboniso yokukhanya engaqhelekanga, kunye nokunyusa umgangatho wokwakhiwa kwecathedral kuyo yonke indawo, nangemigangatho yangoku. Ezi zezinye zezinto ezenza iimpawu ze-architecture ye-Gothic:

iinkunzi

Ezi zizinto zokwakha eziguquguqukayo ezihlala zithatha indawo yentsimbi yentsimbi ukuze zinike uluvo olunekratshi. Iicathedrals zamaGothic zidla ngokuba neenqaba ezininzi ezibonisa iinqaba, umfuziselo wenqaba yonqulo ekhusela ukholo.

Iinaliti ze-Openwork mhlawumbi zezona ziqhelekileyo; lo mbhobho wobugcisa wawuquka umkhondo wamatye odityaniswe kunye ngamaqhosha entsimbi. Wayenamandla okufikelela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ngelixa enika ingqiqo yokukhanya ngokusebenzisa isakhiwo sakhe samathambo.

Iibhuthi kunye neebhuthi ezibhabhayo

Ngokwenkangeleko yomlenze wesigcawu, i-buttress ene-buttresses ebhabhayo yayifakwe ekuqaleni njengesixhobo sobuhle. Kamva, zaba zizixhobo ezichuliweyo zokususa umthwalo ofileyo ukusuka kwisilingi ephahleni ukuya emhlabeni. Ukongeza iqondo lobungqongqo kwisakhiwo, basuswa eludongeni oluphambili kwaye badityaniswa nesilingi ngabaxhasi be-arched, ezi ngqungquthela zaziwa ngokuba zii-flying buttresses.

I-buttress ngoku yayithwele i-vault, ikhulula iindonga kumsebenzi wazo wokuthwala umthwalo. Oku kwavumela iindonga ukuba zibe zincinci okanye zitshintshe ngokupheleleyo iifestile zeglasi, ngokungafaniyo neRomanesque apho iindonga zaziyimicimbi emikhulu kunye ne-glazing encinci. Iibhuthi zavumela ulwakhiwo lweGothic ukuba lube khaphukhaphu, lube lude, kwaye luya kubonelela ngamava obuhle obukhulu kunangaphambili.

Ukongeza, ezi zinto zizonke ziyinxalenye yeempawu zoyilo lweGothic zazisebenza kuba kula manzi awela eluphahleni ngenxa yemvula eshukuma kwimijelo, ukunqanda ukuhla nge-facade ye-facade. ubume.

IiGargoyles

I-gargoyle (isuka kwigama lesiFrentshi elithi gargouille, elithetha ukugrumba) ngumfanekiso oqingqiweyo wamanzi, obekwe ukuthintela amanzi emvula ukuba ahle kwiindonga ze-masonry. Le mizobo yoonodoli mininzi yahlulahlula ukuhamba phakathi kwayo, inciphisa umonakalo onokwenzeka wamanzi.

I-Gargoyles yakrolwa emhlabeni kwaye yabekwa njengoko isakhiwo sasisondela ekugqityweni. I-Saint Romano ihlala idityaniswa ne-gargoyle; Intsomi ibalisa ngaye esindisa uRouen kwinamba egqumayo eyabetha uloyiko nakwiintliziyo zomoya. Elaziwa ngokuba yiLa Gargouille, eli rhamncwa loyiswa yaza intloko yalo yaxhonywa kwicawa eyayisandul’ ukwakhiwa, njengomzekelo nesilumkiso.

Siyazi ukuba i-gargoyle ibingumfanekiso osukela kumaxesha aseYiputa, kodwa ukusetyenziswa okuneziqhamo kwento eYurophu kubalelwa kwixesha leGothic. Idityaniswe ngokucokisekileyo kwiicathedrals ezahlukeneyo, iphakamisa ingqiqo ye-alkoreshi kunye neyona nto imangalisayo.

iincopho

Ngokungafaniyo ne-buttress ene-buttress, i-pinnacle yaqala njengenxalenye yesakhiwo esijoliswe ukuphambukisa uxinzelelo olusuka kwisilingi esiphakamileyo ukuya ezantsi. Zazifakwe ilothe, ngokoqobo 'zithintela' uxinzelelo olusecaleni lwegumbi elingaphantsi komhlaba, zasebenza njengezixhobo zokukhawulelana nemigangatho eyongeziweyo kunye neentsimbi ezijingayo ezizinzisiweyo kunye neebhutsi ezibhabhayo.

Njengoko amathuba obuhle ayo aye aziwa, iipinnacles zakhanyiswa kwaye i-buttress ebhabhayo yaphuhliswa ngolwakhiwo lokuphatha isilingi evundiweyo. Iipinacles zisetyenziswa kakhulu ukwaphula inguqu ngesiquphe kwi slenderness njengoko isakhiwo icawa inika indlela kwi spire inyuswe, enika isakhiwo ngokuhlukileyo inkangeleko edgy Gothic.

I-arch etsolo

Ukuqala ukuvela ngexesha lokwenziwa kobugcisa bobuKristu ngamaxesha eGothic, i-arch ecacileyo yayisetyenziselwa ukwalathisa umthwalo wesilingi evuthelweyo ezantsi ecaleni kweembambo zayo.

Ngokungafaniyo neecawa zamandulo zaseRoma, ezazixhomekeke kuphela kwiindonga ngenjongo yokuxhasa umthwalo omkhulu wophahla, ii-arches ezitsolo zanceda ekunqandeni ngokukhetha kunye nokudlulisa umthwalo kwiikholamu kunye nezinye iibheringi zomthwalo, ngaloo ndlela zikhulula iindonga.

Kwakungasenamsebenzi ukuba iindonga zenziwa ngantoni, ekubeni (phakathi kwenqanawa ebhabhayo nentsika etsolo) zazingasathwali mthwalo, ngoko iindonga zecawa yecawa yamaGoth zaqalisa ukuthatyathelw’ indawo ziifestile ezinkulu zeglasi enemibala netracery.

Ukulandela umkhondo

I-Tracery ibhekisa kwiseti yezakhelo zamatye ezintle, ezifakwe kwiindawo zokubeka iifestile ukuxhasa iglasi. Ibar tracery yazibonakalisa ngexesha leGothic, kunye ne-lancet kunye nepateni ye-oculus eyayijoliswe ukuhambisa ubuncinci boyilo kunye nokunyusa inani leepaneli zeglasi. Ngokungafaniyo neplate tracery, iimuliyoni zamatye ezintle zazisetyenziswa ukwahlula ifestile ibe zilancethi ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu.

