Thetha nge iintaka acuatic Ayibhekiseli kuphela kusapho oluthile apho zonke ziqokelelwe ngokwamaqela, kukho imijelo emininzi, iintsapho kunye nemiyalelo yeentlobo eziwela kuhlelo lweentaka zolwandle ngokweempawu ezithile ukongezelela ekuziqhelaniseni nokusingqongileyo okuhlala emanzini. Apha siza kuthetha kancinci ngabo kwaye eminye imizekelo iya kukhankanywa.
intaka zamanzi
Iintaka zasemanzini okanye zasemanzini zezo ntlobo zeqela leentaka ezinolungelelwaniso ezivumela ukuba zihlale emanzini okanye kwiindawo zokuhlala zaselwandle, ezininzi zazo ziyahluka enye kwenye kwaye zingokwemiyalelo eyahlukeneyo, kunye ne Izilwanyana zaselwandle ukuba zahluke kakhulu omnye komnye. Nangona kunjalo, zineempawu ezifanayo, ezifana nokuziphatha kwazo, indlela yazo yokuphila kwaye kwezinye iimeko imizimba yazo ineendlela kunye nemisebenzi efana kakhulu nezinye iintaka.
Ezi ntaka zavela ukuze zikwazi ukuziqhelanisa ngempumelelo nemekobume apho bekukho ubungqina bobukho bamanzi kangangeekhilomitha ezinde okanye ezimbalwa, ngokunjalo ukutya kwazo kwatshintsha ukuba zingatyi kuphela iintshulube, imibungu okanye izinambuzane kodwa nakwiintlanzi nezinye iintlobo ezincinci ezihlala elwandle. .
Ngokuqhelekileyo, abaninzi babo bavela kookhokho abaqala ukubonisa olu tshintsho ngexesha le-Cretaceous, ezinye iifosili ze-clades ezifana ne-Hesperomithiformes ziye zanyamalala, kodwa zihambelana nezinye iintaka ezifana ne-pelecaniformes. Ezinye iintlobo zibonakala zivela ngexesha lePaleogene, ngexesha leMiocene ezininzi zazo zasasazeka kwaye zasasazwa kwihlabathi lonke, ngelixa ukusuka kwiPilocene kude kube ngoku, iintlobo ezininzi zeentaka zamanzi ziye zabonwa.
Enye into efanayo kolu hlobo lweentaka kukuba ixesha lokuphila lide kakhulu xa lithelekiswa nezinye iindidi ezingasondeliyo kumanzi amaninzi, ukongeza ekubeni ukuveliswa kwazo kubonakala kusemva kancinci kuba zifikelela ekuvuthweni ngokwesondo kwinqanaba eliphezulu. iminyaka, nto leyo ephembelela ngandlel’ ithile ukuba bangabi namalungu amaninzi kakhulu eentsapho zabo aselula. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, into efanayo phantse kuzo zonke kukuba zondla emanzini.
Inxalenye enkulu yezi ntlobo zezilwanyana igcinwa ngokwamaqela abizwa ngokuba ngamathanga, anokuba amancinci (amashumi eentaka) okanye amakhulu (amawaka eentaka), phakathi kwazo kukho ezo zinemikhwa yokufuduka ezikhokelela ekubeni zifuduke zisuka kwenye indawo ziye kwenye minyaka le. . . Banokuhamba imigama emide ukunqumla i-ikhweyitha okanye bajikeleze isijikelezi-langa ukufikelela kwiindawo ezinobushushu obufanelekileyo ukuze baqalise ukuzala, ukutyisa nokuzalela.
Ngokubhekiselele kwisakhiwo sabo, i-organism yabo kunye neempawu zabo zomzimba, ezininzi zazo zifana nomnye kwiindawo ezithile. Ayizizo ngokwenene ezona ntlobo zingaqhelekanga okanye ezinomtsalane, kodwa ukuziqhelanisa nokuziphatha kwazo kunokuba nomdla kakhulu. Inyaniso kukuba abaninzi babo bayinxalenye yoluhlu lwe Izilwanyana ezisengozini emhlabeni okanye ubuncinci bakwizinga eliphezulu lokusongela, zombini ngenxa yomsebenzi wabantu kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Ezinye izinto ezibabeka emngciphekweni zezi: utshintsho lwemozulu olubanyanzela ukuba batshintshe imikhwa yabo yokufuduka, ukuguqulwa okanye ukutshatyalaliswa kweendawo abahlala kuzo ezichaphazela ezo bahlala kuzo ixesha elininzi lonyaka okanye ukutshintsha iindlela zabo zokufuduka. Ngokufanayo, ukungcoliswa kwazo zonke iintlobo, ukuzingela nokuloba. Sinokuthi inxalenye enkulu yeentlobo zezilwanyana, ubukumkani bezityalo kunye nomngundo ziye zachatshazelwa yimisebenzi yabantu.
