Inyani le ithi umhlaba wenziwe ngamacandelo amathathu amanzi. Ibhayom yolwandle yeyona bhayom inkulu ekhoyo, kuba yenza i-70% yesijikelezi-langa sethu, kodwa yenza ama-90% obonelelo lwamanzi lwehlabathi. Yazi ukubaluleka kwe iibhayom zaselwandle.
I-Marine Biomes
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi Biomes kuquka iibhayom zaselwandle, Zingaphezu kwama-230 iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo. Ibhayomeyi yaselwandle inomdla wokuba amanzi ayo anetyuwa, banezinto ezinkulu kakhulu Iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo zaseLwandle kwaye zenze imixokomelwano yendalo emininzi entsonkothileyo kakhulu.
Iibhayom zaselwandle zezona zinexabiso elikhulu kuba ziye zaba yinto ephilayo. Ukuba bekungekho zinto ziphilayo, oku bekuya kuthetha ukuba iilwandle bezingenabomi. Enye into ebalulekileyo kwiibhayom zaselwandle lilanga, kuba livelisa ukukhanya kwelanga okufunekayo ukuze i-algae kunye ne-phytoplankton, ezifumaneka emazantsi ekhonkco lokutya lolwandle, ukuze zikhule.
Ukongeza, ezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lobomi kwibhayom yolwandle bubushushu nobunzulu bamanzi. Gcina ukhumbule ukuba i-biome yaselwandle isahlulo se-aquatic biome, ekwayi-biome, kodwa amanzi ahlambulukileyo.
Kuzo zombini ezi meko, liqela elilodwa lezinto eziphilayo eziphantsi kwamanzi, ezizezona zibonelela ngendawo yokuhlala kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana, izityalo kunye neemeko. Kodwa i-marine biome ngokusisiseko yi-ecosystem yolwandle.
Kwaye ezi biomes zaselwandle zisasazwe phakathi kweelwandle ezi-5 eziphambili, iPasifiki, iAtlantiki, iIndiya, iArctic kunye noLwandlekazi lwaseMazantsi.
sezulu
Iibhayom zaselwandle zineqondo lobushushu elimalunga ne-39 degrees Fahrenheit, elimalunga ne-4 ngokukaCelsius. I-oceanic biome iyabanda ngengqiqo kwi-South Pole, kodwa njengoko isondela kwi-ikhweyitha, iya ishushu, ngenxa yokuba imitha yelanga ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umphezulu wamanzi. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba iintlobo zaselwandle ziya kuchaphazeleka ngokuqhubekayo naluphi na utshintsho kwiimeko zemozulu.
Iilwandle zidla ngokuphazanyiswa yimisinga namaza olwandle. Xa iimeko zomoya zisiba mbi kakhulu, zivelisa iinkanyamba neenkanyamba ezidla ngokuba nemiphumo emihle phakathi kweentlobo zezinto eziphila elwandle. Ngeso sizathu, iindidi ezifana neepenguin, iintaka zaselwandle, iiwalrus, iingonyama zolwandle, iinja zolwandle, iiplankton, iibhere ezimhlophe kunye neentlanzi zithwala ubunzima.
Kungoko kuye kwafuneka ukuba iindidi ezininzi zezilwanyana zifunde ukuziqhelanisa nezi ziganeko zendalo ezenzeka ngamaxesha onyaka, ngoko zifudukela kwiindawo ezinokhuseleko olungakumbi, xa ezi ziganeko zemozulu zimbi kakhulu zisenzeka okanye xa sele ziza kudlula.
Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu yenye into evelisa iziphumo kwiintlobo ezinendawo yazo kwibhayom yolwandle. Baye babangela ukufa, ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungangqalanga, kwezidalwa ezininzi zaselwandle. Phakathi kweziphumo zayo sinokufumana i-coral bleaching, eye yaba ngunobangela wokufa kwe-70% yaselwandle kwihlabathi jikelele.
I-substrate ye-marine biomes ihlala imanzi emanzini. Yonke igcinwa bubomi basemanzini.
Izityalo ze-Marine Biome
Uvavanyo lwe Ukubaluleka kweBiodiversity kukuba kolu hlobo lwebhayoloji kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zezityalo eziziingca zolwandle kunye ne-algae kunye ne-seaweed. I-algae yaselwandle ifakwe phakathi kweentsapho zezona zityalo ziyinkimbinkimbi. I-algae kunye nokhula lwaselwandle zimele iindlela zobomi ezilula kwaye ziqhelekile ukuba zincinci.