I-Y-tracery yayiluhlobo oluthile loyilo lwebar olususa umgama ukusuka efestileni kusetyenziswa imivalo yamatye emxinwa, eyahlulahlulwe kwimowudi ye-Y. Olu luyilo oluhle lwemowudi yewebhu luye lwanceda ukukhulisa imbalelwano yeglasi ukuya kwelitye, kwaye yajikwa. kwiintyatyambo, iinkcukacha ezifana ne-gothic.

i-oculus

Uyilo lwefestile ezimbini ezikhethekileyo zasekwa ngexesha leGothic: i-lancet enencasa emxinwa iqiniswe ukuphakama, ngelixa i-oculus ejikelezayo ixhasa iglasi enemibala. Njengoko ukuphakama kuye kwaba ngaphantsi kwenjongo kunye nabakhi beGothic, isiqingatha sesibini se-Rayonnant's Gothic saw structures sancitshiswa ukuya kwisakhelo esiphantse sibe yi-skeletal diaphanous framework.

Iifestile zaye zandiswa kwaye iindonga zatshintshwa ngeglasi enepateni. I-oculus enkulu kudonga lwecawe yeecawe yenze ifestile yerozi, eyona inkulu kuzo iseSt. Denis. Yahlulahlulwe zizigidi ngezigidi nemivalo yamatye, yayixhasa izipeki zamatye ezikhazimlayo njengevili yaye imi ngaphantsi kweaatshi etsolo.

Ivault eneembambo okanye iimbambo

I-architecture ye-Gothic yathatha indawo ye-Romanesque ribbed vaults kunye ne-vaults ezinamaqabunga ukulwa nobunzima bokwakha kunye nezithintelo ezivumela ukuba zibe neendawo zokuhlala ezizikwere kuphela. Ikwahlukanisiwe njengevault ye-ogival, ivault eneembambo ezifakwe kunye nesidingo sokuhambisa ngcono iintsimbi zesilingi, ngelixa ushiya iindonga zangaphakathi simahla kwitracery kunye neglasi.

Iimbambo ezininzi zongezwa kwisiseko se-Romanesque barrel vault ukwandisa ukuhanjiswa kwemithwalo emhlabeni. Njengoko ixesha lamaGothic lalifikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu, kwaphuhliswa iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zevaulting, ezinje ngequadripartite kunye nesexpartite vaulting techniques. Ukuphuhliswa kwee-vaults ze-ribbed vaults zanciphisa imfuno yeendonga ezithwele umthwalo wangaphakathi, ngaloo ndlela zivula indawo yangaphakathi kunye nokubonelela ubunye obubonakalayo kunye nobuhle.

ivault yefeni

Owona mahluko ucacileyo phakathi kwesiNgesi nesiFrentshi isitayile seGothic, igumbi labalandeli lalisetyenziswa ngokukodwa kwiicathedrals zamaNgesi. Iimbambo zevault yefeni zigobile ngokulinganayo kwaye zibekwe ngokulinganayo, zinika imbonakalo yefeni evulekileyo.

Uphahla lwabalandeli luye lwasetyenziswa ngexesha lokwakhiwa kwakhona kweecawe zaseNorman eNgilani, ukuphelisa imfuno yokubhabha. Igumbi lokuhlambela losapho lalisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizakhiwo zecawe kunye neecawa zecawa.

iintsika zemifanekiso eqingqiweyo

Ixesha le-Gothic yamandulo libonisa owona mfanekiso uqingqiweyo wexesha. Kwakuqhelekile ukufumana imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yendalo "yesakhiwo", eqingqwe kwilitye elifanayo kunye nekholomu exhasa uphahla. Ngokufuthi ebonisa oosolusapho, abaprofeti nookumkani, babekwa kwiveranda yeecawa zamaGothic zamva ukunika into ethe nkqo.

Le mizobo mikhulu kunobomi inokubonwa nakwiindawo zokufihla intloko emacaleni omabini eminyango yecathedral. EFransi, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yayidla ngokuba nemiqolo yabantu abahonjiswe kakuhle, nto leyo ebonisa ukuchuma kobukumkani.

Umhombiso

Ngeli xesha abakhi bezakhiwo baqala ukuxabisa uyilo lwangaphandle. Ngaphambili, iicawe zazidla ngokuba neendawo zangaphandle ezilula, ngoko kuya kubakho imali eninzi yokuhlobisa ingaphakathi. Nangona kunjalo, kwixesha lamaGothic, i-architecture yayingasasebenzi nje, yaqala ukuba nokufaneleka kunye nentsingiselo. Abakhi baqalisa ukuyila amabhongo kunye noyilo oluhonjisiweyo, besebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nezimbo. Isimbo esithandwayo yayisisimbo esixhomis’ amehlo esasinika iicathedrals inkangeleko evuthayo.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba imimandla eyahlukeneyo ibamba i-architecture ye-Gothic ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. AmaTaliyane adume ngokucaphukela isimbo seGothic. Nangona bathathe inxaxheba kweli xesha, "iGothic" yahluke kakhulu kwiYurophu iphela. Apho, iicathedrals zidla ngokugxininisa kumbala ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Ubukhulu becala, ezi mpawu zisixhenxe zingasentla azisebenzi kwixesha lakhe leGothic.

Iifacade kunye neengcango

Umphambili wecawa wawubaluleke kakhulu ngexesha lokwakhiwa. Olu hlobo lolwakhiwo lwalufanele lubonise ubungangamsha kwisakhiwo salo, ngenxa yesi sizathu, xa besenza i-facade, abakhi baqinisekisa ukuba kubonakala kunamandla ngakumbi. Oku kwakungabonisi nje amandla abakhi kunye nokomelela kwenkolo, kodwa kwabonisa ubutyebi beziko eliza kubeka isakhiwo kwixesha elizayo.

Embindini we-façade kukho umnyango ophambili okanye i-portal, rhoqo kunye neengcango ezisecaleni ezimbini. Kwi-arch yomnyango ophakathi ngokuqhelekileyo kukho isiqwenga esibalulekileyo esiqingqiweyo, ngokuqhelekileyo "uKristu ngoBukhulu". Ngamanye amaxesha kukho ilitye lelitye phakathi komnyango apho kukho umfanekiso we "Virgin and Child". Kukho eminye imizobo emininzi eqingqwe kwii-niches ezibekwe malunga nee-portals. Maxa wambi kukho amakhulu emifanekiso yamatye ekrolwe kumphambili wonke wesakhiwo.

iifestile kunye neglasi enemibala

Iifestile ezinkulu zeglasi ezinemibala zongeza ubungangamsha kunye nobungangamsha kwiicathedrals zexesha leGothic. Ngozinzo olongezelelweyo olufunyenwe ngokusetyenziswa kwee-buttresses kunye nee-arches ezitsolo, iifestile zeglasi enemibala yexesha le-Gothic zanyuka ukusuka kwiiphaneli ezilula zeglasi ezinemibala ukuya kwimizobo ecacileyo kunye nemisebenzi yobugcisa obucacileyo kuluhlu olumangalisayo lwemibala eqaqambileyo.

Uninzi lweefestile zecathedral zifakwe kwi-arched ukuze zingene kwi-arch structure. Enye ifestile yecathedral eqhelekileyo sisakhiwo esisetyhula esikhulu esenziwe ngamashumi okanye amakhulu eefestile zefestile, ezaziwa ngokuba yirozi okanye ivili lefestile.