Ukwahlula
Uqikelelo lwenani leentlobo zezilwanyana zaselwandle ezifumaneka emhlabeni zinokwenziwa kwaye ziya kuba ziintlobo ezingama-300, inani leesampuli lingadlula izigidi ezingama-600 (Kwi-300 yeentlobo, i-110 isongelwa yizinto ezahlukeneyo), kodwa xa kuthethwa «iintaka. zasemanzini” azibhekiseli kwiqela le-taxonomic eneneni, kukuqokelelwa kweentlobo zezidalwa ezithile ezinophawu olunye okanye olunye olufana ngazo ukongezelela ekuchitheni inxalenye ethile yobomi bazo emanzini okanye ekutyeni kuwo.
Nangona kunjalo, ezinye ii-odolo zinokukhankanywa kwintlangano engcono njenge-sphenisciformes, i-pelecaniformes, i-charadriiformes kuphela i-stercorarids, i-sterids, i-alcids, i-lárids, i-rhyncópdos, ezinye iintlobo ze-ardeids, i-gaviformes, i-podicipediformes eyahlukeneyo, iintlobo ze fetontiformes, anseriformes, ezinye suliformes, ezinye caradriiformes, procelariiformes. Kuyo yonke le miyalelo, iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana ziye zagqalwa njengeentaka zasemanzini de zayila elo qela likhulu lama-300.
IIMPAWU ZAKHE
Into yokuqala ekufuneka ikhankanyiwe malunga nezi ntlobo kukulungelelaniswa okunokuthi kubonwe kwimbonakalo yangaphandle yesakhiwo sazo, umzekelo, kwimilo yamaphiko azo, umzekelo ocacileyo yi-cormorants enamaphiko athatha amanzi ngcono ngenxa yokuba. abanayo indawo yomoya ingako, oku kuziqhelanisa akubasebenzelanga ikakhulu ukuzilawula ngokwawo amaqondo obushushu kwaye ngaloo ndlela baxhathise ngcono kwindawo ezifunyenwe kuyo.
Ngaloo ndlela, ukumila kwamaphiko azo akuguquli nje kuphela imiba ethile yokubhabha, kodwa kunye nemisebenzi abanokuyenza ngayo, njengokuntywila. Okokugqibela, iintlobo zokuntywila zinamaphiko amafutshane kuneentaka ezidliwayo kwaye zondla kuphela kwiintlobo ezithile zaselwandle, ezinye iintaka zilungelelanise, kodwa ukundiza kwabo akuqhubeki njengabanye, i-albatross ejikelezayo, umzekelo, wenza uhlobo lwesicwangciso.
Iipenguins mhlawumbi zezona ntlobo zineendlela eziphawulekayo zokuziqhelanisa kuba amaphiko azo azivumela ukuba zihambe emanzini, ngaphezu koko umthamo wegazi labo unyukile xa uthelekisa nezinye iintaka ukuze zikwazi ukugcina ioksijini eninzi. Olunye uphawu kukuba banokulawula izinga lentliziyo yabo, kunye negazi eliqondisayo kumalungu ayifunayo ngaphezu kwamanye amalungu omzimba, nangona kunjalo abakwazi ukubhabha. Zizintaka ngenxa yokumila kwemizimba yazo, indalo yazo, umgca wendaleko kunye neminye imiba.
Uphawu olujongwe kwiintaka ezininzi zasemanzini kukuba iinyawo zazo zinentambo, ukuze ukudada kumphezulu kubengcono kwaye ukuntywila kulula. Ngokunjalo, iintsiba zazo ziyakwazi ukumelana namanzi, nangona uninzi lwezi ntaka zinento eninzi kunezinye, ubuninzi bazo buzinceda ukuba zikhuseleke ngcono. Inyaniso yeyokuba oku akubathinteli ekubhabheni, iintsiba zabo zixinene kancinci zithintela ukuba zingafunxa amanzi.