Izityalo ezikwibhayom yolwandle zisuka kwizinto ezincinci ezineseli enye ukuya kwezinkulu, ezintsokothileyo. Izityalo zaselwandle zinendawo yazo yendalo kufuphi nomphezulu wamanzi, ukuze zikwazi ukuthabatha ukukhanya kwelanga kufuneka ziqhube i-photosynthesis.
Ngokufanayo, izityalo zaselwandle zithatha izondlo zazo kumasuntswana athwalwa yimisinga esuka ezantsi elwandle. Ezinye izityalo ziyakwazi ukuphila nzulu elwandle, apho ilanga lingafikeleli khona. Ezi zityalo, ezinophawu lokuba ne-fluorescent, ziyakwazi ukuvelisa izibane zekhemikhali.
Iintlobo zezityalo zeBiome
Izityalo ezininzi zinokufumaneka kwiibhayom zaselwandle, phakathi kwazo oku kulandelayo kunokukhankanywa:
Phytoplankton
Ezi zezona zityalo zincinci zihlala kwi-marine biome. Sisityalo esingafaniyo kwaye sisisiseko salo lonke ikhonkco lokutya kwaselwandle.
I-algae eluhlaza (Chlorophyta)
I-algae eluhlaza yeyona nto yaziwa kakhulu kwizityalo zaselwandle. Ngumxholo wabo wechlorophyll obanika umbala wabo oluhlaza oqaqambileyo obaphawuleka kakhulu. Okwangoku ezi ntlobo zezityalo ziqala ukubala, ziba yinxalenye ye-substratum yomgangatho wolwandle. Ngokwezibalo, kukho malunga ne-200.000 yeentlobo ze-algae kule iibhayom zaselwandle, kodwa bamalunga nama-36.000 XNUMX kuphela abaye badweliswa.
Ulwelwe olubomvu (Rhodophyta)
I-algae ebomvu yeyona ntlobo inkulu kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo zaselwandle kwibhayom yolwandle. Umbala wazo ubangelwa kukuba zinebala elibomvu ekuthiwa yiphycoerythrin. Ezinye zezi algae zibomvu zikholisa ukunamathela kwiikorale kwaye ekuhambeni kwexesha zakha iingqaqa. Zombini i-algae eluhlaza kunye nobomvu inokuchuma emanzini ashushu okanye abandayo.
I-algae eBrown, kwelinye icala, ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-phaeophytes, kuba inebala elibizwa ngokuba yi-fucoxanthin, kwaye ikhula kakuhle kakhulu emanzini abandayo okanye afudumele. Kwakhona kwiindawo ezitshatyalaliswayo kunokwenzeka ukujonga iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-algae emdaka. I-algae eBrown zezona ntlobo zezityalo zixhaphakileyo kwiingqaqa.
ICyanobacteria
I-Cyanobacteria, iibhaktheriya eziluhlaza-luhlaza, ngaphambili ezaziwa ngokuba yi-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ziyimisonto emincinci. Le misonto mikroskopu yiyo eguqula initrogen ezikwaziyo ukuyifunxa emoyeni ngeendlela ezinokusetyenziswa zezinye izityalo zaselwandle.
Izityalo ezikwiibhayom zaselwandle zihlala kwiindawo ezininzi zokuhlala kwiplanethi yethu, kubandakanya kufutshane nonxweme, imigxobhozo yetyuwa, kunye nolwandle oluvulekileyo. Umzekelo woku yi<em>giant kelp, elukhula lwaselwandle oludla ngokuhlala kuMzantsi Pasifiki, lukhula kumathanga kumanzi ashushu akunxweme. Kwelinye icala, kukho i<em>algae ehlala kumkhenkce wolwandle yaye ikhula kumkhenkce odadayo.
Izityalo ze iibhayom zaselwandle Banokuba nemisebenzi emininzi. Izityalo ze-marine biome, ngakumbi ingca yolwandle kunye ne-macroalgae, zibonelela ngekhusi, iindawo zokufihla kunye nokutya kwezidalwa ezininzi. Izityalo zaselwandle zinceda iikorale ukwakha uqaqa.
Iingqaqa zibanjwa kunye zizityalo ezifana ne-coralline algae. I-algae idla ngokuhlala phakathi kwezinye izilwanyana zaselwandle. Kwakhona izicubu zeekorale yindawo apho izigidi ze-algae zihlala kwi-square centimeter. Izityalo zaselwandle ziyimithombo yezondlo kwiikorali.
I-algae iyakwazi ukuhlala kumaqokobhe, ngaphakathi kwi-giant clams, kwi-flatworms, nakwizipontshi zaselwandle. Izityalo zaselwandle nazo zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kumahlathi e-kelp, zisebenza njengendawo yokuhlala kunye nokutya kwenani lezinto eziphilayo ezifana ne-seals, i-octopus kunye ne-eels.