Inyusiwe

Uyilo lweGothic lugxininise ukuphakama ngaphezu kwendawo ethe tye. Ke kolu hlobo lolwakhiwo babenezakhiwo eziphakamileyo neziphakamileyo kwaye, okumangalisayo kukuba, ezi cawa kunye neecathedrals zazifudula zizizakhiwo zemifuziselo yesixeko sabo, ngenxa yobude bazo. Enye into eyongeziweyo kolu lwakhiwo ukubonisa ukuphakama kwazo yayizipayitha ezinde kakhulu kunye neenqaba.

Ukongeza, ukuphakama kwale misebenzi kugxininise ukusasazwa kokukhanya ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo. Iinkcukacha ezazinokwenzeka ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwee-buttresses ezibhabhayo ezazisetyenziselwa ukuxhasa iindonga eziphakamileyo ezivela ngaphandle, into eqhelekileyo kakhulu kwiimpawu ze-architecture ye-Gothic.

Planta

Iicawe ezinkulu zeGothic zakhiwa kwiplani yomgangatho we-basilica, eyayiyilwe ekuqaleni ngamaRoma amandulo njengeziko lolawulo kwaye yamkelwa ngamaKristu okuqala ngexesha loBukhosi baseRoma.

I-basilica yaseRoma yayisisakhiwo esixande esinendawo enkulu, evulekileyo esembindini eyaziwa ngokuba yi-nave. Kumacala omabini enqanawe kwakukho iipaseji ezimbini. Umnyango wavuleka kwinarthex. Ngokuchasene ne-narthex kwakukho i-apse, i-alcove ye-alcove ephantse ibekwe kwelinye icala lesakhiwo.

Zonke ezi nkalo zasetyenzwa kwicawa yamaGothic. Kwi-basilicas yaseRoma, i-apse iqulethe izinto ezimele amandla oothixo okanye urhulumente. Xa iplani yeecawe yamkelwa, iApse yaba yeyona ndawo ingcwele kweso sakhiwo, enesibingelelo esiphakamileyo, esimele ubukho nobungcwele bukaThixo. Ngenxa yokuba uThixo enxulunyaniswa nokuzalwa ngokutsha nokuvuka, iApse yayidla ngokusalatha ngasempuma, kwicala eliphuma kulo ilanga.

ICawe yongeze into ebalulekileyo: i-transept. Ezi zandiso ukuya emantla nasezantsi ziguqule iplani yoxande ibe nye ngokumila komnqamlezo wobuKristu. Oku kwabethelela ngakumbi ubungcwele baloo ndawo. Apho inqanawa idibana khona yi-cruiser. Inqaba enkulu yentsimbi yayidla ngokwakhiwa phezu kwendawo yokuwela. Iinqaba eziphakamileyo zingaphezu kweenyawo ze-400 ubude, obulingana nesakhiwo esinemigangatho engama-40.

Iinqaba ezimbini ezingakumbi zongezwa eziphelweni zenarthex. Ezi nqaba zintathu zazidla ngokuba neencochoyi ezitsolo ezibizwa ngokuba yimiqolomba. Ezi zazigxininisa ukuphakama kwesakhiwo, eyayiyenye injongo ebalulekileyo, njengoko isibhakabhaka ngokuqhelekileyo sicingelwa ukuba singaphezu kwayo yonke enye into.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, iinqaba ziyahambelana enye kwenye. Noko ke, kwimeko yeChartres Cathedral, eboniswe apha, enye yeentsimbi eziziintsimbi yonakaliswa ngumbane ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX yaza yathatyathelw’ indawo yaza yathatyathelw’ indawo yinye ebonisa isimbo sexesha, esichaza ukungabikho kolungelelwaniso.

Phakathi kwe-transept kunye ne-apse yayiyikwayara, eyayihlala ama-cantors, abefundisi kunye neemonki zecawa. Umntu oqhelekileyo wayengavumelekanga ukuba ahlale apha njengoko ikufuphi nesibingelelo esiphakamileyo kwi-apse.

Enye into eyongezwe ngabayili beGothic yayiyi-ambulatory. Lo ngumqolo ojikeleze i-apse. Ii-chapels, ezihlala zinikezelwe kwiingcwele ezithile, ngakumbi iNtombi Enyulu uMariya, zihlala zisebenza kwi-ambulatory. Ngokufanayo, ii-chapels zinokufunyanwa kwezinye iindawo zecawe.

ilungiselelo emnqamlezweni

Ucwangciso lwazo zonke iicathedrals zamaGothic saqhubeka nokusetyenziswa kweplani yomnqamlezo, eyayiza kufana nomnqamlezo wamaKristu ukusuka emoyeni. Ezi zakhiwo zazidla ngokuba nobude obuninzi, zinemilo yoxande yaye ngokuqhelekileyo zineepaseji ezintathu ezahlulwe ngokwemiqolo yeentsika.

Izinto zokwakha

Izinto zokwakha ezahlukeneyo zafunyanwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zaseYurophu, lo ngomnye umahluko kulwakhiwo lwezakhiwo phakathi kweendawo ezahlukeneyo. EFransi, kwakukho ilitye lekalika. Yayikulungele ukwakhiwa kuba yayithambile xa igawulwa, kodwa yaba nzima ngakumbi xa ibethwa ngumoya nemvula. Ngokuqhelekileyo ibingumbala ongwevu ophaphathekileyo. IFransi nayo yayinelitye elihle elimhlophe elivela eCaen elalilungele ukwenza imizobo entle kakhulu.

INgilani yafumana ilimestone erhabaxa, i<em>psamite ebomvu, kunye nebhastile elimnyama lePurbeck eliluhlaza, elaliqhele ukusetyenziselwa imihombiso yokwakha efana neentsika ezibhityileyo.

Emantla eJamani, eNetherlands, eDenmark, kumazwe aseBaltic nakumantla ePoland kwakungekho litye lihle lokwakha, kodwa kwakukho udongwe lokwenza izitena neethayile. Uninzi lwala mazwe aneecawa zezitena zeGothic kunye neenqaba zeGothic zezitena.

EItali, ilitye likalikalika lalisetyenziselwa iindonga zesixeko kunye neenqaba, kodwa izitena zazisetyenziselwa ezinye izakhiwo. Ngenxa yokuba i-Italiya yayinebhastile elihle kakhulu elinemibala emininzi eyahluka-hlukeneyo, izakhiwo ezininzi zineengaphambili okanye "iifacade" ezihonjiswe ngebhastile elinemibala. Ezinye iicawe zineefestile zezitena ezirhabaxa kakhulu ngenxa yokuba ibhastile alizange libekwe. Ngokomzekelo, iFlorence Cathedral ayizange iyifumane ifacade yayo yebhastile de kwayinkulungwane ye-XNUMX.

