I-Biography ngokufutshane nguRafael Alberti, omnye wababhali abagqwesileyo bexesha lesilivere, wayengummi waseSpain owavuyisa isizukulwana sonke ngemibongo yakhe; Ukwazile ukufumana iHonoris Causis Doctorate, nayo yawongwa kwaye yamkelwa kumathuba amaninzi. Qhubeka ufunda eli nqaku kwaye uyonwabele ngembali kunye ne-biography yalo Mbhali odumileyo.
URafael Alberti
Ibhayiloji emfutshane kaRafael Alberti
Umntu odumileyo wazalwa ngoDisemba 16, 1902 ePuerto de Santa María kwiphondo laseCádiz-Andalusia. Intsapho yakhe yayiyimvelaphi yase-Italiyane kwaye yayizinzile kakuhle kwezoqoqosho, ezinikele kwishishini lewayini.
Igama likayise yayinguVicente Alberti, kungoko igama lakhe eliphakathi; wayezinikele ekuthengisweni kwewayini kwintsapho yakwaOsborne.
Iqela losapho elizinikele kwiwayini kunye nemimoya, kunye neshishini elibalulekileyo kwizibuko laseSanta María. Kucacile ukuba utata kaRafael Albertí akazange akwazi ukuchitha ixesha elininzi kunye nosapho lwakhe kuba wayezinikele kakhulu emsebenzini.
Wafumana izifundo eziziiprayimari eCarmelites kwaye emva kwexesha elithile wafunda kwiKholeji yamaJesuit “eSan Luis Gonzaga”. URafael Alberti wayenomlinganiswa owomeleleyo kwaye efunda kwisikolo senkolo, kwambiza kakhulu ukuziqhelanisa.
Iingxabano zabafundi zaqala xa wagxothwayo esikolweni ngowe-1916 ngenxa yokuziphatha kwakhe kakubi.
Ubomi kunye nolutsha eMadrid (i-biography emfutshane kaRafael Alberti)
Usapho lwakhe lwafudukela eMadrid ngo-1917, waziva eyithanda kakhulu imizobo. Ngokuziqhelanisa, uyakwazi ukuba nobuchule bobugcisa.
Uzifumana ekhuselekile kwi-avant-garde aesthetics, umsebenzi wokulinga kunye nokuvelisa izinto ezintsha uba likhoboka lakhe. Ngomsebenzi wakhe omtsha uyakwazi ukubonisa imizobo yakhe kwi-Ateneo de Madrid kunye ne-Autumn Hall.
Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, emva kokufa kukayise ngo-1920, iivesi zalo mbhali zizalwa, kuba oko kufa kwamkhokelela ekubeni akhulule imibongo emphefumlweni wakhe.
Ngexesha lokugula awakufumana kwimiphunga yakhe, waya eSegovia, kanye eSierra de Guadarrama. Kwikhusi lakhe kwaye ngelixa wayephucula impilo yakhe, impembelelo evelisa iitekisi zakhe zokuqala ihamba.
Ukususela kugqabhuko-dubulo lokudala awayenalo ngexesha lokuvalelwa kwakhe, kwazalwa umbongo wokuqala othi "Sailor on the land". Xa wayeziva eqinile ekoyiseni isikhalazo sakhe, watyelela i-Residencia de Estudiantes eMadrid, edibana nezinye iimbongi kunye neepolymaths zelo xesha.
Phakathi kwabo uFederico García Lorca, uJorge Guillen, uPedro Salinas, uGerardo Diego okanye uVicente Aleixandre. Eli qela labayili abancinci liya kuthakazelelwa kamva kwihlabathi lobugcisa boncwadi.
Ubomi babantu abadala kunye nokuqatshelwa kokuqala (i-biography emfutshane kaRafael Alberti)
Ngaphandle kokuchitha ixesha elininzi, ngo-1924 wafumana isimangaliso sakhe sokuqala esimnandi ngenxa yombongo wakhe othi "Marinero en Tierra", owamnika "iBhaso leSizwe leMibongo".
Yayingoobani izithandane zakho ezinkulu? (Ibhayiloji emfutshane kaRafael Alberti)
Ngokutsho kwabagxeki, kucingelwa ukuba ngo-20 wayehlobene noMaruja Mallo (owayethathwa njengomculi wesizukulwana). Ngamathuba, amandla alo mzobi odumileyo yi-Avant-garde, kodwa ubudlelwane abuzange buhlale ixesha elide, kuba lwaphela ngo-1930.
