La indalo kulapho ubomi buvela khona kwisijikelezi-langa somhlaba, oko kukuthi, eyona nxalenye ibalulekileyo yesijikelezi-langa ekubeni ngaphandle kwayo ubomi bebungenakulondolozwa kwisijikelezi-langa njengoko sisazi ngoku, siyakumema ukuba uqhubeke ufunda ukuze uqonde ngakumbi ngakumbi ngexabiso. yalo maleko woMhlaba.
Indawo yendalo
Igama loluhlu lwehlabathi lanikezelwa yi-geologist u-Suess, itholakala kwi-lithosphere, kubandakanywa ne-hydrosphere kunye nenxalenye ephantsi ye-atmosphere, apho i-phenomenon yobomi ibonakala.
Nangona kunjalo, abaninzi baya kuzibuza ukuba kuwo onke amasebe okufunda i-biosphere ithetha into enye, umbuzo oqhelekileyo yintoni i-biosphere kwi-ecology, Ngomnye wemigangatho yomhlaba apho i Izikumkani Zezinto Eziphilayo, oko kukuthi, yileyo igcina ubomi kwisijikelezi-langa.
Iplanethi yethu
Umhlaba yenye yezijikelezi-langa ezitsha kwisixokelelwano sesijikelezi-langa, ebizwa ngolo hlobo ngenxa yokuba yenziwe zizinto ezisesibhakabhakeni ezijikeleza ilanga. Inzululwazi ayikayazi ukuba yeyiphi iminyaka yokwenyani yoMhlaba. Kanye njengezinye izidalwa ezisesibhakabhakeni, umhlaba ngewawubunjwe ngokuphuma kwiigesi nothuli olujikeleza ilanga.
Amasuntswana ahlanganiswe ngale ndlela aqala ukukhulula amandla, awathi ke aguqulwa abe bubushushu. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, isenzo sobushushu obunamandla sibangele umsebenzi wezinto ezahlukeneyo. Ngokucothayo, umhlaba waphola. Le yindlela aqala ngayo amanqanaba okanye amaleko ahlukeneyo esiwaziyo namhlanje, afana neeleya zebhayosphere okanye umhlaba.
Imvelaphi yoMhlaba
Imbonakalo yomhlaba iye yatyhubela iinguqulelo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Ukukhululeka okanye ukubonakala kwangaphandle komphezulu womhlaba kuyimveliso yesenzo sokuphakamisa, ukuphahlazeka kunye nokucwiliswa kwamacwecwe axhasa amazwekazi, kwizigidi zeminyaka. Kwakhona kungenxa yezinto zangaphandle, ezifana nemvula okanye umoya kunye nezinto eziphilayo.
Iplanethi yethu ibonisa iindawo ezichazwe kakhulu: i-hydrosphere kunye nobunzima belizwekazi. I-hydrosphere sisixa samanzi angamalwelo kunye namanzi aqinileyo (umkhenkce) kwaye ihambelana ne-70% yomphezulu womhlaba. Ngoko ke, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha somhlaba uphantsi kwamanzi, yiloo nto ubizwa ngokuba yibiosphere.
Ubunzima belizwekazi bubonisa izibonelelo ezahlukeneyo ezibizwa ngokuba ziintaba, iintlambo kunye neentaba-mlilo, kwenzeka into efanayo emazantsi olwandle. Iatmosfera, egqume umhlaba, yenziwe ziigesi ezahlukahlukeneyo, kodwa ngaphezu kwayo yonke ioksijini nenitrogen.
Ibhayosphere yenziwe ngothotho lwemichiza eyinxalenye yezinto eziphilayo.
- Ezona bioelements zininzi zezi: ihydrogen, ioksijini, ikhabhoni nenitrogen.
- Ezo zigxininise ezisezantsi zezi: iSulfure, iphosphorus kunye necalcium.
- Izinto ezilandelwayo zifumaneka kwizinto eziphilayo kwiindawo ezincinci, kodwa kufuneka zingalityalwa njengoko ukungabikho kwazo kunokubangela ukusilela okukhulu. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo: i-fluorine, isinyithi, i-zinc kunye nobhedu.
- Ezinye ze-bioelements zifumaneka kwizinto eziphilayo kwifom ye-ionic, njenge-sodium, i-potassium, i-calcium, i-chlorine kunye ne-magnesium, kwaye inemisebenzi ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni iinkqubo ze-osmotic.
Ubomi baqala emanzini
Amanzi ayeyindawo yeempawu zokuqala zobomi. Izinto zokuqala eziphilayo, eziqulunqwe ngeseli enye, zivela kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali ezisebenza ematyeni kunye neeminerali, ezi zidalwa zaziyi-unicellular organisms.