Kwezinye iindawo zaseYurophu, kwakukho imithi emininzi emide, ethe tye, eyayilungele ukwenza uphahla olukhulu kakhulu. Kodwa eNgilani, ngowe-1400, imithi emide, ethe tye yayifa. Uninzi lwemithi yayisetyenziselwa ukwakha iinqanawa. Abayili bezakhiwo kwafuneka bacinge ngendlela entsha yokwenza uphahla olubanzi ngamaplanga amafutshane. Le yindlela abayila ngayo iisilingi zehammerbeam, eziyenye yezinto ezintle ezibonwa kwiicawa ezininzi zakudala zamaNgesi.

Uyilo lweGothic eYurophu

IYurophu yayiyeyona ndawo iphambili yemvelaphi kunye nesigqibo esithatha ixesha elide, iimpawu zoyilo lweGothic kwimisebenzi yazo eyahlukeneyo kunye nolwakhiwo, nokuba lwezenkolo okanye lwasekuhlaleni. Ngesi sizathu, siya kuthi thaca ezona zinto zisetyenziswayo zolu hlobo lolwakhiwo ngokwamazwe athile aseYurophu, ngezantsi:

German gothic

Isitayile seGothic kwizakhiwo zaseJamani, ezazidityaniswe ngokusondeleyo neRomanesque ngelo xesha, zaqala ukuzibonakalisa ixesha elide emva kweFransi neNgilani. Ngaphambili yayisetyenziswa kwezinye zezakhiwo zeRomanesque. Ezinye zezakhiwo zaseJamani zeGothic zizakhiwo ezinkulu zecathedral eziphefumlelwe isimbo saseFrentshi Gothic.

Eyona mizekelo ibalulekileyo kwezi ziicathedrals zaseCologne naseStrasbourg, isakhiwo sokuqala seGothic ngokupheleleyo. Indlela yesibini yeGothic ibonakala kwizinto zangaphakathi ezenziwe zithatha njengomzekelo imiyalelo kunye nemihombiso yeecawa zamaNgesi ezicelayo.

iSpanish gothic

ISpain lelinye lamazwe anesicelo sokuqala soyilo lweGothic emva kweFransi. Olu lwakhiwo lwangoku, ukusebenza kwalo kwanda imihla ngemihla ngeendlela zokundwendwela kunye nabayili abahambahambayo, lwaphenjelelwa yi-French Gothic design. Iicathedrals ezinkulu ezakhiwe ngolu hlobo zinokubonwa kwiindawo ezininzi zelizwe, kubandakanya nommandla waseAndalusia. Eyona nto inomtsalane inokufumaneka kwisixeko saseBarcelona.

IsiTaliyane Gothic

Njengesiphumo sokufika kade kwezinto zokwakha zeGothic e-Italiya kunye nokuvela kwengcinga yeRenaissance kwangoko ngokunxuseneyo noku, imisebenzi yeGothic e-Italiya yasilela emva kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu.

Nangona kunjalo, akufanele ilibaleke ukuba "i-gothic" njengegama kunye nengcamango yaqalwa e-Italy nguGiorgio Vasari. Owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo weGothic owenziwe eItali ngeli xesha yiMilan Cathedral, enempembelelo yayo elula kunye neRomanesque.

IsiGothic kumantla eJamani, kumantla ePoland, nakumazwe aseScandinavia

Olu hlobo lolwakhiwo kuMbindi nakwiMpuma Yurophu lwalandela inkqubo eyahluke ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yezizathu zobupolitika. Ngowe-1346, IV. UCharles wenza iPrague ikomkhulu loBukhosi obuNgcwele baseRoma kwaye wayalela i-cathedral evela kubakhi bezakhiwo baseFransi. Ngokungafaniyo nemizekelo yaseFransi, iicathedrals ezinkulu kulo mmandla zazenziwe ngezitena ekuqaleni, kwaye kwavela isimbo esibizwa ngokuba yiBaltic Gothic.

Esona sizathu siphambili sokutshintsha ukusuka kwilitye ukuya kwizitena kukungenakwenzeka ukufumana ilitye kunye neengxaki zezoqoqosho. Ngesi sizathu, imihombiso eludongeni kaninzi ayichazwanga kangako kwimisebenzi eyenziwa kulo mmandla. Kwizakhiwo unokubona i-enamels enemibala kunye nemizekelo emihle kakhulu yeenkwenkwezi zeenkwenkwezi.

U mzekelo

Ngokusebenzisa izixeko ezahlukahlukeneyo ezenza eli lizwekazi, impembelelo yobu bugcisa iya kuhlaziywa ngokusebenzisa imizekelo eyahlukeneyo esemiyo kwaye iqhubeke ibe zezona zakhiwo zibalaseleyo ezineempawu zezakhiwo zeGothic, phakathi kwazo zikhankanyiwe:

eVienna-Austria

Uyilo lweGothic lwachukumisa iOstriya ngokulandelelanayo kwasekuqaleni kwaye lwavela ngokuthe ngcembe ngexesha lamaRoma ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Ngelo xesha, iOstriya yayingamaKatolika angagungqiyo, nto leyo eyafak’ isandla ekuphuculweni ngokukhawuleza koyilo lwelo lizwe. Nangona imisebenzi yokuqala emikhulu yeGothic yavela kwiOstriya esezantsi, eyona nto imangalisayo yeGothic yaseOstriya yiSt. Stephen's Cathedral eVienna.

Yakhiwa phakathi kwe-1304 kunye ne-1340, icawa yandiswa izihlandlo ezininzi kubo bonke ubukho bayo. Ngaphandle kobume bayo obunamandla, bekuya kuba ziinkulungwane ezintathu ngaphambi kokuba iDiocese yaseVienna inyuswe ibe ngubhishophu omkhulu. Icawe yakhiwe ngelitye lekalika lendawo kwaye yaziwa kakhulu ngokudityaniswa kwayo kweRomanesque kade kumphambili wasentshona kunye nolwandiso lweGothic.

Amacala esakhiwo ahlotshiswe ngeefestile ze-arch ezitsolo, ezahlukileyo kwixesha leGothic. Olona phawu luphawulekayo lweSt. Stephen, nangona kunjalo, luluhlu lwemibala eluphahleni, olugqunywe ngeethayile ezikhazimlisiweyo ezingaphezu kwama-200.000, uphahla lubonisa iidyasi zesixeko saseVienna kunye neRiphabhlikhi yaseOstriya kwicala elingasentla. . . Ingaphakathi liqaqambile kuzuko lweGothic kunye nezibingelelo ezingekho ngaphantsi kwe-18, ipulpiti yamatye entsonkothileyo, iicawa ezintandathu ezisesikweni, kunye nomfanekiso odumileyo kaMaria Pötsch.

Vilnius - eLithuania

Xa isitayile soyilo seGothic sasasazeka ukuya eLithuania ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, ilizwe laba lelona phondo lasempuma lesitayile. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba, izakhiwo zokuqala eziza kwakhiwa zenzelwe abarhwebi baseJamani, kunokuba basekuhlaleni, njengoko inkolo ephambili eLithuania yayisebuhedeni ngelo xesha.