Eyona nto inomdla kakhulu kukuba ubukho bobudlelwane phakathi kwala magcisa amakhulu buya kugqitywa. Ngokuchanekileyo kwimisebenzi yomibini uthando lubonwa, ngakumbi kwimibhalo kaRafael Alberti.
Oku kukhankanywe ngasentla kwabonwa, kwimisebenzi efana ne "Cal y Canto", apho ethetha ngemizobo yothando lwakhe kunye ne "Verbenas Estampas". Kwangaloo nyaka uAlberti wadibana noMaría Teresa León, bamtshata emva kwexesha elithile baza baqalisa ukuzibophelela kwabo okutsha.
Ngonyaka we-1985 inyaniso yemvelaphi yobudlelwane awayenabo noTeresa ifunyenwe. Ebudeni bodliwano-ndlebe noPaloma Ulacia, uvakalisa iingcamango zakhe aze abonise ukuba mhlawumbi ukumshiya kuMaría yayisisisombululo kuye.
Wabhekisela kwinto yokuba wayesemncinci kwaye ekhulile kwaye uMaría wayengumfazi onamava onokunika uRafael yonke into, egxininisa abantwana ababini ababenabo umculi.
Yonke le mbali yayifihliwe kude kube ngunyaka okhankanywe (1985) kuba uMaría wamcela ukuba ayigcine imfihlo ku-Albertí, ade ayityhile "Las Hojas de Missan".
Eyona nto ibalaseleyo kukuba uAlberti uyayivuma imbali yobudlelwane bakhe bobabini, ngelixa uMaría egula kakhulu, kwaye uMallo wayehlala kwikhaya labalupheleyo.
Isizukulwana sama-27
Ngexesha lesenzo e-Ateneo de Sevilla, ekukhunjweni kweminyaka eyikhulu yokufa kukaLuis Góngora (ingcali kwi-baroque art eSpain), bacinga ukuba oko kubizwa ngokuba yi-"Generation of 27" kufuneka baye ukuze bahloniphe isenzo.
Eli qela labantu bekufanele ukuba lilona gcisa libalaseleyo kunye nababhali bemibongo benkulungwane yama-1927 ngokuchanekileyo ukusukela ngo-XNUMX, phakathi kwabo kwakukho u-Alberti.
Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokufunda le biography emangalisayo, siyakumema ukuba ufunde Iculo eliya kuBolívar loloyiso lukaJunín Umbongo omhle! umbongo woloyiso
Isifo
Kwiminyaka embalwa edluleyo, imali ka-Alberti yayinqongophele kwaye kunye nempilo yakhe, yamkhokelela kwingxaki enkulu ekhoyo. Wahlala kwi-limbo yosizi ngenxa yokunqongophala kwezoqoqosho, ngaphezu kwexesha elifutshane lokuphila xa amandla akhe abalulekileyo aphelayo.
Ngethuba lokukhula kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kunye nomzimba, isibongo esibizwa ngokuthi "On Angels" saphuma kwimyuziyam yakhe. Kude kube lixesha lokuba akwazi ukoyisa iingxaki zakhe ngokungena ngokupheleleyo kubomi bezopolitiko.
Ngexesha eqala umsebenzi wakhe omtsha, ulawulo lobuzwilakhe lwalusebenza ezandleni zikaGeneral Primo de Rivera.
Ukuqala komsebenzi kaRoberto Albertí wezopolitiko
Uqala ukuthatha inxaxheba kuqhanqalazo lwabafundi, abe ngumncedisi osondeleyo weSecond Spanish Republic movement. Iphinde ibe yinxalenye yeQela lamaKomanisi laseSpain (PCE) elishiyekileyo.
Kweli nqanaba uyaqonda ukuba isihobe sisebenza kuye njengesixhobo, sokwazisa nokunika ithuba elingcono kwihlabathi. Ngelixa ebukele umdlalo webhola ekhatywayo ngo-1928, ukugqibela nje kweCopa del Rey, wachukunyiswa bubuchule bomnye wabagcini begowuli, uAlberti agqiba kwelokuba abhale umbongo.
Ngowe-1933, kunye noMaría Teresa, waseka iphephancwadi revolution elithi «Octubre», elikhoyo ngoku linento yokwenza neQela lamaKomanisi laseSpain kwaye yapapashwa rhoqo ngeentsuku ezili-15.
Bobabini bachukumisekile yimvukelo ye-anarchist eyenzeka ngo-Oktobha 1934, ebizwa ngokuba yi "Asturias Revolution". Ngoxa uguquko lwaluqhubeka, esi sibini kwafuneka siye eParis yaye iPalmiro Togliatti yasinika umsebenzi wokuya kuMntla Merika, kuMbindi Merika nakwiCaribbean.