Into yokuqala enokubonwa, phantse ngeliso lenyama, kukuba umhlaba unamaleko amathathu, okuqinileyo, ulwelo kunye negesi, ngokulandelelana okubizwa ngokuba yi-sphere, i-hydrosphere kunye ne-atmosphere. Ingqukuva eyomeleleyo yenziwe bubunzima obubambeneyo obenza amazwekazi kunye neengqimba eziqinileyo ezikhoyo phantsi kweelwandle nezifikelela kumbindi weplanethi.
I-hydrosphere ngulwelo olukumphezulu womhlaba, lwenziwe lulwandle kunye neelwandle kunye namanzi angaphakathi okanye amazwekazi anjengamachibi, imilambo kunye needipozithi eziphantsi komhlaba, lo maleko awuzange ubekho xa umhlaba wawusenziwa kwaye ungabonakali. de ukuphola kwesijikelezi-langa kubangele ukujiya komphunga wamanzi owawukwi-atmosfera yamandulo.
I-atmosphere ngumaleko wegesi ojikeleze umhlaba, njengoko kunjalo nge-hydrosphere, ubukho bayo bubalulekile kuphuhliso lobomi, iatmosfera ikhusela umhlaba kwimitha eyingozi kubomi kwaye isebenza njengomlawuli wobushushu ukunqanda ukufudumeza okugqithisileyo okanye ukupholisa komhlaba. umphezulu womhlaba.
Iziganeko ezibangela umoya kunye neemvula ziveliswa kuyo, yiyo loo nto ukuthatha inxaxheba kwayo kwimozulu kubalulekile.
ubume bebhayosphere
Umhlaba wenziwe ngamaleko asondeleleneyo, uqweqwe, ingubo yokwaleka, kunye nombindi, ukusuka kobona nzulu ukuya kowona nzulu. Ukwahlula phakathi kwezi zintlu zintathu kuye kwasekwa ngenxa yokusasazwa kwamaza e-seismic, ekubeni phakathi kwe-crust kunye ne-mantle kukho indawo yokuyeka ebizwa ngokuba yi-discontinuity ye-Mohorovicic, apho isantya sokusasaza kwamaza e-P sanda kunye ne-S, oku kuphelelwa ibekwe malunga neekhilomitha ezingamashumi amathathu ubunzulu kwaye yafunyanwa ngo-1910.
Kwakhona ukwahlukana phakathi kwengubo kunye nombindi kunikwa ngummandla wokuyeka ukuqhubela phambili obizwa ngokuba yi-Gutenberg discontinuity, lo mmandla owafunyanwa ngo-1906 ubonakaliswe ngokuncipha okuphawulekayo kwesantya kumaza e-P kunye nokunyamalala kwamaza e-S, kungekhona. isasazeka ngakumbi.
Ngokwale datha siyazi ukuba i-crust yomhlaba yindawo ephakathi komphezulu kunye nokuyeka i-Mohorovicic, ubukhulu bayo buphakathi kweekhilomitha ezingamashumi amathathu, kodwa iyancipha kakhulu phantsi kweelwandle, apho iyahluka phakathi kweekhilomitha ezintlanu ukuya kweshumi kwaye inokunyusa ukuya kumashumi asixhenxe. iikhilomitha ngaphantsi kweenkqubo zeentaba ezinkulu.
Kuyavunywa ngokubanzi ukuba i-crust yahlulwe ibe ngamacandelo amabini, enye ephezulu apho i-granite ihamba phambili kwaye ingaphantsi apho i-basalt ilawula khona. Ingubo, inqanaba lesibini lesakhiwo somhlaba, lenziwe ngokukodwa ngama-silicates kwaye lisuka kwi-crust ukuya kwi-core, lihlulwe libe ngamacandelo amabini, i-mantle ephezulu kunye ne-mantle ephantsi.
Eyokuqala ifikelela kumakhulu asixhenxe eekhilomitha zokudakumba kwaye eyesibini ukuya kumawaka amabini anamakhulu alithoba eekhilomitha apho iGutenberg intermittence ikhona, ngaphakathi kwengubo engaphezulu koxinzelelo phakathi kweekhilomitha ezingamashumi amahlanu ukuya kwamakhulu amabini, kukho indawo apho isantya i-seismic loops iyancipha kakhulu, lo mmandla waziwa njenge-asthenosphere okanye indawo yesantya esincitshisiweyo kwaye kulapha apho uninzi lweenyikima ziqala khona.
Iingcali zenzululwazi zichaza ukuba oku kuncipha kwesantya samaza e-seismic kubangelwa ubukho belitye elityhidiweyo okanye le-semi-molten, elinoxanduva lobukho be-convection currents kwi-asthenosphere.