Ngenxa yoko, uninzi lwezakhiwo zeGothic ezinokubonwa eLithuania namhlanje zaphuhliswa kuphela ngasekupheleni kwe-XNUMXth kunye ne-XNUMXth inkulungwane yokuqala.

Eyona ndawo iphawuleka kakhulu yeGothic yaseVilnius ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo yiCawe yaseSt. imizekelo yesimbo kumazwe aseBaltic. Ukongeza, isitena sendawo sisetyenzisiwe, esongeza kwi-charm eyahlukileyo yecawa kwaye yenza umzekelo ophilayo weBrick Gothic.

Ububodwa besakhiwo buboniswa kakuhle kwi-façade yayo. Iiarches ezitsolo ezibaxiweyo ziwongamela umzobo, osikhumbuza isimbo seGothic sakwaNtu, kodwa sakhiwe ngezinto ezixande ezingaqhelekanga zemizekelo yeGothic eqhelekileyo. Esi sakhiwo samaGothic siyamangalisa, ngokutsho kweengxelo ezithile, apho uNapoleon wamangaliswa kweso sakhiwo wayenokuvuyela "ukuthatha icawa eParis entendeni yesandla sakhe."

IPrague - kwiRiphabhliki yaseCzech

Ngenxa yendawo esembindini waseYurophu, isitayile seGothic safika kwiRiphabhliki yaseCzech ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Isitayile sakhula kancinci ngexesha lobukho baso, ke sihlala sihlelwa ngokwezitayile ezintathu:

• I-Premyslid Gothic (iGothic yamandulo)
• IsiLuxembourgish Gothic (High Gothic)
• I-Jagiellonian Gothic (i-Gothic yakamuva)

Iicawa zamaGothic kunye nezindlu zoonongendi zavela ngokukhawuleza kwaye zasasazeka ngokubanzi, kodwa omnye wemizekelo ephawulekayo yesi simbo, ngokuqinisekileyo, iSt. Vitus's Cathedral kwikomkhulu, ePrague.

Igunyaziswe nguJohn waseBohemia phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, umyili wokuqala wecawa osebenzisanayo, uMatthias waseArras, waphefumlelwa kakhulu yiPapa Palace eAvignon. Unoxanduva lwesakhiwo esibizwa ngokuba yi-buttresses ephaphazelayo, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kuyilo lweGothic.

Emva kokufa kwakhe, umyili wezakhiwo uPeter Parler wayelandela kakhulu izicwangciso zakhe zangaphambili, kodwa wongeza uchuku lwakhe olufana ne-vaults, into eguqukayo ngelo xesha.

Abaninzi abayili bezakhiwo basebenza kwi-cathedral kubo bonke ubukho bayo kwaye, eneneni, yagqitywa kuphela ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Ngaphandle kweempembelelo zanamhlanje, njengezinye iifestile zanamhlanje. Into eqinisekileyo kukuba iSt. Vitus Cathedral yasePrague iseyeyona mizekelo ibalaseleyo yolwakhiwo lweGothic eYurophu.

eMilano, eItali

I-architecture ye-Gothic yaziswa okokuqala e-Italiya ngenkulungwane ye-1386, emva kokuba ingeniswe eBurgundy (ngoku eyimpuma yeFransi). Izakhiwo zamandulo ezineempawu zezakhiwo zeGothic eMilan (ezifana neSanta Maria kwingingqi yaseBrera) zazinxilile, zihonjiswe kancinci, kwaye zihlala zenziwe ngezitena. Xa ukwakhiwa kweGothic kwaqala ukusasazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ukwakhiwa kweDuomo di Milano kwaqala (ngo-XNUMX).

IMilan Cathedral yathabatha phantse iinkulungwane ezintandathu ukugqiba yaye ngoku iyeyona cawa inkulu eItali, eyesithathu ngobukhulu eYurophu neyesine ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Ekubeni iCathedral yaseMilan yalibaziseka kakhulu ekugqityweni, kuphawulwa ukuba iindawo zokwakha (kubandakanywa nomgangatho ophantsi, owakhiwa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX) ziphefumlelwe ngakumbi kuyilo lweRenaissance.

Kodwa umgca wophahla lweDuomo di Milano ichongiwe kakhulu kuyilo lwakudala lweGothic lwezigcawu, iipinnacles, iigargoyles, kunye nemifanekiso engaphezu kwama-3.400. Eyona nto idumileyo kuyo yonke imifanekiso yiNtombi Enyulu yeGolide, emi phezulu kunayo yonke eminye kwaye inokubonwa kwithafa ephezulu yecathedral.

Rouen - eFransi

Enye yezona modeli zibalaseleyo ezineempawu zezakhiwo zeGothic eFransi yiRouen Cathedral, eyagqitywa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kwisitayile sokuqala samaGothic. Ukutyhubela iminyaka iindawo ezininzi zongezwa, zonakaliswa, zalungiswa zaza zatshintshwa. Ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, yehlelwa umonakalo omkhulu ebudeni beemfazwe zonqulo zamaFrentshi yaye neMfazwe Yehlabathi II nayo yasishiya isidima esi sakhiwo sihle.

Ungawonwabela uyilo olunomtsalane lweGothic oluboniswe kumbindi omkhulu kunye nobunzulu bangaphakathi, kunye neesilingi zayo eziphakamileyo ezazikade ziphezulu emhlabeni. Kukho iinqaba ezibalaseleyo ezintathu, iTour de Beurre (inqaba yebhotolo), iTour Saint Romain, kunye neTour Lantern, nganye iphakame phezu kwecathedral yonke.

Indawo ephambili yecathedral ngumzekelo obalaseleyo weFlamboyant, isimbo seGothic samva esaphuhliswa eFransi ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Nangona kunjalo, i-portal yasekhohlo (i-Porte St-Jean) ibalulekile ekusindini ukususela kwixesha le-Gothic yokuqala yekhulu le-XNUMX. I-nave inokuphakama kwemigangatho emine, ukuphakama okuthintelweyo, kunye nezinto zokwakha ezigxile ezantsi, endaweni yokuya ezulwini njengoyilo lwamva lweGothic.

I-Chapelle de la Vierge (i-Lady Chapel) ihonjiswe ngamangcwaba e-Renaissance yobukhosi baseFransi obususela kwi-900 AD Eyona nto idumileyo yasebukhosini yintliziyo kaRichard the Lionheart yaseNgilani. Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwezenkolo kunye nolwakhiwo, iRouen Cathedral ikwanemisebenzi engaphezulu kwama-30 kaClaude Monet ethe yafuduselwa kwiMusée d'Orsay.

IiCharts - eFransi

I-Chartres Cathedral yindawo yelifa lehlabathi ye-UNESCO ebizwa ngokuba "yimbalasane yobugcisa be-Gothic yesiFrentshi." Ithathwa ngokubanzi njengowona mzekelo ubalaseleyo woyilo lweGothic eFransi, nangaphezulu kuneNotre-Dame eParis.