Ngexesha lemishini kwafuneka ukuba baqhube ipropaganda kunye namaphulo okuqokelela abo bavinjwa inkululeko kwi-Asturias revolution ka-1934.
Ubomi bukaRafael Alberti ngexesha leMfazwe yombango
Imfazwe yamakhaya yaseSpeyin yaqhambuka ngowe-1936. Kwangaxeshanye, uAlbertí wayeyinxalenye yeAlliance of Antifascist Intellectuals.
Kwakukho amanye amalungu obugcisa boncwadi afana nala: María Zambrano, Ramón Gómez de la Serna, Miguel Hernández, José Bergamín, phakathi kwabanye. Eli qela likhulu labaphengululi lalijongene nokudala iintetho, i-manifestos, kuquka ukuhlaselwa.
Konke ukwenzela ukuphazamisa ukubaleka kwee-fascists, ababeyinxalenye yomkhosi kaFranco Bahamonde. Umntu ochasene ne-fascist engafanelekanga ekunene yayiyi, "El Mono Azul", apho umbhali wayesebenzisana khona.
Kuloo bulletin, uAlberti wavakalisa ukungoneliseki kwakhe ngokuchasene neenjingalwazi, abezopolitiko kunye nabantu benkcubeko yeli xesha, kuba wayecatshukiswa kukuba bengawaphakamisi amazwi abo kunye nomlo ngokuchasene nabavukeli bephiko lasekunene.
Phakathi kweentshaba zakhe kunye nabahlobo bakhe bangaphambili awayebhekisela kubo la mazwi kwakukho amagama anjengala: Miguel Unamuno, Ernesto Giménez Caballero noRafael Sánchez Mazas.
Ngelixa imfazwe yayiqhubeka, uRafael Alberti wasebenzisa intshukumo yeFalangism, njengoko ingcamango ifakwe eSpain ngokuchasene neMarxism.
Umbutho wobugcisa nezopolitiko
Wabhengeza intshutshiso yasesidlangalaleni nokubulawa kwabo babengekho kwinqanaba elifanayo lezobupolitika. UAntonio Hortelano wada wathi amabanjwa ayengcungcuthekiswa ngenkohlakalo.
Ngokutsho kwakhe, bahlwaywa kwiifowuni zomnxeba kunye neendonga zombane eziphakamileyo, ukuze bavume oko babaziyo, babiza le ndlela "I-Booth."
UAlberti, kwelinye icala, wakukhanyela ukuphathwa kakubi, ngokutsho kwakhe soze axhase ukuphathwa kakubi kwabantu. Oku kwenzeka ngelixa kukho iziqhushumbisi kuso sonke isixeko ngamaFrancoists.
Ngaphandle kwemfazwe yamakhaya, intshukumo "yokufuduswa kweMyuziyam yasePrado" yaqala. Yayiquka ukukhusela imithwalo ebalulekileyo yemisebenzi yobugcisa eyayikwisakhiwo esingaphandle kwesixeko.
Imbongi idibana nabanye abahlakaniphileyo abavela kwamanye amazwe, bebiza "Ukuchaswa kweMadrid engqingiwe." Apho iivesi ezifana ne "18 kaJulayi" zaphila, zicengceleza kumadabi esixekweni.
Kwenzeka ntoni ngexesha lokugxothwa?
UAlberti noMaría Teresa banquma ukulishiya ilizwe emva kokulahlekelwa ngamaRiphabhlikhi. Ekubeni sele ifakiwe eParis, abasemagunyeni baseFransi babahlutha amaphepha-mvume abo okusebenza kuba babebajonga “njengamakomanisi ayingozi”.
Kwi-1940, kunye nokuphakama kweMfazwe Yehlabathi kunye nengozi yamaJamani kufuphi nekhaya labo elitsha, banquma ukukhawuleza ukuya eBuenos Aires esuka eMarseille, kwisikhephe esibizwa ngokuthi "Mendoza".
Bafika eArgentina ngoMatshi 2, 1940. Ngoxa babehlala baza bazinza kwikomkhulu labo babengenazo iimpepha-mvume zokuhlala, kodwa umhlobo wabo uRodolfo Aráoz Alfaro wacebisa ukuba bacele imvume yokutyelela eso sixeko.
Emva koko baya kuhlala eCórdoba ngokuchanekileyo kwifama "yeTotoral", apho bakhawula intombi yabo ekuphela kwayo egama linguAitana. Ngo-1963, wagqiba kwelokuba aye eRoma, apho wayehlala khona waza wahlala de wabuyela eSpain ngo-1977.
Kwilizwe elihle laseItali, uhambisa ingqondo yakhe kwimibongo kwaye ubhala umsebenzi wakhe othi "Ingozi yabahambi". Kwakhona ubhala umsebenzi wezibongo "Iingoma ezisuka kwintlambo ephezulu ye-Aniene", zombini ebhalwe kwi-1972.
Ukubuyela eSpain
Uzwilakhe uFranco uyafa kwaye iSpeyin iyabhiyoza, ekubeni idemokhrasi yaphinda yasekwa ngowe-1977. Kwangaloo nyaka wonyulwa njengesekela leNkongolo, kwaye wayekuluhlu lweQela lamaKomanisi laseSpain.
Akuzange kuthathe xesha lide ukuba uAlberti athathe isigqibo sokurhoxa kwisikhundla sakhe, njengoko wayenqwenela ukubuyela eRoma ukuze aqhubeke nomsebenzi wakhe wokuba yimbongi nomzobi.
Ubuyela eRoma, umanzi te embindini wakhe aze amenywe kwiziganeko ezahlukahlukeneyo ezibalulekileyo. Akazange akwazi ukufikelela encotsheni ye-Academy, kodwa wawongwa ngowona lwazi luphezulu loncwadi.
Waphumelela iBhaso leCervantes (ibhaso loncwadi elinikwe liSebe lezeNkcubeko). Imele ithathelwe ingqalelo into yokuba ngaphambili wawongwa amanye amawonga, njengeBhaso loXolo likaLenin.
Yayilibhaso elifana neNobel Peace Prize, elivela kwiSoviet Union, kubantu abaye bafak’ isandla kuxolo lwamazwe nezizwe emfazweni.
Umbhali wawongwa ngeBhaso leThiyetha yeSizwe ngo-1980. Kananjalo, wayeka neBhaso leeLeta zeSpanish (iMbasa yeNkosana yase-Asturias).
Xa engazange alamkele ibhaso, kwakungenxa yokuba umxholo walo wawungangqinelani neminqweno yakhe yeriphabliki. Ngowe-1990 watshata noMaría Asunción Mateo; Ngo-1999, kanye ngo-Oktobha 28, wafela ekhayeni lakhe ePuerto de Santa María.
Umlotha wombongi odumileyo wahlakazeka elwandle owambona ekhula, egxininisa kumsebenzi wakhe othi "Marinero en Tierra".
UMbongo kaRoberto Alberti
Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zemibongo azibonakaliswe ngumbhali kwimisebenzi yakhe zahluke kakhulu, kangangokuba zahluka kwaye zagubungela imiba ukusuka kwi-surrealism ukuya kwi-popularity kunye ne-nostalgia.
"Umatiloshe emhlabeni"
Impumelelo yakhe yokuqala kwihlabathi loncwadi ibonisa imvakalelo yokwenene yokungakwazi ukuhlala ebuntwaneni bakhe njengoko wayefuna. Ewe, wayesoloko enothando olukhulu ngelizwe lakowabo yaye isibakala sokuhlukana nalo esemncinane kangaka samchaphazela kakhulu.
Ukunqongophala kokonwabela ulwandle lwelizwe lakhe lokuzalwa, kwizibuko lakhe, lalihlala limgcina engenangqondo, de wayidala le leta kwiminyaka kamva ukuze akwazi ukuyichaza.
1926 "Inkosikazi"
Ubonisa uthando lwakhe kwiindawo ze-3 ezaziza kwaye zaphawula ubutsha bakhe, egxininisa ukuba ziindawo ezintle kakhulu eSpain. Phakathi kwabo iAranda de Duero, isixeko saseSpain esikumazantsi ephondo laseBurgos eCastilla de León.
I-Ribera del Duero, elinye iphondo laseBurgos, ummandla omncinci ukuya kwi-Esgueva Valley. Okokugqibela iSanto Domingo de Silios, ekwafumaneka eBurgos kwaye yamkelwa ngokuba sisixeko esincinci kunye nesamkelekileyo.
Wayedla ngokuquqa kuzo zonke ezi ndawo ebambene nomntakwabo, owathi, ukongezelela kuyise, wayekwangummeli weewayini ezidumileyo abazithengisayo.
Ukusa kweNtyantyambo yodonga
Ebudeni be-1927 wabhala lo msebenzi ezivumela ukuba athathwe yimpembelelo ye-avant-garde entsha ethathela ingqalelo amaculo njengesiseko.
"Ikalika kunye neNgoma"
Omnye umbongo oquka impembelelo yeGongorism kunye nezo ndinyana zivelisa inkalo yeculo.
"Mayela neeNgelosi"
Wayipapasha ngowe-1929, kodwa ngokwenene wayibhala phakathi ko-1927 no-1928. Apha uqala ukuquka i-surrealism, xa wayeneengxaki zempilo kunye nezemali ezamenza waphambana.
Kule ncwadi, uRafael Alberti ubonisa ubukrelekrele kunye nobugcisa obukhulu xa ezibonakalisa, uthetha ngeklasi, apho anikezela ngemifanekiso enobundlobongela kwihlabathi leedemon.
"Iintshumayelo kunye neendawo zokuhlala"
Yayiyincwadi enobubanzi obukhulu awayibhalayo kunye nokubonakaliswa okukhohlakeleyo kokunganyaniseki kwakhe okuqulethwe "Sobre los Ángeles".
"Ndandisisidenge kwaye into endiyibonileyo indenze izidenge ezimbini"
Zombini "Iintshumayelo y Moradas" kunye nalo msebenzi zabhalwa phakathi kwe-1929 kunye ne-1930. Wayecinga ukuba emva kwebali elibuhlungu elinjalo, ukuvala ngendlela ehlekisayo kuya kuba yimfuneko.
Ngoko ke, wazihlaziya iingcinga zakhe kulo msebenzi, apho waphinda wanikela ngetyala ngamaqhekeza emibongo evela kumaqhula adumileyo efilimu.
Imisebenzi yamva nje (ibhayografi emfutshane kaRafael Alberti)
Kwi-surrealism endiyisebenzisayo kwimisebenzi yakhe, i-paradox yakhe yezopolitiko phakathi kokuziphatha koluntu kunye nokuziphatha kwangasese kuyavakala. Kwesinye i-introspection, ingcamango yakhe yobukomanisi kunye neyangoku, imenza abhale umsebenzi othi "Ngezihlangu zam kufuneka ndife" (1930).
Xa iRiphabhlikhi yesiBini yasekwa eSpeyin, ngowe-1931 wasungula ingqokelela yemibongo enikezelwe ku-Ignacio Sánchez Mejías.
Phakathi kwazo: "I-ghost ihamba ngeYurophu" 1933, "Ilizwi lethu lemihla ngemihla" 1936, "13 bands kunye neenkwenkwezi ezingamashumi amane anesibhozo" 1936, "Slogans" 1933, "Ilizwi lethu lemihla ngemihla" 1936, "Ukusuka komnye umzuzu ukuya komnye" ngo-1937. XNUMX kunye ne "Imbongi esitratweni" kunyaka kamva.
Ngoxa wayesekuthinjweni eArgentina, uBuenos Aires, wamkelwa yintsapho, apho bafumana uthando oluninzi, u-Alberti wazinikela ekudaleni imibongo "yezoPolitiko", phakathi kwabo abadumileyo "Phakathi kwe-carnation nekrele" A. umzobo ».
Inqaku lobugcisa liphinde lavela kwakhona "Ukubuyiswa kobomi obukude" ngo-1952, "i-Ode maritime" kunye ne "Baladas y iingoma del Paraná" ngo-1953. Kwimibongo ye-3 ekhankanywe ngasentla, wakwazi ukukhupha imibongo yobuntwaneni bakhe kwinqanaba elimangalisayo.
Iminyaka ka-Alberti yayisele ifikelele esiphelweni, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba ayishiye inqwelomoya yasemhlabeni, washiya ngasemva uluhlu oluxubeneyo lwemibongo apho, okokuqala, wachukumisa i-neo-popularism.
Phakathi kwazo: Vula kuzo zonke iiyure ngo-1964, incwadi ethi "European", "Rome", "Danger for walkers" "1968", kwimisebenzi yakhe yokugqibela waphunyezwa uthando kunye ne-eroticism, umzekelo "kwiingoma zeAltair". Ekugqibeleni, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, wafa e-Ibidem ngo-Oktobha 28, 1999, eshiya ilifa elikhulu nelixabisekileyo.
Ukuba ungumntu othanda ukufunda, siyakumema ukuba ufunde ULa Lola uya eZibukweni Konke malunga noMsebenzi! isishwankathelo esikhulu sencwadi ebalulekileyo kwihlabathi loncwadi.