Izilwanyana zeBiomes
Los iibhayom zaselwandle Ziyindawo yokuhlala yeentlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana. Izilwanyana zifumana ukutya kwazo kwizityalo nakwezinye izilwanyana zaselwandle ezincinci ezihlala kwindawo enye. Kwangaxeshanye, izityalo zibonelela ngekhusi kwezinye izilwanyana. Ezinye iintsapho ezinkulu kakhulu zezilwanyana ezihlala kwi-marine biome ziquka iibhaktheriya, i-fungi, i-anemones yolwandle, i-mollusks, i-crustaceans, i-whales kunye nentlanzi.
Ezinye zezilwanyana ezihlala kwiibhayom zaselwandle kwaye ezimele ngakumbi zezi:
Tiger shark
Ukutya kwazo ziintlanzi, izilwanyana zaselwandle, iintaka zolwandle, ii<em>crustaceans kunye ne<em>molluscs. Indawo yayo ikufuphi kumanxweme eetropiki kunye namanzi aphantsi kwetropiki. Ookrebe be-Tiger banamazinyo abukhali kakhulu, abavumela ukuba badle ixhoba labo.
Umnenga ongwevu
Owona mthombo wokutya zii-amphipods ezincinci kunye ne-tuberous worms, efana ne-crustaceans. Bahlala kumanzi angekho nzulu kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki. Iminenga engwevu inemizimba emide, elungelelanisiweyo ebavumela ukuba baqubhe ngaphandle komzamo emanzini.
I-Starfish
Ukutya kwayo okubalulekileyo ziimbatyisi, iplankton kunye neeclams. Ifumaneka kulwandlekazi lwePasifiki, lweAtlantiki kunye neArctic. Banesikhumba se-calcareous sangaphandle esinamandla okuvuselela kunye nokukhusela.
Ihashe loLwandle
Zitya i-shrimp. Indawo ehlala kuyo ziingqaqa zekorale kunye neebhedi zengca yolwandle ezifumaneka kumanzi akweleenjiko. Ihashe lolwandle linamehlo ahambahambayo elikwaziyo ukujonga ngawo ngaphandle kokushukuma. Inkunzi yiyo ethwala amaqanda achumileyo, ize inyamekele amantshontsho de aphume engxoweni yakhe, ngokuchaseneyo nenkolelo eqhelekileyo yokuba yimazi yolo hlobo ekhulisa abantwana.
Ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana ezihlala kwi-marine biome yi-blacktip reef shark, i-blue shark, i-manatee, i-dugongs, i-convict shark, i-box crab, kunye nezinye ezingenakubalwa.
Ukuhlelwa kweBiome
Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zeebhayom zaselwandle:
Iilwandle
Iilwandle ziindidi ezinkulu ze iibhayom zaselwandle, ekubeni zineentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Zidibana nendawo yokuhlala esemhlabeni ngokusebenzisa indawo ebizwa ngokuba yi-intertidal, leyo yindawo apho amaza ehla aze aqukuqele khona. Nangona kunjalo, umhlaba kunye nolwandle zisebenza kunye ukuze zikwazi ukususa amanzi kunye nobushushu emhlabeni.
Iingqaqa zekorale
Iingqaqa ze-Coral zizakhiwo ze-limestone ezingaphantsi kwamanzi ezidalwe kukuqokelelwa kweentlobo ezincinci zezilwanyana ezingenamqolo ezinegama leekorale. Iingqaqa zekorale zinokukhula kuphela kulwandlekazi olushushu olungekho nzulu. Ezi zilwanyana zikhupha i-calcium carbonate ejika ibe yi-limestone ukuze yenze i-exoskeleton.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, bahlala ngamaqela, kwaye i-skeletal material iqhubeka nokuphuhlisa ukwenza ulwalwa. Iingqaqa zekorale yindawo yokuhlala yezinto ezininzi eziphilayo zaselwandle, kunye neentlobo ezingaphezu kwama-4.000 zeentlanzi zetropikhi.
Amachweba
Amachweba, ukubeka ngokulula, ngamatheku apho imilambo ingena elwandle. Ngokuqhelekileyo zivaleleke kancinci, nto leyo ezenza zibe ziindawo ezikhuselweyo. Amanzi ajikelezileyo azele izondlo ezivela emilanjeni, kwaye ngokuyimfuneko anzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuvumela ukungena kwelanga ukuze izityalo zikwazi ukwenza i-photosynthesis. Ngenxa yoku, amachweba azele zizilwanyana zaselwandle.