Ekubeni iChartres Cathedral yangaphambili, eyayakhiwe ngendlela yesiRomanesque, yatsha yaphela, ukutshintshwa kwayo kwakungeyiyo i-hodgepodge yeendlela zangaphambili, njengoko kudla ngokuba njalo. Endaweni yoko, yakhiwe ngokupheleleyo kwisitayile seGothic phakathi kwe-1194 kunye ne-1250 kwaye ihambelana kakhulu.

Iimpawu zoyilo lweGothic apha azinakuphikiswa kakhulu kuba ziqulathe iivaults ezineembambo kunye neebhuthi ezibhabhayo zangaphandle, ezinciphisa umthwalo ezindongeni kwaye zivumele ukongezwa kweefestile ezinkulu zeglasi. ICathedral imile ixesha elide kwaye igcinwe kakuhle. Ngokumangalisayo, i-152 ye-176 yeefestile zeglasi ezinemibala zisasebenza.

Uya kufumana amakhulu emifanekiso eqingqiweyo, zombini kwi-façade yeCathedral nangaphakathi. Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo ebalisayo yeGothic kwiWest Portal isasazwe phezu kweengcango ezintathu ezikhokelela kwiCathedral. Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo ekumnyango wokuqala imela ubomi bukaYesu Kristu emhlabeni, owesibini ubonisa ukuza kwakhe kwesibini, ngoxa owesithathu ubonisa amaxesha okuphela njengoko achazwe kwincwadi yeSityhilelo.

Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yangaphakathi yekhusi lesikhumbuzo elijikeleze ikwayala iyeyexesha lamva kakhulu kwaye ayizange igqitywe de kwayinkulungwane ye-XNUMX, kodwa ayizuki kangako kunoogxa babo beGothic.

IBarcelona, ​​eSpain

Enye yezona ndawo zibalaseleyo ezibekwe zingcoliswe ziimpawu zeGothic Architecture, yiBarcelona. I-Barcelona ine-square ye-2000 yeminyaka ubudala ebizwa ngokuba yi-Gothic Quarter, eyimbonakaliso ephilayo yendaleko yobugcisa beGothic.

Iindonga zekota yamaGothic zakhiwa ngamaRoma zaza zandiswa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Iindawo ezininzi kwiGothic Quarter zakhiwa okanye zalungiswa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ngendlela ye-neo-Gothic, umzekelo i-emblematic Barcelona Cathedral. Nangona kunjalo, usenako ukubona ezinye iicawa zeGothic zenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kwikota yeGothic yaseBarcelona.

Enye yezo ndawo yiPlaza Ramón, ekhumbuza isixeko esibiyelwe ngodonga saseBarcino kwimbali yaseRoma. Ngumxube oqhelekileyo wamaxesha amathathu embali yaseCatalonia: iindonga zaseRoma, iChapel yaseSanta Ágata kunye nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo weBala leBarcelona, ​​​​uRamón Berenguer. I-Chapel yaseSanta Ágata yisikhumbuzo seGothic esaqala ngo-1302. Ezinye izikhumbuzo eziphawulekayo ze-Gothic ukusuka kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX kwi-Barcelona yakudala yi-Santa María del Mar kunye ne-Santa María del Pi.

EMünster, eJamani

Esi sisixeko saseJamani apho nawuphi na umthandi woyilo lweGothic angathandana naye. Esi sixeko sasisekwe kwiCawa yamaKatolika, njengobhishophu woBukhosi obuNgcwele baseRoma kumaxesha aphakathi, kwaye uninzi lwezakhiwo zesixeko zeGothic zisuka kwiintshukumo zecawe zokuseka nokugcina amandla esixekweni.

Kukho izakhiwo ezi-3 eziphambili ezithi zibambe amehlo kwangoko eMünster, zonke zibekwe kwi-Prinzipalmarkt, idolophu endala yedolophu. Eyokuqala yiSt. Paulus Dom, maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba yiMünster Cathedral, edityaniswe nezitayile zamaRoma nezamaGothic. Ezinye ezimbini yicawa yaseSaint Lambert neMünster Rathaus, okanye iholo yedolophu. Kunzima ukukhetha owuthandayo kwezi zintathu, kodwa iCawa yaseSt. Lambert inokuba neyona draw inkulu.

I-St. Lambert's ihlelwa ngokobugcisa njenge-Late Gothic, kodwa inenani leempawu zeGothic eziqhelekileyo, ezitsala umdla wombukeli kuwo onke amacala. Ingaphakathi libonisa i-nave ende kakhulu, ekhanyiswe ngoluhlu lweefestile zeglasi ezinomtsalane kunye nenkxaso yevault eneembambo. Umphandle ubonisa i-tympanum entsonkothileyo kunye nemizobo eneenkcukacha ezicolekileyo ejikeleze iifestile, ecaleni kophahla, nakwiikholamu ezixhasayo.

Icawe iphakanyiswe ngumbono ocacileyo olawula imbonakalo yesixeko. Ngenxa yokuphakama kwayo kunye nobukho bayo, i-spire yaba yindawo yomlindi wenqaba. Ukuqala ngo-1379, umlindi wenqaba wayeza kukhwela phezulu kwi-spire kwaye akhangele indawo ejikelezileyo ngeempawu zomlilo okanye iintshaba ezisondelayo. Ukuba akukho nanye ibonwe, yonke into ecacileyo yayiza kukhaliswa, ngokukhalisa isigodlo kwiindlela ezi-3. Lo msitho usaqhutywa rhoqo ebusuku.

Ghent - eBelgium

IGhent yayiliziko elibalulekileyo lorhwebo lwamalaphu phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX, kanye ngelo xesha iGothic isiba sisitayile esithandwayo eYurophu. Izakhiwo ezininzi zakhiwa eGhent ngelo xesha.

Yiyo loo nto umbindi wedolophu wonke une-gothic kwaye yenye yezona ndawo zigcinwe kakhulu eYurophu ezakhiwe ngolo hlobo. Esi sixeko siphantse sabizwa ngokuba "sisixeko seenqaba ze-gothic". Nangona kunjalo, ezintathu eziphambili yiBelfry, iCawe yaseSaint Nicholas kunye neCathedral yaseSaint Bavo.

I-Ghent Cathedral sesinye sezakhiwo apho unokuziva ngcono isimbo seGothic. Yaqalwa njengecawa yaseRoma, yaphinda yakhiwa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kwaye iimpawu zeGothic zibonakala ngakumbi kwikwayala yayo. I-spire yayo yakhiwa eBrabanter Gothic ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Luhlobo lwesitayile segothic esasidumile eBelgium nakwezinye iindawo zaseNetherlands. I-Saint Bavo's Cathedral ikwalikhaya lesona sibingelelo sidumileyo seGothic ngelo xesha: "iGhent Alter" nguJan van Eyck.

Enye icawa eyakhiwe ngexesha elifanayo yiCawa yaseSaint Nicholas. Ingumzekelo we-Schelde's Gothic architecture. Izigcawu ezincinci nezibukekayo kwiifacade zayo luphawu oluqhelekileyo.