Kwakhona, kwelinye icala, oku kusebenza njengomnye umlinganiselo wolawulo lobushushu, kuba abaphulukani nobushushu bomzimba obuninzi xa bedibana namanzi ngelixa bequbha okanye bentywila.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, olu hlobo lweentsiba alubakhuseli kuphela emanzini kodwa kwezinye iintlobo, oku kungenxa yokuba iintaka zamanzi zineentsiba ezinemibala engathathi hlangothi enciphisa ukubonakala kwazo elwandle, umzekelo, grey, black, white okanye indibaniselwano yezi. Umhlophe ufanelekile ukuze iintlobo ezingaphakathi elwandle zingaboni lula, yingakho uninzi lwazo lunaloo mbala ngaphakathi okanye esiswini.
Oku kuyabahlula kwiintlobo ezininzi ezingekho elwandle kwaye zihlala kwiindawo ezishushu kakhulu, nangona ingezizo zonke iintaka ezinokuthi zithathwe njengezolwandle zineepateni zemibala, i-flamingos umzekelo, nangona xa ubuza:Kutheni iiflamingo zipinki?? Kuya kubonakala ukuba inento yokwenza nokutya ekutyayo, okuyi-shrimp, i-algae, i-crustaceans kunye ne-plankton, ene-canthaxanthin, i-compound evumela i-flamingos ukuba ifumane i-pigments yezi ntlobo.
Ukutya
Ngokuphathelele ukutya, okokuqala, idlala le-supraorbital abanalo emathatheni abo liyayiphelisa ityuwa egazini labo, ukuthatha ukutya kwabo kusekelwe kwizilwanyana ezincinci ezifumaneka elwandle kwaye zisela amanzi ngobuninzi. La madlala (makhulu kakhulu kunezinye izilwanyana) abalulekile kubo kuba izintso zabo azikwazi ukuphelisa isixa sesodium chloride efuywe sisilwanyana.
Ukuvela kwezi ntaka kwakubangela ukuba zifumane ukutya kwazo elwandle, emachibini okanye elwandle, zisitya izilwanyana ezifika phezu komhlaba, zileqa amaxhoba azo xa zintywila, ukuntywila okanye ukutya kancinci. izilwanyana ezinomqolo ezinkulu ezihlala elwandle.
Ngokubhekiselele kwindlela nganye yokutya, abo bafumana ukutya phezu komhlaba, umzekelo, ngokutshona nje iintloko zabo kancinci okanye ngamanye amaxesha kungekhona naloo nto, benza oko ngenxa yokuba imisinga ibabeka kwindawo yabo yokufikelela, njengesquid okanye ikrill. Oku kwavumela imilomo yabo ukuba itshintshe ukuze bakwazi ukuhluza amanzi, ukuzingela ixhoba elikhawulezayo okanye ukuziqhelanisa nohlobo oluthile lwexhoba. Abo bantywilayo bakhawuleza ngakumbi kunabo badada ngemilenze kuphela kwaye banokutya okubanzi.
Kwelinye icala, ezo zintywila emoyeni xa zitsiba zisebenzisa amandla amancinane kuneentaka zokuntywila kwaye amaphiko azo asakwazi ukwenza ezinye izinto ezinjengokubhabha okanye ukuhamba, ingxaki yale yokugqibela kukuba zixhomekeke kwezinye izilwanyana kwaye langoku zishiya ukutya. phezu komhlaba. Kukho neentlobo ezifana nengabangaba okanye i-pelicans ezondla kwezinye iintaka zamanzi, xa ezi zixhoba zingamantshontsho okanye naxa zisemaqanda, iihagu ezinkulu zidla iipenguin ezincinci.
Iindidi
Phakathi kweentlobo zeentaka zasemanzini kukho ezinye ezibonisa ukulungelelaniswa okubalulekileyo okubavumela ukuba baphile ngaphandle kweengxaki ezininzi kwindawo yokuhlala yaselwandle, ezinye zazo zondla kuphela kwiintlobo ezifumaneka elwandle okanye kumphezulu walo, kunye nokuhlala kwiindawo ezikufutshane. imizimba yamanzi efana nemigxobhozo okanye amachibi.
Iintaka zolwandle kunye namadada
Apha kubekwe ezo ntlobo zezilwanyana ezinomqolo ezixhomekeke kwimizimba yamanzi hayi ekutyeni kuphela, ngoko ke zichitha inxalenye yobomi bazo ziqubha okanye zintywila, le mizekelo iyasebenza njengezilungisi ze-ecosystem apho zifumaneka khona. Ezi zezona ntlobo zineentsiba ezixineneyo nezingatshoniyo, kunye neenwebu ezisemilenzeni ezivumela ukuba zidade ngokulula kwaye zimelane namanzi ngcono.
Ezinye izidalwa azinazo iintsiba ezishinyene ngolo hlobo, kodwa zinemilenze emide efana nookhwalimanzi okanye iiflamingo ezivumela ukuba zihambe emanzini zingakhange zibe manzi, ngelixa ezinye zinamalungu aphuhliselwe ukuntywila njengoonombombiya. Ezi zinokufumaneka elwandle, kumanxweme okanye kumachibi apho amaxhoba azo afunyanwa khona. Abanye babo banokubhabha kwaye abanye abanako ngenxa yokuba ukuziqhelanisa abanako emilenzeni okanye emaphikweni abo kuphucula imisebenzi ethile yaselwandle, kodwa banciphise abanye emhlabeni okanye emoyeni.
iintaka zokuntywila
Ezi ziintaka ezihlala emanzini anzulu kancinane, apho zinokuntywila okanye ukuntywila ngaphandle kokuzonzakalisa ukuze zifumane ukutya kwazo ngaphantsi kwamanzi. Ezi ntlobo zinemilenze yazo elungelelaniswe ngokupheleleyo kwimeko yokusingqongileyo ukuze ikwazi ukuqubha ngokukhawuleza, iyakwazi nokuhamba, kodwa yenza kuphela ukubeka amaqanda ngaphandle kolwandle, ngaphandle koko bahlala kuyo. Ngokomzekelo, amadada okanye i-pelicans.
iintaka ezibhadulayo
Iintaka ezijikelezayo zezo zihlala phezu kolwandle okanye amachibi, ngokubanzi imilenze yazo ibhityile ukubavumela ukuba bahambe emanzini ngokulula. Iintamo zazo nazo zinde ukuze zikwazi ukufikelela amaxhoba ngokulula ngakumbi. Umzekelo wezi ntlobo ziiflamingo.
iintaka ezibhadulayo
Ezi ntlobo ziyafana nookhwalimanzi kuba zinemilomo emide nemilenze emide, ezinye zinemilenze emifutshane kancinane kunye nemilomo ebanzi, ngoxa ezinye zinemilomo emide necekethekileyo. Ezi zifumaneka kwimigxobhozo ezintabeni, kumanxweme, amachibi, imimango kunye nezinye iintlobo zeendawo zokuhlala zasemanzini.
iintaka zasemanzini ezidla inyama
Ezi zezo zingenalo naluphi na ulungelelwaniso olufana nezi zikhankanywe ngasentla, kodwa kunoko ukutya kwazo kusekelwe kwizilwanyana ezinokufumaneka emanzini, njengentlanzi okanye i-crustaceans. Umzekelo obalaseleyo wale nto yi-osprey, ehlala ibhabha ngokukhawuleza kwaye ihamba kuphela kufuphi nolwandle okanye amachibi ukuzingela.
iintlobo zeentaka zamanzi
Kuphela ezinye amagama eentaka Izinto eziphila emanzini ezaziwayo ziya kukhankanywa kolu luhlu lulandelayo, ukongezelela kwezo zikhankanywe ngasentla njengomzekelo we iintlobo zeentaka zaselwandle, kuyo nayiphi na imeko imiyalelo ekhankanyiweyo kwakhona ngamanqaku aphambili ukwazi iintlobo ze-300 eziqokelelwe kolu luhlu lwasemanzini.
- UMallard Dada
- Idada lokwenyani
- isaqhwithi saseYurophu petrel
- iteal eqhelekileyo
- Swan emnyama
- icephe eqhelekileyo
- pochard yaseYurophu
- ialbatross yasebukhosini
- grebe eqhelekileyo
- Great Crested Grebe
- Iinkomo egret
- i-egret encinci
- ubhuti oneenyawo ezibomvu
- ngwevu engwevu
- crankshaft
- ingwamza yaseMelika
- coot eqhelekileyo
- Intlanzi ebomvu
- crane eqhelekileyo
- intlanzi
- intamo emnyama
- eJacanas
- Iiflamingo
- oonombombiya
- Amadada afana neDada laseMandarin
- Amarhanisi
- isigebenga sokumkani
- idipper yaseYurophu
- iplover encinci
- kunye ne-avocet
- i-comoran enkulu