Izityalo zikho kubomi bemihla ngemihla boluntu, zisetyenziselwa ukuhlobisa indawo kunye nemeko yamakhaya. I-Cacti imele enye yezityalo zokuhombisa eziphambili ezisetyenziswa luluntu, oku kungenxa yokumila kwazo okude okanye okungqukuva kunye nokunameva, kodwa iintyatyambo zazo zezona zifanekisela ngenxa yokuba ziyizilwanyana ezizimeleyo, ezinamaqabunga amakhulu kunye nemibala eqaqambileyo, eyaziwayo kwinqaku elilandelayo. iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeCactus edumileyo eneentyatyambo.
ICacti eneentyatyambo
Izityalo ziintlobo zezityalo ezigubungela umhlaba wonke, zizalwa emhlabeni kwaye zisasazwa kuzo zonke iimbombo zomhlaba, ziqhelana neemeko ezahlukeneyo zemozulu (imbalela, imvula) kwaye zivela kuzo zonke iindawo eziphilayo ezihlala entlango, emahlathini, emahlathini. ii-savannahs kunye namathafa, phakathi kwabanye. Bamele enye yezinto eziphilayo ezibaluleke kakhulu, ukuphumeza inkqubo efanelekileyo ye-biochemical yokugcinwa kobomi obubizwa ngokuba yi-photosynthesis, ejongene nokubonelela nge-oksijini efunekayo kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo.
Kukho iindidi ezininzi zezityalo, kule meko i-cacti iya kugqama, luhlobo lwesityalo sosapho lwe-Cactaceae kwaye zidume kakhulu ngokufunyanwa ikakhulu kwiindawo ezomileyo kunye nentlango, zithathwa njengohlobo lwezityalo. iintlobo eziye zaguquka kwaye zaqhelana nemozulu eyomileyo kunye nokufuma okuphantsi, ukuthatha iifom ezahlukeneyo zomzimba ezifana nengqukuva kunye ne-cylindrical ukuze kuncitshiswe indawo eveleleyo kunye nokugcina ukufuma ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kwayo.
Ukongezelela, amaqabunga ayo aguquke ukuba athathe ifom yeenaliti ezicacileyo, ngenjongo yokuphepha ukulahlekelwa ngumswakama kwinkqubo yayo kwaye imele indlela yokukhusela kwezinye iintlobo ezidliwayo. Zithathwa njengezivela kwilizwekazi laseMelika nangona kukholelwa ukuba ngexesha lobukoloniyali ezinye iindidi ezivela kwihlabathi lakudala zazithuthwa, umzekelo ezo zezityalo ezinencindi ezifana kakhulu necacti. Ngaphandle koku, kukho iintlobo zezilwanyana ezihlala kwilizwekazi laseAfrika.
Izixhobo
Usapho lwe-cacti lukwaziwa ngokuba yinxalenye ye-succulents egcina amanzi kwi-tissue yazo ukuze iqhelane nendawo ezihlala kuyo. Zinesiqu esingqukuva kunye nobukhulu bombhobho (Globoso) okanye i-cylindrical flattened kwezinye iindawo (Columnar), igxininiswe yi-tissue eluhlaza eyomeleleyo, oku kubangelwa i-chlorophyll evumela ukuphuhliswa kwe-photosynthesis.
Baye kwisakhiwo sabo i-areola efumaneka kwindawo ephezulu yeentlobo ze-cacti vegetative, ithathwa njengendawo yokukhula kwaye ivelisa iintyatyambo zazo, ziphuhlisa iinwele ezininzi ezifana ne-cotton fibers, ngaphezu kokugqunywa ngeenxa zonke ngameva. . . Iintyatyambo zayo zihlala zodwa kunye ne-hermaphroditic (zinazo zombini izitho zokuzala) eziphuma ngamaxesha athile onyaka kwaye zibonisa enye yezona zinto zinomtsalane.
Olu hlobo lubonwa kwiintlango kwaye luze lusetyenziswe njengezinto zokuhombisa ezindlini nakwezinye iindawo zangaphakathi, oku kungenxa yobuhle kunye neentyatyambo ezimangalisayo.
Ukhathalelo olusisiseko
Ukulinywa kwe-cacti kuthathwa njengento elula kakhulu kwaye kulula ukuyinyamekela, nangona kukho iindidi ezininzi, nganye inezinto ezifanayo. Ngenxa yobume bazo ezi zityalo zifuna ingqwalasela encinci ukuze zihlale zisempilweni kwaye zomelele, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ziphinde zenziwe iimeko eziqhelekileyo ze-ecosystem yazo. Iimeko ezisisiseko zokulima kwayo ngempumelelo zichazwe ngezantsi:
Unkcenkceshelo
Ukunkcenkceshela kuthathwa njengendlela yokongeza amanzi kwiintlobo zezityalo, inoxanduva lokusasazwa kwiingcambu zayo kunye nokuhamba ngaphakathi kwesityalo sonke. Kuthathwa njengento ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni okunempilo kwe-cacti, ebonakaliswe ngokuyigcina ngaphakathi kwezicubu zabo kwaye oku kubangelwa ukulungelelaniswa neemeko zemozulu ezinzima (amaqondo aphezulu kunye nomswakama ophantsi).