Ekubeni yayilikhaya labarhwebi abaninzi abazizityebi ngexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi, iGhent inemizekelo emininzi yezakhiwo zehlabathi zamaGothic, akunjalo nakwezinye izixeko. Kufuphi ne-cathedral yiLakenhalle (iHolo yeMpahla) eyakhiwe ngo-1425. Iibhuthi zayo, iindawo zokulala kunye ne-stepped pediments ziyimizekelo emihle yeempawu ze-architecture ye-Gothic. IHolo yeDolophu nayo ineempawu zayo ezininzi.

Eyona ndawo indala yindlu engaphantsi komhlaba eyakhiwa ngenkulungwane ye-1518. Kwi-XNUMX i-façade ye-Brabanter Gothic yaqalwa kwi-Councillor's House der Keure. I-Metselaarshuis yakhiwe ngendlela efanayo ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.

eTatev - eArmenia

Imbali etyebileyo, iinkcubeko ezizodwa, kwaye ekudibaneni kweendlela zaseAsia naseYurophu, iArmenia lelinye lala mazwe ahlala eyindawo engaqondakaliyo nengaqhelekanga yokuhamba kwabaninzi. Ithathwa njengesizwe sokuqala ukwenza ubuKristu inkolo yaseburhulumenteni ngo-301 AD. Ngokungafaniyo neecathedral zegothic kunye nezindlu zoonongendi kwezinye iindawo zaseYurophu, iArmenia yayineliso leecawe kunye nezindlu zeemonki ezincinci, ezimnyama, kwaye ziyilwe njengeendawo ezivulekileyo. .

Bambi basenokuthi iArmenia inkqenkqeza phambili ekusebenziseni iinkalo zezakhiwo zamaGoth, apho ezinye zezikhumbuzo eziseleyo zazikho ebudeni bexesha langaphambi kobuKristu, elalinempembelelo yama-Asiriya namaBhabhiloni, amaGrike okanye kwanamaRoma.

Omnye weyona mizekelo ibalaseleyo yesi sitayile soyilo sahlukileyo yindlu yeemonki yaseTatev, eseSyunik. Indlu yeemonki yakhiwa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kwaye ikwasebenza njengeyunivesithi, iyenza ibe yenye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo ngokwembali ukutyelela eArmenia.

Ixesha layo elidlulileyo leGothic liphawuleka ngokukodwa kwi-Tatev bell tower kunye neentsimbi zobhedu ezongeziweyo ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Ngaphakathi uya kuqaphela ukuba kukho ii-arches ezinkulu zangaphandle ezimile okwedome kunye ne-bas-reliefs zobuso babantu ezineentloko zeenyoka ezichaseneyo.

Njengoko usiya ungene nzulu kwindlu yeemonki, iindlela ezimxinwa zikhokelela kwiiholo eziphangaleleyo ezibonakala zingenanto, zingenanto kwaye zimnyama. Ubumnyama, izinyuko zamatye kunye neengcango ezigudileyo ziyenza ibe yinto ekhathazayo kwaye ime njengobungqina beyona mpucuko indala kunye neyona ingabhengezwanga kangako.

Bruges - eBelgium

Esi sesinye sezona zixeko zibukekayo ukutyelela eYurophu kunye nombindi wedolophu yasentsomini ephakathi. Eyona nto ibalaseleyo yeBruges zizakhiwo zeGothic, uninzi lwazo zakhiwe ngasekupheleni kweXesha eliPhakathi. Isitayile sinokuchazwa ngokuchanekileyo njengeBrick Gothic, eqhelekileyo kumazwe akuMntla Yurophu. Yonke iDolophu endala yaseBruges iyindawo yeLifa leMveli le-UNESCO.

Phakathi kweendawo ezibukekayo ze-gothic zesixeko, unokuzivumela ukuba umangaliswe kwisikwere saseBurg esinamatye anqabileyo aliqela, anje ngembonakalo entle yeFaçade yeHolo yeDolophu (eyakhiwe ngo-1376). Inkosi yaseDatshi uJan van Eyck wayipeyinta i-façade yokuqala, kwaye nangona yatshatyalaliswa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, ibuyiselwe kubuhle bayo bokuqala.

Enyanisweni, sesinye sezakhiwo zokuqala zeGothic eFlanders, uphawu lwamandla ezoqoqosho eBruges ayenayo kwi-XNUMXth kunye ne-XNUMXth inkulungwane. Ingaphakathi lesakhiwo lifanelekile ukutyelelwa, ngakumbi igumbi elikhulu leGothic elinemizobo emikhulu eludongeni. Ikwanayo neHolo yezeMbali edityanisiweyo, apho imizobo emininzi kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo iphumla exela ngemizabalazo yamandla kwimbali yaseBruges.

Oxford - UK

Kukho izixeko ezininzi e-UK ezinemizekelo emihle yoyilo lweGothic, kodwa ezimbalwa kuzo zikhuphisana neOxford ngenani kunye nesikali. Inxalenye enkulu yeOxford (zombini iyunivesithi nangaphaya) yakhiwe ngendlela yesiNgesi yesiGothic; Kunye, ezi zakhiwo ze-gothic zenza umqolo wesiXeko se-Dreaming Spiers.

Umbindi weOxford uncinci ngokumangalisayo kwaye likhaya lezona zakhiwo zibalulekileyo zeGothic. Zininzi, kodwa ezona modeli zibalaseleyo zesiNgesi iGothic eOxford yintsimbi yentsimbi yeKholeji yaseMagdalen, iKholeji eNtsha, iCawa yaseSt.

Inqaba yentsimbi yeCawa yaseSt.

Ngelixa ngaphesheya kwesitrato ukusuka kule cawa kukho iSikolo seBodleian Divinity, esona sakhiwo sidala esakhiwe ngeyunivesithi esinesilingi entle evalekileyo, into edityaniswe kakhulu neempawu zoyilo lweGothic.

Leon - eSpain

Isixeko saseLeón sesinye seendawo zokumisa kwiCamino de Santiago, kunye neCathedral yaseBurgos kunye neCathedral yaseSantiago de Compostela. Esi sixeko sineCathedral yaseLeón, eyicawe engumzekelo wobugcisa obuphefumlelwe kukuzinikela kunqulo kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo iqulethe iimpawu zoyilo lweGothic. Yakhiwa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX AD kwindawo yeebhafu zaseRoma kunye namabhotwe eVisigothic, i-cathedral ibonwa njengobugcisa bokwakha beGothic.

Iphantse ibe ziimitha ezingama-2.000 zeefestile zeglasi enemibala, ezinye zazo ezisusela kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX, impumelelo emangalisayo yokugcinwa kwenkcubeko. Ingaphakathi linomtsalane ngokulinganayo. Isibingelelo esikhulu sigcina iintsalela zomxhasi wesixeko, uSan Friulano. Kukwakho imyuziyam enomdla equlathe ubugcisa benkolo obusuka kwi-Neolithic ukuya kumaxesha amva nje.