Iseti eyenziwe nguqweqwe kunye nengubo ukuya kwi-asthenosphere ibizwa ngokuba yi-lithosphere, yindawo eyakhiwe ngamanqwanqwa angama-spherical abizwa ngokuba ziipleyiti ezinokuqina okukhulu, uphononongo lwayo lunike inkcazo malunga nokusekwa kwamazwekazi, okwangoku. eyona yamkelwe ngokubanzi.
Ngaphantsi kwe-crust kunye ne-mantle yi-core, eyona nto ingundoqo womhlaba, ingundoqo isuka kwiikhilomitha ezingamawaka amabini anamakhulu alithoba, oko kukuthi, ukusuka kwi-Gutenberg discontinuity, into yokuba kule ndawo ukuyeka ukusabalalisa amaza e-S kubonisa ukuba izinto ezifunyenwe apha zikwimo yolwelo.
Eli candelo, elifikelela kubunzulu ukuya kutsho kumawaka amahlanu anekhulu leekhilomitha, libizwa ngokuba ngundoqo wangaphandle.Emva kwamawaka amahlanu anekhulu leekhilomitha kukho ukwanda kwesantya sokusasaza kwamaza e-P, nto leyo ebonisa ukudlula ukuya kwindawo apho izixhobo zokusebenza. kwakhona kwimo eqinileyo, ngumbindi ongaphakathi ofikelela kumawaka amathandathu anamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi amathathu eekhilomitha ubunzulu.
Oko kukuthi, ukuya kumbindi weplanethi, iyonke i-nucleus iqulunqwe ngokusisiseko yintsimbi kunye nomlinganiselo othile we-nickel, ngokucacileyo kwindawo yolwelo lwenucleus kukho uthotho lwemisinga enokuba yimvelaphi amandla emagnethi omhlaba.
Iimpawu zebhayosphere
Uphononongo lokuma komhlaba luveze ezinye zeempawu zawo, ezifana nobushushu kunye nokuxinana kwawo ngenxa yentshukumo yeentaba-mlilo.Amadoda azokwazi ukuqinisekisa kwangethuba ukuba amatye abumba umbindi weglowubhu yomhlaba afumaneka amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu.
Enyanisweni, into yokuba i-lava iqhutywe ngamandla ukuya ngaphandle kunye namaqondo obushushu anokugqithisa iwaka le-centigrade ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba kumbindi womhlaba kukho uxinzelelo olukhulu kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu ngokungenasiphelo kunalawo arekhodiweyo emhlabeni.
Ngokungathi oku kwakunganelanga, xa imigodi enzulu iqalisa ukugrunjwa ukuze kutsalwe izimbiwa, kwafunyaniswa ukuba kwaloo matye ayenokufunyanwa kumaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu eesentimitha. iqondo lobushushu liyenyuka ngaphakathi kweglowubhu ngeqondo ledigri enye yesentigremu kwikhulu leemitha zobunzulu.
Oku kwanda kwamaqondo obushushu achaphazela ngokwasekuhlaleni amaleko angaphandle kwesi sijikelezi-langa sethu kwaziwa ngokuba yi-geothermal gradient. amakhulu amabini amawaka edigri ze centigrade, xa inyaniso ikukuba azigqithi kumawaka amane anamakhulu amahlanu edigri ze centigrade.
Ngombulelo kwezinye izibalo zeenkwenkwezi, kuyaziwa ukuba i-avareji yobuninzi bomhlaba yi-5,5 grams nge-cubic centimeter nganye, nangona kunjalo, kwaye njengoko kusenzeka ngeqondo lobushushu, ukuxinana kuyahluka kakhulu ukusuka kumphezulu ukuya embindini womhlaba, ngoko ngelixa amatye. kumphezulu banoxinano lwe-2,8 grams cubic centimeter nganye, abo bangaphakathi banokudlula iigram ezisixhenxe nge-cubic centimeter nganye.
Ubukho bomaleko ohlukeneyo obunoxinaniso olwahlukeneyo ngaphakathi kwiglowubhu yomhlaba bunokuchazwa ngokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kunye nangokwendalo yeradioactivity ekhutshwa ngamatye.
Umoya
Kukho amacandelo amaninzi e-atmosphere, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimpawu ezisebenza njengesiseko sokuseka i-stratification yazo kwi-homogeneous layers. Iatmosfera yenziwe ngamaleko amane:
- Troposphere
- Ubume bendawo
- Indawo
- Umgangatho womoya
Ukwakheka kwe-atmosfera nako kungahlalutywa ngokusekwe kubume bekhemikhali kule meko, iileya ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zohlulwa: i-homosphere, i-heterosphere kunye ne-exosphere.
I-homosphere ebalwa ukuya kwishumi elinesihlanu leemitha ukuphakama, ngokusisiseko yenziwe yinitrogen kunye neoksijini, ngendlela efanayo ineenxalenye ezincinci zezinye iikhompawundi zeekhemikhali eziyingozi ngakumbi ebantwini, nangona kunjalo, ziyimfuneko kubukho bayo, enye yeengxaki ezikhoyo ngoku. ejongene noluntu kukunyuka okugqithisileyo kwekharbon diokside emoyeni.
Oku kwanda kumxholo we-carbon dioxide kuzisa ngenxa yoko, phakathi kwezinye izizathu, ukukhutshwa kwegesi ephuma kwishishini okanye ukutsha kweenjini zokutsha zangaphakathi ezinokuvelisa into ebizwa ngokuba yi-greenhouse effect, eyenzeka xa ukugqithiswa kwe-CO2 kungavumeli. amandla athi umhlaba uwabuyisele kwiatmosfera eguqukileyo, eneneni eyona ngozi inkulu yempembelelo ye<em>greenhouse effect, njengoko negama lawo libonisa, kukuba anokukhokelela ekubeni umhlaba ufudumale nto leyo ebiya kubangela ukuba kungenzeki ukuphila kwibhayoloji.
Ezinye izazinzulu zithi i<em>carbon dioxide egqithiseleyo iya kufunxwa kubunzima bezityalo, ngokukodwa ngamahlathi amakhulu akweleenjiko, kodwa abanye bakholelwa ukuba oku akuyi kuba njalo yaye malunga neminyaka engama-50 iqondo lobushushu liya kube sele linyukile isibini elinesiqingatha se<em>centigrade , ngelixa imvula iza kube yehle nge-10%.
I-homosphere ibandakanya phantse yonke isiqingatha sesithathu samanqanaba okushisa omoya, i-troposphere kunye ne-stratosphere kunye ne-mesosphere apho i-chemical structure iyinto ebonakalayo ngeso lenyama, ngaphandle kwesahlulo sokugqibela se-stratosphere apho iphelele khona. i-ozone licandelo elikhoyo.
Yinkqubo ye-ozonesphere okanye i-ozone layer efunxa inxalenye yemitha yelanga ye-ultraviolet ekhusela le mitha eyingozi kakhulu kubomi bomntu ukuba ifikelele kumphezulu wekhaya lethu elaziwa ngokuba nguMhlaba okanye i-biosphere, i-ozone yigesi emzimba wayo owenziweyo. amasuntswana amathathu eoksijini, oko kukuthi, i-O3, eyila ize ibole emoyeni ngokufunxa imitha yelanga yelanga.
Le nkqubo, eye yenzeka ngokungenakuguquleka kangangamawaka eminyaka, iye yachatshazelwa kutshanje ngokukhutshwa kwezinto ezithile ezingcolisa umoya eziye zavelisa umngxuma kucwecwe lweozone, oko kukuthi, iozone iye yayeka ukuyileka njengangaphambili yaye ngenxa yoko le nxalenye iyinxalenye. Isijikelezi-langa sethu sishiywe ngaphandle kokhuseleko kunye nonobangela Izifo Ezibangelwa Lungcoliso.
Ngokutsho kwezazinzulu, oonobangela bolu tshintsho kucwecwe lweozone ziigesi ezithile ezithatyathwe kwichlorine ebizwa ngokuba zii<em>chlorofluorocarbons, ezi gesi ezisetyenziswa kwi<em>aerosols yesikhenkcisi kunye neenkqubo zesikhenkcisi ziye zathintelwa ngoorhulumente abaninzi ngenxa yelizwi elilumkisayo elaqaliswa zizazinzulu. .
Iimveliso zolu phando zavelisa iziqhamo ngonyaka we-1996, xa izazi zenzululwazi zelizwe zagqiba zanika ulwazi oluxabisekileyo lokuba umngxuma kucwecwe lwe-ozone wawuqalisa ukuvaleka kwindawo esezantsi ye-homosphere, oko kukuthi, kwi-troposphere kwaye ngakumbi kwisithathu sokuqala. Iikhilomitha, umoya uqulethe ukungcola okufana nomphunga wamanzi, uthuli, iikristale zetyuwa, iigesi zesulfure, phakathi kwezinye.
Kuzo zonke ezi zinto zingcolileyo, eyona nto ibalulekileyo ngumphunga wamanzi ovelisa ukuvela kwamanzi angaphezulu kunye nokuphuma kwezityalo, umphunga wamanzi uyonwabile kakhulu, ubaluleke kakhulu kubomi bomntu kuba yimbangela yezinto ezibalulekileyo zemozulu. , ezifana nokufuma, amafu, imvula, umbethe, phakathi kwezinye.
I-heterosphere egubungela phakathi kwekhulu kunye newaka leekhilomitha, yenziwe ngeegesi zokukhanya ezahlukeneyo, ezahlulahlulwe zaba zii-microlayers ezine:
- initrogen yokuqala yemolekyuli
- eyesibini ioksijini yeathom
- eyesithathu neyesine ye-athom ye-hydrogen