ICacti zizityalo ezinokumelana nokunkcenkceshela kakuhle, kodwa ukufumba kolwelo kufuneka kuphetshwe ngokukhukulisa umhlaba. Ngenxa yoko, kuyimfuneko ukunkcenkceshela amaxesha ngamaxesha, kucetyiswa kanye ngeveki kwixesha lasehlotyeni kwaye kanye ngenyanga ngexesha lasebusika ekubeni umswakama wokusingqongileyo uqinisekisa ukugubungela imfuno yamanzi ngeli xesha. Kwimeko yokuba ebhodweni, kuyimfuneko ukuphepha ukuqokelela kwamanzi kwi-plate ephantsi, ekubeni ekuhambeni kwexesha kuchaphazela iingcambu kunye nokubola.
Kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela imeko yokusingqongileyo ukwazi ukuba unkcenkceshelo lwenziwa kangaphi, ukuba i-cactus ingaphakathi (indlu okanye iofisi) kunye nokufudumeza kuvuliwe rhoqo, kunokufuna ubuninzi obukhulu bokunkcenkceshela kungakhathaliseki ixesha lokunkcenkceshela. unyaka. Ngaphandle koko, inokunkcenkceshelwa ngezihlandlo ezimbalwa, kuba zizityalo ezifuna amanzi amancinci.
Ubicación
Izityalo zihlala zibekwe kwindawo ethile, zityalwe kwiindawo ezithanda ukukhula kwazo kwaye zivumela ukudibana okwaneleyo nokukhanya kwelanga. I-Cacti idinga ukukhanya okukhulu kwaye ngokukhethekileyo ukukhanya okuthe ngqo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, zihlala zihlala kwiindawo ezikhanyiswe kakuhle (iindawo zangaphandle, iigadi, kufuphi neefestile). Iintlobo ezibonisa iinwele kunye nameva (inani eliphezulu lazo), zidinga inani elikhulu lelanga; Ngaphandle koko, abo banameva ambalwa bafuna umoya ongakumbi kunye nomthunzi.
Ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza
Iquka igama elinxulumene nokukwazi kwezityalo ukusinda kwiimeko ezimbi ngexesha lokukhula kwazo, ukukwazi ukunyamezela ingqele, ubushushu, imbalela kunye nomoya. Kwimeko ye-cacti, ngexesha lasebusika kufuneka ikhuselwe kuba ayinyamezeli ingqele (amaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe-7ºC), kucetyiswa ukuba ibe kumagumbi ashushu kakhulu anamaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwe-20ºC kwaye kuthintelwe ukuhlalisana kwengqele kunye nokufuma komhlaba. okusingqongileyo.
Uhlobo Lomhlaba
Umhlaba, owaziwa ngokuba yi-substrate, ubhekisa kwindawo apho isityalo sityalwe khona, banoxanduva lokubonelela ngezondlo zophuhliso lwaso kunye nokubonelela uzinzo ngexesha lokukhula kwayo. ICacti iyakwazi ukumelana nomhlaba owomileyo (intlango) osasazwe kuwo wonke la mhlaba, kodwa ukuba ityalwe kwimihlaba eyondlekileyo inokukhula ngamandla kwaye idubule kakhulu.
Kucetyiswa ukuba usebenzise imihlaba ene-porosity eyaneleyo, ukutyeba okuphakathi, ubuninzi bezondlo, ugcino oluhle lokufuma kunye ne-acidic kancinane pH (malunga ne-6).
Izichumisi zeCacti
Zizinto eziphilayo okanye ezingabonakaliyo ezijongene nokondla umhlaba, ukubonelela ngeeminerali ezihambelana neengcambu zezityalo kunye nokugcina iimeko ezifanelekileyo ngexesha lokukhula kwazo. Nangona i-cactus ikwazi ukuziqhelanisa nemihlaba ehlwempuzekileyo kwizondlo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe umhlaba olungisiweyo onika iipropati eziyimfuneko kwaye unikeze izondlo eziyimfuneko ekuphuhlisweni kwayo okufanelekileyo.
Ukutshintshwa
Ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka kusetyenziswe iimeko ezikhethekileyo zokuphuhliswa kakuhle kwesityalo, njengokutshintshwa, okubhekiselele ekuhambiseni isityalo kwenye indawo ephucula ukuphuhliswa nokukhula kwayo. Kwimeko apho i-cactus iyeka ukukhula, ifumana umbala ombi kwaye iingcambu zayo ziphuma; kungenxa yokuba idinga ukutshintshwa, kwimeko yokuba yimbiza, sebenzisa udongwe okanye izitya, sebenzisa i-drainage ezantsi.