EDublin - eIreland

Esinye sezona zixeko zibalaseleyo zaseYurophu ukubona iimpawu zoyilo lweGothic yiDublin, ikomkhulu laseIreland. Isixeko sisawagcina amacala ahlukeneyo oyilo lwe-gothic eDublin, kodwa kukho isakhiwo esitsala ingqalelo ngakumbi: ICathedral yeChristian Church.

Ibekwe kwindawo ephakamileyo kweyona ndawo indala yesixeko, kumakhulu ambalwa eemitha ukusuka kwiKholeji yaseTrinity, kwiSitalato iO'Connell, iGPO, iGrafton Street kunye neSt. Stephen's Green. Inxalenye yeCawa yase-Anglican yaseIreland, iChrist Church Cathedral yeyona cawa ingumama weDayosisi yaseDublin kunye neGlendalough.

Imbali yesakhiwo ibuyele kunyaka we-1038. Ngexesha lakhe, ukumkani wokuqala waseDenmark ongumKristu, uKumkani uSitric Barba Seda, wakha icawa yokhuni kule ndawo. Nangona kunjalo, ukwakhiwa kwecathedral yamatye yangoku kwaqala emva kwexesha elincinci, ngo-1172, emva kokoyiswa kweDublin nguStrongbow, i-baron yaseNorman.

Ukwakhiwa kwaqhubeka ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kwaye kwakhuthazwa yi-architecture ye-English Western School of Gothic. Namhlanje iyenye yezona cawa zintle nezinomtsalane kweli lizwe.

EParis eFransi

I-Paris yahluliwe ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezintle, ukusukela kuBukhosi beSibini kwi-Champs-Élysées ukuya kwisitayile sanamhlanje saseMontmartre. I-Notre-Dame Cathedral ayisona litye lesikhumbuzo linomtsalane esixekweni, kodwa ikwangomnye weyona mizekelo ibalaseleyo yeempawu zoyilo lweGothic kwihlabathi.

ICathedral yaseNotre-Dame iye yachukumisa iindwendwe ukusukela oko yakhiwa phakathi ko-1163-1345. Igqame njengenye yezakhiwo zokuqala ezisebenzisa i-buttress ebhabhayo, i-arch eyaba banzi ukusuka eludongeni olungaphandle ukuya kwinqaba eyenziwe ngamatye. Inqaku elibalulekileyo loyilo lwe-Gothic, i-flying buttress inceda ukuhambisa kwakhona ubunzima beendonga ezinkulu, ivumela ukuba kufakwe iifestile ezinkulu zeglasi.

I-façade enamandla kaNotre Dame ineenqaba ezimbini kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yabantu bezenkolo nabembali. Embindini kukho ifestile yerozi esazinge, efumaneka kwezinye iicawa zamaGothic eParis, njengeBasilica yaseSainte-Clotilde, iSainte-Chapelle, neSaint-Séverin. I-Notre-Dame idla ngokuziwa ngokuba yi-gargoyles, i-grotesques, kunye ne-chimeras, eziye zaboniswa kwiincwadi ezidumileyo kunye neemuvi.

Ngelixa zihlala ziqokelelwa njenge "gargoyles," ii-gargoyles zisebenza iijethi zamanzi (ezivela kwigama elithi "gargle" ngenxa yesandi sokukhupha amanzi), i-grotesques yimizobo yamatye eyahlukahlukeneyo ebekwe ngeenxa zonke ngaphandle, kwaye ii-chimeras zizidalwa ezinomfanekiso iibhalkhoni zentsimbi. Ukuhamba nge-Notre-Dame, unokubona ubuhle bee-buttresses ezibhabhayo, iinkcukacha kwi-masonry, i-spire ehonjisiweyo, kwaye ujabulele iigadi kunye neentendelezo ezijongene noMlambo waseSeine.

Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-700 ubudala kunye neendwendwe ezizizigidi ezili-13 ngonyaka, ulondolozo lwendalo yeyona nto ixhalabisa kakhulu kwi-Notre-Dame, kwaye imibutho efana ne-Friends of Notre Dame icela iminikelo yokunceda ukugcina ubomi obude becawe. I-Paris ineendawo ezininzi ezininzi ezineempawu ze-architecture ye-Gothic ezifana ne-1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 7th arrondissement.

Ukuhla kwesitayile seGothic

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, abaninzi abaculi baseFlemish bafudukela eFransi kwaye isitayela seFranco-Flemish sadalwa, esibonisa ubuhle kunye nomdla kwiinkcukacha zemizuzu; yanwenwela kangangokuba yade yabizwa ngokuba siSimbo Sezizwe Ngezizwe.

Malunga neli xesha ukupeyinta kwephaneli, phantsi kobunkokeli beMimandla yeFlanders kunye ne-Italiya, kwaphakama kakhulu kuzo zonke ezinye iindlela zokupeyinta. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu. abapeyinti ngabanye, abanje:

• UStephan Lochner
• UMartin Schonguer
• UMathias Grunewald

Baphawula eJamani, isiphelo sobugcisa beGothic. Abanye, abafana noJean Fouquet eFransi kunye noVan Eycks eFlanders, bakhombe indlela eya kwiRenaissance ngelixa begcina uninzi lomoya wamaGothic. Kwi-Itali yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu, apho isitayile seGothic sasingazange sibambe, iRenaissance yokuqala yayisele iqhakazile.

Ukuvuselelwa koyilo lwe-gothic

Njengabo bonke ubugcisa, iimpawu ze-architecture ye-Gothic yayingeyiyo ifomyula emileyo, kodwa yavela ngokuhamba kweminyaka kwaye yabona uphuculo kunye nezinto ezintsha njengoko abakhi bezakhiwo kunye nabakhi beyila iikhonsepthi ezintsha kwaye bazisebenzisa.

Ukuhonjiswa okukhulu ngakumbi, kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo emininzi nangaphezulu, kuguqule izakhiwo ezininzi zeGothic zibe ziigalari zobugcisa bokwenyani ngaphandle konyawo olunye olutyhilwe liqela labantu benkolo, abangcwele kunye needemon. Iisilingi ezigudileyo, iibhulu ezibhabhayo kunye neefestile zeglasi ezinebala zonke zabona indaleko efanayo kwaye zaba neenkcukacha ezingakumbi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Nangona kunjalo, i-architecture ye-Gothic ekugqibeleni ayizange ithandeke emva kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kwaye yathatyathelwa indawo ziindlela zakudala zoyilo ezaziswa yiRenaissance. Nangona iindlela zeGothic ziye zaphela zada zaya kuthi, ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, uninzi lwabayili bezakhiwo balufumanisa lucocekile kwaye aluthandeki, lwaba nemvuselelo phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kwaye impembelelo yayo isaqhubeka nokukhuthaza uyilo ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje.

Ukuba ufumene eli nqaku malunga neempawu zeGothic Architecture umdla, siyakumema ukuba wonwabele ezi ezinye:

• Izakhiwo zaseRoma
• uyilo lwaseYiputa
• Uyilo lweMesopotamiya