Iintlobo zeCactus ezineentyatyambo
I-Cacti eneentyatyambo imele umtsalane omkhulu, oku kungenxa yokuba iyamangalisa kwaye inemibala, inobungakanani obukhulu ngokuthelekiswa nezo zifunyenwe kwezinye izityalo. Iintyatyambo zayo zidla ngokuvela zodwa okanye zodwa, kunye nomjikelo wobomi obufutshane; Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ze-cacti kwaye kuxhomekeke kwiintlobo zazo, kuya kuba nefuthe ekuchaseni intyatyambo, kwezinye iimeko ziphila kuphela emini.
Kuzo zonke iimeko, zinexesha leentyantyambo entwasahlobo okanye ehlotyeni, ngakumbi ngala maxesha apho kukho ukukhanya okukhulu kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ngaphezu kokuthanda ubukho beenyosi ezisasaza incindi yazo. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zecacti ezineentyatyambo, ezibonisa ezinye zazo apha ngezantsi:
Inkwenkwezi yeCactus okanye iAstrophytum
I-Astrophytum Ornatum eyaziwa ngokuba yi-cactus efana neenkwenkwezi, ngaphezu kokubizwa ngokuba yi-Liendrilla, i-Biznaga, i-Astrophyto okanye i-Piojosa. Inomzimba wecylindrical kunye nobudala obufikelela kwimitha ubude, buluhlaza bumnyama (ubutsha) kwaye emva koko buluhlaza obukhanyayo kunye namabala esilivere (ubudala). Ukongeza ekubeni neentyatyambo kumaqela aliqela eeyunithi ezimbini ezingaphezulu, zilinganisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-9 yeesentimitha ububanzi, umbala wazo utyheli kwaye ziyaqhakaza ukusuka phakathi entwasahlobo ukuya ngasekupheleni kwehlobo. Zivela kuMntla Merika kwaye zikhula kulo naluphi na uhlobo lomhlaba.
I-Echinopsis
Iqulathe uhlobo lwecactus yeCactoideae subfamily kwaye inzalelwane yaseMzantsi Melika eneentlobo ezingaphezu kwe-150 ezahlukeneyo. Iziqu zayo zinemilo ye-cylindrical kunye neyobude obuphela kwimilo engqukuva; ngoko ke zisusela kwiintlobo ezinkulu kakhulu ukuya kumatyholo amancinci. Olu hlobo lwe-cactus luhlanganiswe ngamaqela amathathu kwaye lukhula ngaxeshanye, lubandakanya ezo ntlobo ezifikelela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo. Iintyatyambo zayo zisasazwa kwisiqu kwaye zigqame ngobukhulu bazo obukhulu, zithathwa njengezona ntyatyambo zintle kwihlabathi kwaye oku kungenxa yokuma kwexilongo, iithoni ezibethayo (iithoni ezimhlophe, ezityheli, ezipinki okanye eziorenji).
UCoryphantha
Igama elithi Coryphantha lisuka kwisiGrike elisingise kwintyatyambo encotsheni yesityalo, ibandakanya uhlobo lwecactus encinci okanye ephakathi, enomzimba ongqukuva kwaye kwezinye iimeko i-cylindrical imile enemiqolo echaziweyo kunye nemide. Bazalelwa eMexico nakumazantsi eUnited States; Babonisa intyatyambo epinki okanye emfusa edibanisa imibala yayo kunye namagqabi amhlophe natyheli ngaphakathi. Ineentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-40, kunye ne-2 subgenera kunye ne-9 subspecies.
Iirebhiya
Yenye yeentlobo eziphambili ezisetyenziselwa ukulima kunye nokuhombisa kwaye oku kungenxa yobukhulu bayo obuncinci kwimilo yeglowubhu kunye neentyatyambo ezinemibala. Ezi zamva zidla ngokuba zikhulu kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nomzimba wazo, ziqhakaza ngexesha lentwasahlobo kunye nokufikelela kumaqondo okushisa aphakathi okanye aphezulu, kodwa kwenzeka kuphela xa besebancinci, ebonakala ngendlela yamaqela ane-monochromatic shades of orange and red.
Aporocactus
Luhlobo oluvela kuMbindi Merika kwaye lubonwa ngokubanzi eMexico, luxhaphake kuzo zonke iindawo ezinemozulu epholileyo. Ukunikezela ngamagama ahlukeneyo afana necactus yomsila wempuku, intyatyambo yesabhokhwe, i-cactus ejingayo okanye intyatyambo yophondo; Banomzimba ogqunywe yimiqolo kwaye banokuthatha iindlela ezimbini eziphambili, eyona iphambili i-cylindrical kunye ne-longated, kunye nezilwanyana ezinwabuzelayo (kungoko amagama abo aqhelekileyo). Ineentyantyambo ezincinci ezinamagqabi amaninzi, ananyama kunye namade akhula kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba wakhe, zinemithunzi phakathi kwepinki kunye ne-fuchsia, kukho ezinye iintlobo ezinemibala etyheli nemhlophe.
Siyathemba ukuba eli nqaku libe luncedo, sikushiyela abanye abaya kuba nomdla kuwe ngokuqinisekileyo: