UbuGcisa bobuKristu, yonke into oyifunayo ukuyazi ngalo mbandela

El ubugcisa bobuKristu, Luhlobo lobugcisa benkolo obulawulwa phantsi kweendawo kunye neemfundiso eziqulunqa imfundiso yobuKristu. Ibonakaliswa ngemimandla eyahlukeneyo enje: ukwakhiwa, ukupeyinta kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo, ethe yavela ngokuhamba kwexesha ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yinkolo yabo.

ubugcisa bobuKristu

UbuGcisa bobuKrestu luhlobo lobugcisa obuyimfihlakalo, apho imisebenzi kunye nemisebenzi eyenziwayo isetyenziswa njengendlela yokuhlawula irhafu kwaye ilawulwa phantsi kweemfundiso kunye nezakhiwo zangoku zobuKristu. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ezinye izihloko ezifanayo zenkcubeko, unokufunda IiVikings eSpain

Enye yeenjongo eziphambili eziphunyezwa bubugcisa bobuKristu kukuyila ngokutsha, ngemizekeliso, izicatshulwa ezithile, amava okanye imiyalezo yobuKristu ebhekiswa kumakholwa athembekileyo aloo mihla yonqulo. Ngobugcisa bobuKristu, umyalezo wenkolo unokumelwa, obonakaliswa ngokupeyinta, ukwakhiwa, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo, phakathi kwezinye iindlela.

Ukususela kwinkulungwane yesine, ubuKristu obukhoyo baba lunqulo olubalaseleyo kwimpucuko yaseNtshona. Esona sikhululo sikhulu senzeke ngexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi kunye neXesha langoku, ukuba nophuculo olubalulekileyo Europe eyathi kamva yasasazeka ngokwejografi.

Ngokuyinxenye, oku kwakuthetha ukuba imisinga yobugcisa ephambili eyaqala ukuvela ngexesha leXesha Eliqhelekileyo yaphawulwa kakhulu kwaye yaphenjelelwa bubugcisa bobuKristu, isiseko sayo esinxibelelene nokuzalisekisa unqulo lwenkolo.

Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, imizobo kunye nemifanekiso, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo okanye ezinye izinto ezingcwele, zingcwalisiwe, ziyeke ukuba yimisebenzi yobugcisa kuphela. Iimonki, iitempile kunye neendawo ezingcwele zazijongwa njengezinto zokwenyani, ngakumbi ngamaxesha amandulo obuKristu kude kube ngamaXesha Aphakathi, apho imbeko yayihlawulwa kubafeli-nkolo nakwiingcwele.

Imifanekiso ephefumlelwe bubomi be Jesucristo Baye baduma ngokuba ngummangaliso, bekhuthaza amakholwa athembekileyo nabaxhasi bolu nqulo ukuba bahambe ngezonqulo. Noko ke, olu hlobo lobugcisa lwalungumthombo wokungavisisani phakathi kwabakhuthazi bonqulo ngokwabo, lude lubangele neyantlukwano yangaphakathi phakathi kwabo babexhasa unqulo olwaluphefumlelwe yile misebenzi kunye nabo babechasene nonqulo-zithixo neenkolelo ezivela kolu qheliselo.

Amaqela angamaKristu aye asebenzisa ubugcisa ngandlel’ ithile ukuze avakalise inkolo nonqulo lwawo, enoluvo olukhethekileyo ngokuphathelele intsingiselo enikelwa lilinye, nto leyo eyenza umahluko phakathi kwamaProtestanti namaKatolika.

Umculo kunye nolwakhiwo lwenkolo ziintlobo eziqhelekileyo zobugcisa bobuKristu, apho umyalezo ofuna ukusasazwa eluntwini uvakaliswa. Ngokubhekiselele kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yezenkolo kunye nemizobo, ethathwa njengoluhlobo olumele ngakumbi lobugcisa, imixholo ephindaphindayo yimijikelo yobomi UYESU khristu, kwakunye nezicatshulwa ezahlukeneyo zeTestamente eNdala.

Kwiicawa zamaKatolika, umntu unokubona intaphane yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye nokubonakaliswa kobugcisa bobuKristu, kunye ne-hodgepodge yezinto ezahlukeneyo, zombini kwiicawa ezincinci ezijikelezileyo kunye nesibingelelo esiphakamileyo.

Ibonakala ngokucacileyo kuyilo lwegumbi lokubhaptiza, iifestile ezinkulu zeglasi ezinemibala, phakathi kwezinye. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zezinto zokwakha zisebenza njengesiseko semifanekiso eqingqiweyo, yahlulwe ngokufanelekileyo ngokomhla wexesha lembali elihambelanayo.

Umhlobiso weecawa zamaOthodoki uquka ukusetyenziswa kwezacholo zonqulo, i-mosaics kunye nempahla, okwenza iindawo zabo zibe nzima. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, izibingelelo zevangeli zibonisa ukulula okwamkelwa kwizakhiwo ezitsha zecawa yamaKatolika, ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. IBhunga leVatican II.

Iisimboli eziboniswa ngobugcisa bobuKristu ziqulathe iimpawu eziphawuleka kakhulu ezibhekisa ngokuthe ngqo kwizinto zobuKristu, kusetyenziswa ezinye iindlela, izehlo, izibhalo okanye iikhonsepthi, ezimele ngendlela ethile.

umnqamlezo we Kristu kunye neminye imifanekiso ye UYesu, ngokuqhelekileyo imbekiselo yoncwadi esetyenziswa kakhulu kubugcisa bobuKristu, nangona ixutywe neengcamango eziqhelekileyo zobomi, phakathi kwazo luthando, ubomi obungunaphakade, usindiso lomntu nomphefumlo wakhe, njl.

Ngokubhekiselele kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo, ubugcisa bobuKristu bubonakala ngokuqaqambisa iinkcukacha zemifanekiso ebenza ukuba babonakale lula. Inxalenye yayo bubuso kunye neempawu ezahlukileyo zomntu ngamnye, oko kukuthi, ukuba unxibe iindevu, iinwele zabo.

Kukwakho nesinxibo sakhe, imibala, izijekulo zakhe, izinto zokusingqongileyo ezimele yena, umzekelo, ukuma kwezandla zakhe, imiwunduzo yakhe, ukusetyenziswa kwento ethile yenkonzo, njl.njl; Izinto ezibonisa ubugcisa bobuKristu obunikwe ngazo ukwahlula kwabanye.

Historia

Imbali yobugcisa bobuKristu iphantse ihambisane nembali yeminyaka yobudala inkolo yamaKrestu. Ubungqina boku kukufunyanwa kwe-iconography yobuKristu, umhla wayo ubhalwe malunga nomnyaka we-70 AD. C., iminikelo eyinxalenye yeengxelo zakudala ezixhasa inkangeleko yembali yobuKristu kwaye ikwachaza nendlela inkqubo yabo yendaleko eyenzeka ngayo.

I-sarcophagi ifakwe kwikhathalogu njengohlobo lwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobuKristu, kunye neerekhodi ukusuka ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX. Phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX kunye ne-XNUMX, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kwaqala ukuphuhliswa, umzekelo apho i-facade yecawa eza kuthatha indawo yeetempile zokuqala.

Ngexesha likarhulumente uConstantine, ubukhosi sele yamkela imfundiso yonqulo yobuKristu, kwaye ngokukhula kwabalandeli abathembekileyo kunye nabazinikeleyo, kwavela imfuneko yokuhlala kwizakhiwo ezinobuntu kunye nomthamo omkhulu, ukuze kubhiyozelwe amahlelo.

Emva koko kwavela imfuneko yokwakha iicawa ezintsha zamaKristu, kodwa kungekhona ukwamkela iimpawu zeetempile zobuhedeni ezazisele zikhona, kodwa kunoko imizekelo yamagumbi oluntu ukubamba iintlanganiso, oko kukuthi, i-basilica, ukuthobela oko kwakufunwa, okwakuyiyo. indawo enolwandiso olukhulu, apho amakholwa athembekileyo azinikeleyo kunqulo lwe Inkolo yamaKrestu, babenokuza bathandaze.

Ngaloo minyaka, ii-basilica zazalisekisa umsebenzi woluntu, kodwa ngenxa yemfuneko eyavelayo, indima yazo yatshintsha, yaba yindawo yokubhiyozelwa kweendibano zamaKristu, kwaye iplani yomgangatho we-basilica ngokusemthethweni yaba sisakhiwo ababeza kuthabatha kuso. amabandla amatsha.

Ngokunxuseneyo noku, ezinye izakhiwo zongezwa kwimisebenzi yonqulo, kodwa indlela yazo yokusasaza yayahlukile kwi-basilica, enesityalo esisembindini esibizwa ngokuba yi "baptisteries", kunye nenye indawo apho amangcwaba okanye amangcwaba ayekhona.

Ezi ndawo zazisetyenziselwa ukubhiyozela ubhaptizo ngamaxesha emfihlo kwaye zahlulwa kumasiko ecawa. Kumboniso wemosaic kunye nemizobo eseludongeni, ubugcisa bobuKristu bokupeyinta bunokubonwa bubonakaliswa.

Imizobo yePavement mosaics yayiyeyona mihombiso eyayisetyenziswa ziicawe, ezinemixholo ephambili yeziganeko kunye neevesi zobuKristu ezazisetyenziswa njengemiqondiso kunye nemiqondiso. Iikhaphethi kaMoses zabekwa kwindawo yegalari yee-basilicas ezaba ziicawe, imizekeliso yazo yezifundo ekuthethwe ngazo ukupeyinta yayiyimfundiso yokholo. NguYesu Krestu

Ukusukela ngomhla wale mizekeliso isusela kwinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX, nangona kamva yayeka ukwenziwa kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba imifanekiso iqulethe inkalo engcwele enokungahlonelwa ngokuthi kunyathelwe kuyo. imifuziselo eyayisetyenziswa njengesixhobo kwimibhalo-ngqangi, ngenjongo yokuba abantu baziqonde ngcono izicatshulwa, ingakumbi abo bangafundanga.

Umbhalo wesikhumba waqalisa ukuthabathel’ indawo umsongo wompapiri phakathi kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX neye-XNUMX, ekubeni wawukwazi ukuthungwa uze ubotshwe, nto leyo eyayivumela ukuba kwenziwe imizobo emincinane ize ilondolozwe. KwiThala Labapostile LaseVatican kukho imibhalo-ngqangi emibini ye Virgil Zivela kwikhulu le-XNUMX kwaye zigcinwe kakuhle.

Eminye imibhalo-ngqangi yonqulo eneemeko ezifanayo, isusela emva kwinkulungwane yesithandathu. Ikopi yencwadi yenkolo ye IGenesis, ikwiThala leeNcwadi leSizwe la EVienna. Amaqhekeza eBhayibhile yamandulo yesiGrike, esusela kwinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX, asele ekho YaseMbrany Museum, emva kokonakala kumlilo owenzeka kwithala leencwadi UMhlekazi uRobert Cotton, apho yayimi khona ekuqaleni, ngowe-1731.

Eminye imibhalo-ngqangi esaseleyo ebhalwe ngolwimi lwaseSiriya ifumaneka kwi EFlorence naseParis, kwithala leencwadi Laurentian kunye neThala leeNcwadi leSizwe ngokulandelelanayo. Ngamaxesha oBukhosi baseRoma, abemi bembethe iimpahla ezihlotshiswe ngemifanekiso yonqulo yendlela yevangeli, eyenziwe ngoboya bepolychrome kunye nesilika, ithathwa njengoluhlobo lwelaphu elinobunewunewu elalingasetyenziselwa ukugqoka kuphela, kodwa kunye nokuhlobisa izakhiwo.

Phezu kwako nje isibakala sokuba abefundisi baloo maxesha babeluchasa olu hlobo lokusetyenziswa, iimpahla ezinelaphu lemiboniso yonqulo zisalondolozwe kwiimpahla zabefundisi kwanakwizakhiwo eziphakamileyo zeemyuziyam ezibalulekileyo ehlabathini lonke.

Izixhobo

Ngexesha loBukhosi baseRoma, imizobo yobuKristu yayisaziwa njenge ubugcisa bokuqala bobuKristu, enemvelaphi kwingcamango yokuhlangabezana nemfuneko abalandeli bale mfundiso yonqulo ababenayo, yokuhlanganisana ezindibanweni baze bakwazi ukwenza unqulo lwabo. Esinye isihloko esinomdla si Yonke into yiNgqondo

I-basilicas yaqala ukusetyenziswa njengamaziko amatsha okuhlangana kwamaKristu kunye nesidlo se-Ekaristian, izinto zadityaniswa ukuba kancinci kancinci zatshintshwa njengenxalenye yemibhiyozo yenkonzo, kusetyenziswa isibingelelo esiphathwayo esathi salungiswa ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX.

Kangangeminyaka emininzi, kwakukholelwa ukuba imizobo yaseRoma yalile ukunika ithuba kubugcisa bamaKristu okuqala, ngakumbi kwihlabathi lobugcisa beplastiki. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, le ngongoma yacaciswa, kucingwa ukuba ubugcisa bobuKristu okanye iPaleo-Christian babuvela ekudityanisweni kwemikhwa eyayikho ngenkulungwane yesine, eyayithatyathwe kwi IAlexandria neAntiyokwe, ezibini zezixeko ezikhulu zamaGrike, ukongezelela kummandla osempuma.

Isimbuku sayo yonke into, ibangele uhlobo olwathi lwaziwa ngokuba yi "classical realism", eyathanjiswa ngabantu base-Asiya, ekwazile ukwenza isimbo esiphawuleka kakhulu kwaye esahlukileyo ngokwemigaqo yokucaca kunye nokuthozama kwemigca, kunye nobuhle obubalaseleyo. kwiifom.

Kodwa, konke oku kuya kuba sintshayelelo nje ekuzalweni kombutho wobugcisa ochulumancisayo, ophuhliswe kumazwe athile esinokuthiwa ngawo. IYiputa, iAsia Minor, iSiriya neYurophu entshona, phakathi kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX neyesi-XNUMX.

Nangona kunjalo, ngokweendawo zabo zemvelaphi kunye namaxesha ahamba ngawo, ukudityaniswa kwezinto kwenza kube lula ukufumana iimveliso ezahlukeneyo, oko kukuthi, ubugcisa bePaleo-Christian. Yiputa Kwahluke kakhulu kwiSiriya, kodwa zamkelwe ngaphakathi kwesakhelo seyantlukwano yenkcubeko.

I-basilicas yamandulo yaseRoma yatshintshwa ekuqaleni kancinci, emva koko ngesantya esincinci, ibandakanya izakhiwo ezinesetyhula kunye nezicwangciso ezinqamlezileyo. Esinye isenzo esicacileyo ngaphakathi kwentshukumo entsha kukuba iinzame zenziwe ukugubungela izakhiwo ngee-turrets.

Kusekho ke umkhwa wolwakhiwo olune-lintelled kulwakhiwo eNtshona, ngelixa eMpuma, imilo yevault yamkelwa ngokuqhubekayo, ngakumbi ngeXesha leminyaka. Ukholossalism.

Uphawu "uloyiko lokungabi nanto" kumxholo we-oriental art, ichaza umhlobiso we-basilicas ngokuchasene nokucaca kwezithuba ze-Greek trend. Utyani obudlamkileyo, izilwanyana, iintaka kunye nokufakwa, ukulungiswa kweentyatyambo, phakathi kwezinye, ziyinxalenye yolu butyebi bokuhombisa obutyhilwa ngobugcisa bobuKristu.

Paleochristian

Uhlobo lobugcisa olwenziwa ngabathembekileyo bokuqala kunye namakholwa e UKristu, ukusuka kwi-XNUMXnd ukuya kwi-XNUMXth inkulungwane, okanye i-XNUMXth AD, yaziwa ngegama lePaleo-Christian okanye ubugcisa bobuKristu. Ubukho bobuKristu, obufana nobuYuda, bujongwa ehlabathini lonke njengenye yeenkolo ezinkulu zokukholelwa kuThixo omnye.

Unqulo olukholelwa kuThixo omnye luthetha ukuba abo bazinikeleyo abathembekileyo bakholelwa kubukho bomntu omnye kuphela Iidayos. Esi sesinye sezizathu ezibangela ukuba, ngokubonakala kwayo, iintetho zobugcisa ezazikho ngaphambili zibe notshintsho olukhulu.

UbuGcisa bobuKrestu buvela kwisidingo sokusasaza nokufundisa ngendlela elula kodwa ethe ngqo, imixholo, imigaqo, iimpawu zobuthixo kunye nezinye iimfundiso zenkolo yobuKristu, kubandakanywa nabantu abangafundanga. Phakathi kwale migaqo kunye neenqobo ezisemgangathweni ubukhulu becala ubukhulu be Iidayos, kodwa kwanokulunga nenceba yakhe.

ubugcisa bexesha eliphakathi

Yayikwabizwa ngokuba bubugcisa bexesha eliphakathi, kwaye yayiyenye yeendidi ezabelwa ngaphakathi kobugcisa, kwelinye lawona maxesha abalulekileyo kwaye yandiswa jikelele. Ixesha elibandakanyiweyo lalivela kwinkulungwane ye-V ukuya kwinkulungwane ye-XV, emi ngaphandle kwemimandla Afrika, iYurophu kunye noMbindi Mpuma.

Ubugcisa bobuKristu obaphuhliswa ngamaXesha Aphakathi, babuneziqinisekiso okanye uvandlakanyo lobuhle, olwenziwa ngokwemigaqo ethile eyayisiya iguquka ngakumbi. Esi sigaba sobugcisa sabizwa ngokuba "ixesha lobumnyama" ngabagxeki abathile, ngelixa abanye bathi "iminyaka yokuvuselelwa."

Ngendlela efanayo, ngexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi, iintshukumo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa zavela, kunye nokwandiswa kweendawo ezahlukeneyo, oko kukuthi, kwakukho amaqela ahlukeneyo abonisa izimbo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwimpembelelo ephawulweyo yamazwe ngamazwe, ukuya kubugcisa belizwe, bommandla kunye nommandla. .

Ezi ndlela zininzi zizisa iyantlukwano enkulu kwimisebenzi yobugcisa ebiyinxalenye yeentlobo ngeentlobo zeentlobo. Ezi ndlela zintsha zasebenza njengeqonga lamagcisa ahlala engaziwa ixesha elide ngenxa yokuba ubuchule babo bomsebenzi babuyinto eqhelekileyo, eyathi yatshintsha ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu, apho baqala khona ukubunjwa kwengqondo ngakumbi, beza kuthathwa njenge. abalimi boBugcisa obuhle.

Ukuhlanganiswa kobugcisa obuthile kwavela kumaxesha amandulo, aphuma ekudityanisweni kwesimbo sobugcisa sakudala esazuzwa kuBukhosi baseRoma, sixutywe nezinye izinto. Phakathi kwazo kukho inkcubeko ekhulayo yabantu abafika ngexesha lohlaselo, kwaye bafuduka besuka kuMntla we. Europe kunye nempuma yelizwekazi elixeliweyo.

Ngendlela efanayo, izithethe zabantu bomthonyama zathatyathwa AmaJamani, amaSlavs, amaArabhu, phakathi kwezinye, zongezelela kwiminikelo yobuKristu bamandulo. Yintsebenziswano phakathi kwazo zonke izinto ezivela kule mithombo yenkcubeko ebalulekileyo, enika isiseko sengqiqo kwimbali yobugcisa beXesha eliPhakathi okanye eliphakathi.

Iingcali zayihlela ngokwamaxesha nangentshukumo, zichaza oku kulandelayo: Imizobo yamaKristu amandulo; I-Pre-Romanesque; Romanesque; IsiGothic (eNtshona Yurophu/iNgqobhoko yesiLatini); I-Byzantine (uBukhosi baseByzantium / ubuKristu baseMpuma) kunye noBugcisa bobuSilamsi (kwilizwe lamaSilamsi), kunye neempembelelo ezifanayo.

Ukongeza, kwachongwa izimbo zasekuhlaleni ezathi kamva zahlulwa zaza zahlulwa ngendlela efanayo. Eli xesha lobugcisa, likwazile ukuzibonakalisa kumajelo osasazo ahlukeneyo kwaye libonakaliswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, amacandelo obugcisa kunye nobuchule.

Phakathi kwala mabinzana: imibhalo-ngqangi enemifanekiso, emelwe kwi-calligraphy kunye nemifanekiso emincinci; umnyibilikisi wegolide, umzobo, umzobo, uyilo, iimosaics, phakathi kwezinye, phakathi kwazo kukho ubugcisa nobugcisa obungajongwa njengesiqhelo, njengokwenziwa kwempahla yamaxesha aphakathi.

ubugcisa beByzantine

Ubugcisa bobuKristu, ubukhulu becala, bunokugqalwa njengemvela kwinto eseleyo yobugcisa baseRoma, nto leyo enika impembelelo ephawulekayo yendlela yotyekelo. IYurophu. Ukuveliswa kohlobo oluthile lobugcisa obungcwele okanye obungcwele kwaxhaswa ngabalawuli bonqulo baloo maxesha, namhlanje eliziko leCawa yamaKatolika, emva kokuwa kwecawa. eRoma kwaye naphakathi komzabalazo wamagunya kwisakhelo sezopolitiko.

Ngaphakathi koBukhosi bamaRoma aseMpuma, iCawa yobuOthodoki ka IConstantinople yayinozinzo olukhulu ngakumbi, eyona nto iphambili kuyo ukuba isebenze njengenkxaso kwihlabathi lezobugcisa, ivumela impembelelo yayo ukuba iqatshelwe ngokuphathelele ukusetyenziswa kwayo ukuphumeza umlinganiselo wobuKristu.

KuBukhosi baseByzantium, ubugcisa bobuKristu baphuhliswa ngokusetyenziswa kobuhle obungacacanga, ubugcisa obathi ngokukhawuleza bathabathel’ indawo ubume bendalo obabusele bukho xa kusetyenziswa ubugcisa. Hellenic. Injongo yesi simbo sitsha yayigxininisekile, ityhila ngokubonakaliswa kwayo, ukumelwa nentsingiselo yonqulo yento nganye okanye umntu ngamnye, ngendlela echane ngakumbi.

Kwangokunjalo, ubuchule obutsha bukhethe inkqubo ethile elula kusetyenziswa iimilo zejometri, izithethe esele zisekiwe kunye nombono ojijekileyo xa uphinda umboniso wenkolo okanye usenza umzobo womlinganiswa, kushiywa ecaleni ubuchule bokukhanya kunye nombala, ubungakanani bendawo. kunye nengqikelelo yembono eyinyani.

Ixesha le-Byzantine iconoclasm liye ladlula kwintlekele eqinile eyayikhonza ukulungelelanisa imifanekiso yokusetyenziswa kwenkolo ngaphakathi kweemfundiso zaseMpuma, kunye nokutolikwa komyalelo wesibini kule ndlela yobugcisa kunye nengxabano eyavela ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwemifanekiso. nzulu.

Impembelelo eMpuma Yurophu naseAfrika

En Afrika, abantu baseSlavic baba ngamaKristu, kuba eRoma ukusuka kummandla wasentshona, kwaye IConstantinople, kummandla osemazantsi. Abalinganiswa be Methodius kunye noCyril yayingabo ke ababeshumayela iindaba ezilungileyo kubakhonzi. Ngenxa yoku, amaqela abafuduki baseRashiya, baseBulgaria nabaseSerb baqalisa ukuxhomekeka ngokwenkcubeko kwindalo yaseByzantium, kubugcisa nakunqulo lwabo.

Kwelinye icala, iMoscow yathi yathabatha indawo yeRoma emva kokuwa kwesixeko saseConstantinople, nto leyo eyathi ngandlel’ ithile yaphembelela imifanekiso yonqulo yaseByzantium ukuba ingafi ngaphakathi kwemizobo yaseRashiya, ibe yindlela yokuvelisa iindibano kwakhona nokuyigcina ingafi. Ubuchwephesha bobugcisa baseByzantine baba nefuthe elibonakalayo kwisitayile sokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zaseRussia.

Emva kohlaselo lwamaSilamsi, ubuKrestu baseYiputa nabaseTopiya bahlala bukhutshiwe kwimpembelelo yaseYurophu, ngakumbi ukusuka eRoma kunye nesixeko se IConstantinople, ukuphumeza uphuhliso oluzimeleyo. Nangona kunjalo, iimodeli zaseByzantine zazikho kwi-aesthetics yayo, isenza ulwakhiwo lwenkolo yaseTopiya lube yinto yantlandlolo.

pre-Romanesque art

Ubugcisa be-Pre-Romanesque bunemvelaphi kwi I-Western europe, kwaye iyinxalenye yembonakaliso yobugcisa bobuKristu olwenziwa kwixesha lokuqala elikhulu lobugcisa kumaXesha Aphakathi, ixesha lawo lisuka kwinkulungwane yesithandathu ukuya kweyeshumi, okanye ukusuka kwincopho yenkulungwane yesihlanu ukuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinanye. , ukunika igama lokubhalwa kwembali. Eli gama laqanjwa ngu UJean-Hubert, ngowe-1938.

Olu hlobo lobugcisa bobuKristu bubhekisa kwintetho eqhelekileyo ebandakanya zonke izinto ezibandakanya ubuKristu besiLatini njengomxholo wemveliso yobugcisa, imveliso yomxube phakathi kobugcisa beRomanesque kunye nePaleo-Christian, ngaphandle kokutyunjwa kwayo nayiphi na intshukumo echazwe ngaphambili yobuhle.

Ukuqhubekeka koBukhosi baseRoma kummandla osempuma wanika indlela yenkqubela phambili yobugcisa baseByzantium, ngokuchasene noko kwenzekayo kummandla osentshona, apho uhlaselo olongezelelekileyo lokuwa koBukhosi bamaRoma baseNtshona, lwadala imeko-bume yokungazinzi kwezopolitiko. inkcubeko ukuhla.

Esi sigaba sembali yobugcisa saziwa ngokuba "yixesha lobumnyama", eliphawulwe kukunqongophala kwemithombo ebhaliweyo kunye nokungaqhubeki kwabanye, iimeko ezithathwe ngabantu baseJamani, abadibanisa inkcubeko kunye nobugcisa babo. kunye nenkcubeko yamandulo yamaGrike namaRoma awayekho ngaloo maxesha, ekwakuvunyelwene ngawo ngamaziko amatsha ukuba adibanise imigaqo yobuKristu.

Ngokwenxalenye yayo, ubugcisa bamaSilamsi buphumelele uphuhliso lwayo, olubangelwa ukwanda kwama-Arabhu okuhlala kunxweme olusemazantsi, ukwahlula indawo yeMeditera ukusuka. España phezulu ESiriya, isiganeko esenzeka phakathi kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX neyesi-XNUMX. Kukho iimpawu ezithile kunye eziqhelekileyo ngaphakathi pre-Romanesque art.

Enye yezona zinto ziqaphelekayo kukungabikho kweprojekthi enkulu yokwakha, kubandakanywa ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwezakhiwo ezikhoyo. Ukongeza koku, iisampulu ezimbalwa zemifanekiso eqingqiweyo emikhulu inokubonwa, kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo ezixhomekeke kwimifanekiso ekhoyo kwimisebenzi kunye nemibhalo-ngqangi, kunye nakwiziqwenga zegolide.

Ezinye iimpawu zeempawu ziqondwa ngokuzivelela kunye nesimboli sobugcisa bomfuziselo, ukusuka kokusesikweni ukuya kokulula, ukudlula kwi-schematization ethile. Ngokusetyenziswa kobu buchule, injongo kukuphumeza ukuvakaliswa okukhulu ngakumbi, ukubonisa imixholo eyahlukeneyo yokuhombisa ngobuninzi, ukushiya ecaleni ubunyani.

Ngaphandle kokuba nazo zonke ezi zinto, azikwanelanga ukubahlula phakathi kweentlobo zobugcisa bendawo, eziza kuxatyiswa ngokwesakhelo ngaphakathi kwesimbo samazwe ngamazwe, njengoko kusenzeka kwimeko yobugcisa beRomanesque kunye neGothic.

Abahlaseli babeka ingcamango entsha yeYurophu iphela, xa banikela ngemithwalo yabo yenkcubeko ngabanye, ngokuhlala kwindawo ngokusisigxina. Ukubambelela kwabo kubuRoma bobuKristu kwavezwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kulungelelaniswa nommandla ngamnye apho bahlala khona.

Ubugcisa beRomanesque

Ngexesha lokuvela kobugcisa be-Romanesque, iCawa yamaKatolika yayiyi-protagonist enkulu, ekubeni yaqala ukunika izikhokelo ngokubhekiselele kubugcisa, ngexesha apho uluntu oluzinzile lwaseNtshona Yurophu lwaluvela kwixesha eliphakathi.

Eli ziko lenkolo lasebenzisa izibonelelo, amandla kunye nolawulo lwabaphathi ababenalo ukuyalela ukuyilwa kwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye nemizobo. Uhlobo lolwakhiwo oluneplani yomgangatho ngendlela yomnqamlezo wesiLatini lwaba sisakhiwo semifanekiso eqingqiweyo ngendlela yeecawa zokuhambela ezonqulo, ezasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kulo lonke elaseNtshona Yurophu.

Utshintsho ukusuka kwiRomanesque ukuya kwiGothic kunye neCistercian art

Omnye wabanduleli bobugcisa obukhoyo bobuKristu ngexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi yayinguSanta Bernard waseClairvaux, owayenombono ocacileyo wokuba umsebenzi wobuhle kufuneka ube yintoni ukuze aveze imbonakalo yobugcisa yenkolo yobuKristu.

Injongo yakhe yayikukuba, ngesindululo sakhe, asuse ubugcisa bobuKristu kwinto, ngokutsho kwakhe, yayiyimihombiso egqithileyo, ade ayithathe njengenxaxhi kule mfundiso. Ubuchule bakhe boyame ngakumbi kubulula bemigca kunye nokusetyenziswa kakuhle kokukhanya. Ukubonakaliswa kwe-iconographic kaKristu kwakungumzekelo wakhe obalaseleyo wobuchule.

Ubugcisa beGothic

Ngaphakathi kobugcisa bobuKristu bamaXesha Aphakathi, sifika kuhlelo lobugcisa beGothic, obuboniswa njengesitayile sobugcisa esaphuhliswa eNtshona Yurophu phakathi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini, ixesha apho amaXesha Aphakathi asemva aqhubela phambili kwaye ukuphunyezwa kwawo kwakunabela ukuya kuthi ga kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini. iRenaissance.

Iquka ixesha elibanzi lobugcisa, nemvelaphi yalo kuMantla eFransi, ukuba lisasazeke kulo lonke ummandla osentshona. Indlela yayo yokusebenza ibekwe ngokwemimandla kunye namazwe apho le ntshukumo iphuhliswe ngokulandelelana, ifumana ulwahlulo olunzulu ngenxa yoko.

EFransi, esinye sezigaba zayo zophuhliso lwenzeka kunye nomlingiswa ococekileyo, lowo oboniswe kwiProvence uhlukile kuneParis. E-Italiya, yayinokwahluka ngokusondeleyo kwisithethe sakudala kunye nesithe tye, nangona inomzekelo weparadigmatic oyiMilan Cathedral.

Kwaye ekugqibeleni, kumazwe afana neNgilani, iJamani kunye neSpain, izibonakalisa ngokuqulatha izinto zasekhaya ezivela kuloo mimandla. Ukuba unomdla wokufunda elinye inqaku elifanayo kwinkcubeko, siyakumema ukuba ubuyekeze Ubuzalwana Abamhlophe

Utshintsho ukusuka kwiGothic ukuya kwiRenaissance

Ukuphela kweXesha eliPhakathi okanye ixesha eliphakathi, kwaba lixesha elizanyazanyiswa ngokukodwa ngenxa yeziganeko ezininzi ezabangela impembelelo enkulu efana nesibetho esimnyama kunye nengxaki yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesine. Intlukwano yaseNtshona yayichaphazela inkalo yonqulo, ibeka onke amaKristu kulo lonke elaseNtshona Yurophu kwimeko engazange ibonwe ngaphambili, engazange ibonwe ngaphambili.

Yayikukuba abanye ooPopu babesala ukugxothwa omnye komnye, baze benze njalo nabalandeli babo. Loo maxesha ayemelwa ngomculo nomngqungqo, ekubeni iingoma ezaziculwa ziigoliyadi nomfuziselo womngqungqo wokufa, zazisisikhumbuzo sendlela ubomi obukhawuleza ngayo.

Ubugcisa bexesha langoku

Ubugcisa bobuKristu obuzibonakalisayo ngexesha leXesha langoku, bunokuthathwa njengento enkulu yolu bugcisa, kuba yayilixesha lokwakhiwa kwemisebenzi emikhulu yomfuziselo esekelwe kwinkolo yobuKristu.

Kwiminyaka ye-1656-1667, igcisa elidumileyo eligama lingu Bernini, yakha ivaranda yokomfuziselo ethathwa njengendawo yokufikelela kumbindi wobuKristu bamaKatolika. Lo mculi ofanayo nguye owayila isikwere kunye nengaphakathi le-baldachin, esebenzisa izinto ze-baroque kuphela.

Ngo-1626, isicwangciso esisembindini esathi saqalwa ukuba sibe nendlu ye-Basilica ye San Pedro ngo-1506, kwaye indawo yayo yedome ibeka iprofayile ye-horizon ye eRoma kude kube namhlanje.

Ubugcisa beRenaissance kunye neRenaissance

I-Renaissance yintshukumo enkulu yobugcisa enesiseko sefilosofi. Le ntshukumo, eyinxalenye yobugcisa bobuKristu, yazalwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu eYurophu, ngakumbi eItali. Uphawu lwakhe oluphambili lubonakaliswa ngobugcisa, nto leyo eyenza kucace ukuthanda kwakhe izinto zakudala zakudala, into ethi, ukongeza ekuthatheni njengomzekelo, avelise kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba igama elithi Renaissance lanikwa kulo ekubeni injongo yale ntshukumo icebisa ukuzalwa kwakhona, okanye isenzo sokuzalwa ngokutsha kwenkcubeko yamaGreco-Latin.

Phakathi kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu kunye neyeshumi elinesithandathu, nakwizixeko zaseFlorence, eRoma naseVenice, esi simbo sobugcisa safumana ubungangamsha obungafane bubonwe kwimbali. Ngendlela efanayo, yayinogxininiso olukhulu lwamagcisa, olusuka ngaloo maxesha oluphawulekayo notshintsho olubalulekileyo kubugcisa, ngakumbi kwiRenaissance yaseItali.

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Renaissance e-Itali

E-Italiya, iintetho zenkcubeko kunye nokubonakaliswa okuvusa ihlabathi lakudala lihlala linendawo enelungelo. Umzekelo woku kubukho benani elikhulu lamanxuwa agcinwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.

Kumaxesha amandulo, izixeko zase-Italiya kunye namazwe azizityebi kakhulu, ngoko ke, ukutyhubela iminyaka, ukugcinwa kwabo kwaba luhlobo lokhuphiswano oluchasene namagunya amakhulu, azisa ubutyebi obukhulu, ngenjongo yenkcubeko yezemali.

Kulo mmandla, iqela libalasele njengabakhuseli bobugcisa abangalinganiyo, iMedici, kunye neFlorentines, kwimeko yolwakhiwo. Amagcisa aliqela awaqalisa ukuduma athabathel’ indawo amagcisa amaxesha aphakathi, awayesenza imisebenzi yawo ngenjongo yokuzukisa uThixo, kodwa umbutho wawo wawusele ubuthathaka.

Uzuko lwaqala ukwabelana ngababhali bemisebenzi, ababenandipha uloyiso lwabo kunye nodumo, ngaphaya kwemida. Ukukwazi ukufumana ulwazi olutsha kwakukwayinto ebalulekileyo, ephuma ngaphakathi kweli qela lamagcisa umnqweno wokuhlola ihlabathi ngeenkqubo zenzululwazi, ezisebenza ukuhlaziya iifom kunye neentlobo zobugcisa.

Iimbangela zeRenaissance

Izinto zavela kubugcisa bobuKristu ezathi zavula ithuba lokuvela kwentshukumo yeRenaissance. Ezinye zezizathu eziye zakhokelela ekuzalweni ngokutsha zezi:

• Ubukho bemibhalo-ngqangi exabiseke gqitha eyabhalwa ngamaRoma namaGrike, eyagcinwa ikwimeko egqibeleleyo ngamaziko oonongendi neeyunivesithi zamaxesha aphakathi.
• Ukufundwa kweencwadi zakudala kwakunokwenzeka ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kolwimi lwesiLatini, olwaluthathwa njengolwimi oluhloniphekileyo.
• Intshukumisa eyayibangelwa kukufuna ukwazi ngempucuko eyayikho ngaphambili neyayikwazi ukwakha izakhiwo kumabhodlo aseRoma awayekho kummandla waseItali.
• Ukwenziwa komatshini wokushicilela kwaba luncedo olukhulu ekwaziseni imibhalo yezilumko, intanda-bulumko kunye neembongi, ezazikho kumaxesha amandulo nanamhlanje.

Amanqanaba kunye neempawu zeRenaissance

Ngokuphathelele izigaba zeRenaissance, sinokuthi zintathu: I-Pre-Renaissance okanye eyaziwa ngokuba yi-trecento, equlethwe ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX; iQuatrocento eyenzeka de kwasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu; kunye neCinquento.

Phakathi kwezona nkalo zibalaseleyo zeempawu zayo sinokuveliswa kwakhona kwemodeli yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye nezakhiwo eziye zaboniswa eRoma naseGrisi. Ukucamngca ngobuhle obuhle, ngokokusekwa yiparameters yesizathu.

Kule ntshukumo yobugcisa bobuKristu, kwafunwa ulungelelwano noxolo olwalugcina yonke into ivisisana. Imisebenzi edaliweyo yasabela kwimimiselo yemfezeko kunye nokucaca, iimpawu ezihambelana nemilinganiselo yendalo yonke yokuhlala ngokusisigxina.

Iinkqubo zokwakha ezaziwayo: ikholomu kunye ne-architrave, kunye ne-arch kunye ne-vault, zidityaniswe nezinto zokwakha zohlobo lwamaGreco-Roman, iimpawu ezibonisa i-architecture ngexesha le-Renaissance.

Idome yehemispherical, ivault kunye nesemicircular arch zizo ezintathu ezamkelweyo zakudala ngendlela yamaRoma. Imodeli yecawa ye-Renaissance inezinto ezininzi ezahlukileyo kunye neziyimfuneko kwidome yayo: yakhiwe ngezinto zezitena kwaye ine-arched shape; iphindaphindeka kabini, enye ngaphakathi kwenye.

Ngaphakathi kolwakhiwo ngokwemigaqo yoLwakhiwo lweRenaissance, oludweliswe njengezona zibalulekileyo ziiCawa kunye namabhotwe. Iicawe ziphefumlelwe ngesakhiwo esifanayo esivezwa yi-basilica yaseRoma, ngokulandela ipateni yokwakha ukwakhiwa kweplani yomgangatho ngendlela yomnqamlezo wesiLatini, iigali ezinde kunye nezinye ezahlulwe ngamakholomu kunye nee-arches, ezineesilingi ezisicaba kunye nezinceda.

Ubugcisa beBaroque

Obu bugcisa baqala ngo-1600 buzibonakalisa njengombutho wokuchasa, owawufuna ukucacisa ubugcisa bepropaganda, ukwenza imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla ibe ngumxholo wokumela ubugcisa, ngendlela elula kodwa ecacileyo. Wada wanikela ingqalelo kwezinye iinkcukacha ezaziyinxalenye yobomi, nangona zazisenzeka ngesiquphe yaye zibuhlungu.

Kodwa, oku kwakuyinxalenye yomxholo wayo wokuqala, ekubeni ekuhambeni kwexesha, iinjongo zayo zatshintsha, ngoku inombono wokubonakalisa ukongama okwenziwa yiCawa yamaRoma ngaloo minyaka. Iphinde yadlula kwinqanaba lokusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwimihombiso eyayibizwa ngokuba yi "decorative baroque", umjikelo wayo waphela ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo.

Ubugcisa bezenkolo bufumene ukomelela okunamandla kuBukhosi kunye nabanye abameli ababalulekileyo boluntu abanamandla amakhulu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ubugcisa beBaroque busebenze ukuseta isimboli esibonisa iimfundiso kunye nezimbo.

Ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX, zonke iimveliso zobugcisa EYurophu, Baye bahlelwa njengobugcisa be-baroque, kubandakanywa ukupeyinta kwamaDatshi kunye noyilo lwesiNgesi, nangona iimpawu zezakhiwo zonqulo zinokubonwa kwi-architecture yaseDatshi, ebonisa iimpawu zobugcisa bobuKristu, ngokukodwa i-baroque yamaProtestanti.

Ngokuphathelele i-colonial baroque, yaphawula umkhwa omtsha, ukuvelisa kwakhona uhlobo olutsha lwemvisiswano kunye ne-syncretism, ngaphaya kweefom zaseYurophu, zibalaselisa iinkalo zenkolo ethandwayo eyayizalwa ngelo xesha.

Kwavela ubugcisa bomculo we-baroque, obuye waduma ngokukhawuleza kungekuphela nje ngenxa yabaxhasi bawo, phakathi kwabo kwakukho. Bach kunye noVivaldi, kodwa ngenxa yezithethe zonqulo zamaKatolika namaProtestanti awayezifanisa nazo.

Ubugcisa beXesha langoku

ENtshona Yurophu, ubugcisa bamandulo bobuKristu bamandulo kunye namaxesha aphakathi baqala ukuqulunqwa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, ngokudityaniswa kolwazi olutsha olungcolileyo, olungeyonxalenye yehlelo kunye nolwazi lwehlabathi lonke lobugcisa, obubandakanya ukunika ixabiso lobugcisa kwimisebenzi, ngaphezu konqulo lwenkolo. .

Kwelo cala, ubugcisa bobuKristu bexesha lamandulo babugqalwa njengento engasenamsebenzi, kwaye amagcisa ehlabathi nalawo angahloneli Thixo aqala ukuvelisa imixholo yobuKristu ngamaxesha athile, nangona igcisa elingumKristu lalingafane libandakanywe kuluhlu lwembali. Nangona kunjalo, amagcisa amaninzi anamhlanje enze amaqhekeza obugcisa kwiicawe eziye zamkelwa kwihlabathi liphela.

Neoclassicism kunye nembali

Ngexesha lophuhliso lwesiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-XNUMX, isimbo esitsha sobugcisa esiqhelekileyo savela ngoloyiso, i-neoclassicism, intshukumo eyagcinwa ngexesha lobugcisa beXesha leContemporary, ngenxa yokukhethwa kwayo kwiziko lemfundo.

Indalo yobugcisa bobuKristu yazalisekisa injongo yokugcina abalandeli babo, kwaye ngokunyanisekileyo baqhelana nesi simbo esitsha, ngaphandle kokunikezela kwiinguqu zobugcisa, iimveliso zohlaziyo, ezibangele imingeni yobuhle.

Ngolu hlobo, kwacetywayo njengenye indlela, ukudibanisa ezinye izinto zangaphambili kwaye eziphumelele kakhulu ngexesha labo, kubonisa ukuba kubonakala kubugcisa bokwakha kunye notyekelo oluphawulweyo kubuchule be-neo-Byzantine, i-neo-Romanesque, neo-Gothic, kunye nakwi-eclecticism, equka indibaniselwano yezinto ezinemvelaphi eyahlukileyo.

Ukwenziwa kwale misebenzi kwanwenwela kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX ngokulandelelana kweziganeko. Kokubini kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo nakwimizobo, impembelelo enkulu yobugcisa eshiywe yile ntshukumo inobungqina, nakwamanye amazwe akude apho i-neoclassicism ivela khona. Oku kuvelise umxube wamazwi obugcisa kungekuphela nje kweYurophu, kodwa kunye neSpanishi kunye ne-mestizo.

I-Pre-romantism kunye nokuthandana

Njengombutho wenguqu kunye nobuhle bobugcisa, kodwa kunye nezopolitiko, ubunyani baseFrentshi bachazwa, imeko eyayibeka ngokuchasene neemvakalelo kunye neminqweno evakaliswa ngabalandeli bobugcisa bemveli kunye notyekelo lwamaKatolika. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuzange kuthintele amagcisa ukuba aziveze ngokwawo kwaye enze imizekelo yokwenene yobugcisa bobuKristu.

Ngokunjalo, phakathi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, ukukhuthazwa kobuKristu bokumelwa okunomxholo wemixholo yenkolo yemveli, akuzange kubonakale kangako, kwanokuza nokuba nenye inkuthazo kunezo umsebenzi owawuvumela ukuzibona. Abanye abapeyinti babhala imixholo yonqulo kwimisebenzi yabo, ngenjongo eyathi yabonakala, ukuze baxhokonxe baze babonise ukungabi nantlonelo kwabo.

Iintshukumo zobugcisa ezavela eNgilani naseJamani, ezazibizwa ngokuba ngamaRaphaelite namaNazarenes, zazifuna into yococeko kwimbali yobugcisa, kubugcisa nakwinxalenye yenkolo, eyayikhutshiwe kubuchule bemfundo nakwibaroque. .

I-Impressionism, i-post-impressionism kunye ne-modernism

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, iintshukumo ezininzi ezintsha zobuhle zaqala ukukhula, ezinemvelaphi yazo ngaphakathi komxholo wobugcisa odumileyo, kodwa obonakalisa ukungakhathali kwinkalo yenkolo kunye nobufundisi.

Ngaphandle koku, umoya wendlela yobuKristu wahlala ukho kwindalo yobugcisa ngendlela echaseneyo. Izakhiwo zecawa zazingumzekelo ocacileyo wale ngongoma, apho umxholo wonqulo wawubonakaliswe ngendlela enzulu nedibeneyo.

abahamba phambili kwezobugcisa

Ngemisebenzi yonqulo, inxalenye yendlela yabanye abapeyinti enxulumene nezona zimbo zibalulekileyo yayiphawulwe. Kwakungenxa yeenkcukacha ezinkulu ezavelisa isimbo soyilo esayilwa ngabo ebudeni benkulungwane edluleyo, eyathi imizobo yamaKristu yahlaziywa. Ubungqina boku yayizizakhiwo zonqulo zelo xesha.

Ngomnyaka we-1922, iicawa ezininzi "ze-Christocentric" zaqala ukwakhiwa, imisebenzi eyayikhokelwa yintlangano ye-liturgical, eyayinempembelelo enkulu kwinguqu ekuqondeni ubuKristu, eyakhiwe kwisakhiwo seendawo zabo. yeenkonzo zabo.

Eli nyathelo lenziwa laqina, nto leyo engqinwa kwiisampulu zoyilo ezininzi eziyinxalenye yezakhiwo zamaKatolika kunye nezamaProtestanti. Ukuhlaziywa okunzulu kobuKatolika obucingelayo IBhunga lesibini leVatican, yatyhilwa kuyo yonke imiboniso yobugcisa, kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-XNUMX.

Iimpawu zezakhiwo zanamhlanje

Uhlobo lwezakhiwo olwakhiwe ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX lwalungenalo uphawu oluqinileyo, oko kukuthi, aluzange luthathwe yindlela ethile. Ingcamango ephambili yayisekelwe kuncedo lwepropati kunye nomsebenzi omele wenziwe ukuze kuxhamle iqela.

Ngenxa yoko, ingcamango entsha yohlobo lwezakhiwo ezisebenzayo zenziwe, ezidibanisa i-academy kunye nemilinganiselo yeendlela, ukushiya ukungafani kwazo. Izinto ezintsha zongezwa ekwakhiweni, phakathi kwazo: amatye okufakelwa, i-formica, i-aluminium, isinyithi, isinyithi, i-fiberglass, ikhonkrithi, phakathi kwabanye.

Kodwa, phakathi kwazo zonke ezi zixhobo, ngaphakathi kolwakhiwo lwanamhlanje, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi kunye nentsimbi kubonakala njengezixhobo ezibalulekileyo kule nkqubo. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo okuphambili kungaphakathi kokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sesakhiwo, esibhekiselele kwi-skeleton eyenziwe ngokubeka imiqadi kwiindlela ezithe tye kunye nezithe nkqo, kwaye ziqiniswe ngokuqinileyo.

Esi siseko seso siqulethe ukuchasana okufunekayo, okuya kuvumela ukwakhiwa kweendonga ngezinto ezikhanyayo, ukubeka iifestile ezinkulu zeglasi, ezibonelela ngokukhanya okugqwesileyo kwiindawo zangaphakathi zomsebenzi.

Ukongezelela, isakhiwo sesinyithi sinokumelana okukhulu nokuqhekeka kunye nokuguqulwa, kunye neempawu ezivumela ukuba zithathe nayiphi na imilo ofuna ukuyinika, ngokuhambelana noyilo olukhethiweyo. Lo mathambo uqulathe izinto ezininzi ezifana nesikrweqe sentsimbi, isamente, iintonga, njl.

Ezi zixhobo zokwakha zihlala ziphantsi kokugoba kunye nokunyanzeliswa, apho ikhonkrithi ixhathisa ngempumelelo. Enye yeempawu zoyilo lwangoku olubalaseleyo kukuba izakhi zalo zokusebenza ziyabonakala, zinezinto ezininzi eziyahlulayo ezinje: ukuthungwa, umbala, imilo, imodeli, njl., ilungelelaniswe nesiphumo sobugcisa esifunwayo.

I-modernism yobugcisa bobuKristu, yahluke kwezinye iindlela, ngenxa yobuntu bayo obusebenzayo, obahlukileyo kwilizwe ngalinye eliphuhliswe kulo. Nangona kunjalo, yayineengongoma ezininzi eziqhelekileyo neziqhelekileyo, ezinjengomxube wezinto ezithile ezifana nezitena namatye.

Enye yeempawu zayo kukusetyenziswa kweefom ze-asymmetrical kunye ne-twisted; yemigca yamaza; imihlobiso eshinyeneyo eyenziwe ngokusetyenziswa kweentyatyambo kunye nezinye izityalo, phakathi kwabanye; ukuma ngaphandle ngobuchule obukhulu malunga noyilo lwefestile kunye nomnyango.

ubugcisa bangoku bobuKristu

Uphando lokubhengeza ukuba luncedo nolunye usetyenziso lwezixhobo ezitsha kulwakhiwo lolwakhiwo lwaluyenye yeenkalo ezabalaselisa ubugcisa bamaKristu belo xesha. Iziphumo zophando zagqiba ekubeni izakhiwo ezinobukhulu obuncinci kufuneka zakhiwe, kwiindawo zokuhlala, iifektri okanye izakhiwo, ezinokusabalalisa okuncinci kweendawo zazo.

Ngokufanayo, ukuqeshwa kolu hlobo lomsebenzi, kwizinto eziphathekayo, zentsimbi kunye ne-aluminium, kunye nezinye iindawo, iglasi. Izakhiwo zabo zathatha imilo yejometri yohlobo lwe-cubic, amandla ayo ahlala kwii-axes ezithile. YayingamaJamani awathi, ngowe-1970, akhokela xa kufikelelwa ekusebenzeni ngemifuziselo yolu lwakhiwo lutsha.

Izinto zokuzinikela kunye nobugcisa bomntu

Into ebalulekileyo eyaba negalelo ekusasazeni inkcubeko yobuKristu eyaziwayo yayikukuthengiswa okukhulu kunye nokuveliswa kwemisebenzi yenceba, eyathi yabakho ngokusetyenziswa kokushicilela. Ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, lo msebenzi wawuqhutywa ngabazobi beqonga, ababeziingcali kuhlobo loncwadi oluxeliweyo.

Ukongezelela kule nkqubela inkulu kukwanda kokuveliswa kwezitampu ezinemithandazo eya kwabangcwele, ezenziwa ngemibalabala, kusetyenziswa ukuveliswa kombhalo wokubhalwa kweencwadi. Zaqalisa ukusasazwa njengendlela yokuqokelela imali yokunyamekela iitempile nezinye iindawo ezingcwele zonqulo.

Kwandula ke, esi sicwangciso sokubhengeza saba sisixhobo semfundo esixabisekileyo, esasetyenziswa kwikhathekizim nakwezinye izikolo zeCawa. Ngokunxuseneyo noku, amagcisa aqala ukuzichaza njengamaKristu, ayefumana impumelelo enkulu kwezorhwebo, awona aziwayo kulo mmandla ngamaMerika namaSpanish.

Imixholo ye-Iconographic

Ngaphambi kweXesha lethu Eliqhelekileyo, inxalenye enkulu yabemi yayingakwazi ukufunda, ngoko kwakunzima kubo ukuhlolisisa imibhalo engcwele eyayibhalwe ngesiLatini. Kufana nobugcisa bobuKristu, buvezwa ngokubanika enye indlela efikelelekayo ukuze baqonde intsingiselo yemiyalezo yobuKristu.

Icawe yaqalisa ukusebenzisa ubugcisa ngokugqithisileyo, njengeqhinga ekufundiseni icatechesis. Igalelo lakhe lalilikhulu kangangokuba umfanekiso oqingqiweyo weRomanesque wabizwa ngokuba "yivangeli yamatye". Ubugcisa bobuKristu baba yi-iconography ebalulekileyo, eyazisa izakhi zomlingiswa ngamnye ongcwele, ukuba, ngokuzibona nje, yayisele ibonakala kubantu abathembekileyo abazinikeleyo, njengokuba, umzekelo, izitshixo ze San Pedro okanye iintyatyambo ze Intombi enguMariya.

Ngaphakathi kobugcisa bobuKristu, imixholo edumileyo ye-iconographic yileyo ibhekisa kumjikelo wobomi bukaYesu kunye neNtombi Enyulu uMariya. Kukwakho nobobomi babangcwele bamaKatolika nabafel’ ukholo, ngakumbi abo bazinikeleyo kwihlabathi jikelele.

Imiboniso eqhelekileyo yabangcwele inokuvela ngabanye okanye kunye nabaninzi, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokumelwa kweso siganeko esasibanjwe ngobugcisa, ukuba yinyani okanye akunjalo. Omnye weyona iveliswe ngokutsha ngumfanekiso apho wonke umntu ebemele ukuba kunye aze amanyaniswe ebukumkanini bamazulu.

Imijikelezo yeTestamente eNdala

Imixholo eliqela ekubhekiselwa kuyo kwiTestamente eNdala ihlala imelwe kubugcisa bobuKristu, ngakumbi izibhalo zeEksodus kunye neGenesis, njengemifanekiso yeParadesi kunye nokudalwa kwehlabathi; kwanakwiingxelo zezilumko nabaprofeti abahlonelwayo belo xesha.

Kwakukho imixholo ethile eyayinomdla omkhulu ukuba iveliswe ngamagcisa eplastiki kunye nabapeyinti, okwenza le misebenzi yencasa enomtsalane eyaphumelela abathengi abasebenzayo phakathi kwabemi.

Oku kwakhokelela ekuvulweni kwemarike yorhwebo efanayo yeekomishoni ezenziwe kuphela ngamaziko ecawa, awavumela inkululeko kwimisebenzi, ngoku ebonisa abantu abahamba ze kunye nemiboniso yobundlobongela, ebonakala ibambene kunye nexesha leRenaissance.

Iingelosi, izimntwiso kunye neengqokelela

Omnye umxholo oye waxhaphaka kakhulu kwimizobo yamaKristu yayikukufanekisela iingelosi neekerubhi, umntu ngamnye okanye ekunye nezinye iikwayala zeengelosi. Kwakhona, imisebenzi yayisenziwa apho isono nesimilo sasimntwisiwe, nto leyo eyayisenza le mixholo ixhaphake kakhulu.

Ngokujikeleze amaqela, ayemelwe ngokwamanani aqhelekileyo, njengokuba, ngokomzekelo, imeko yabapostile be-12, imiyalelo ye-10, oogqirha be-8 becawa, iingelosi ezi-7, njl.

Umjikelo wobomi bukaKristu

Ubume bobugcisa bobomi be UYESU khristu, Iqala ngokubonakaliswa komlibo wakhe wokuzalwa, kunokuba ibe nokuzalwa kwakhe, enemizekelo ephawulekayo yemizobo ebhekisela kwisibhengezo sengelosi yomoya malunga nokukhawula okungummangaliso, kunye neminye imiboniso apho unokubona khona. Intombi enguMariya ukhulelwe.

Kwakhona zibalasele kule mijikelo, lowo ubhekisela ekuZalweni kukaYesu, apho kuqukwa nemiboniso enezigidimi ezibonisa intlonelo enzulu. Ngoko ke, sinozuko lwabalusi kumntwana onguYesu nakusapho olungcwele; unqulo lwe amadoda alumkileyo; ukubonakaliswa kokubulawa kwabantu abangcwele abamsulwa; baleka uphumle Yiputa.

Ubugcisa bobuKristu obukhethekileyo kwimiboniso ekhethekileyo yeendinyana ezahlukeneyo ebomini UYesu ukususela ebuntwaneni ukusa kubomi bakhe obudala, ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka engama-33 ubudala. Ukususela ebuntwaneni bakhe unokumbona kwimizobo nakwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo, esoloko ekhatshwa ngabazali bakhe, kwakunye nesicatshulwa seBhayibhile sokutyelela kwakhe etempileni, kokubini xa wayenikela intetho naxa walahleka waza wadibana nabafundisi abakhulu bonqulo. ngaloo maxesha..

Njengomntu omdala, izenzo zakhe zahlukile kwintlanganiso kunye nomzala wakhe UYohane uMbhaptizi nokubhaptizwa kwakhe, kwanexesha lemimangaliso nokushumayela kwakhe, xa edibana nabalandeli bakhe abathembekileyo, abapostile. Imizekeliso yakhe edumileyo ikwamelwe kubugcisa bobuKristu.

Phakathi kwemimangaliso yakhe, umzuzu wokuphilisa kwakhe oneqhenqa, iimfama nabafe umzimba ubalasele. Kwakhona imitshato yomfuziselo ka Intonga nokwanda kweentlanzi nezonka. Umfanekiso we UYesu ukuhamba phezu kwamanzi kunye nomzuzu xa isaqhwithi esinamandla solwandle sithomalalisa, ziphakathi kweziqendu eziveliswayo.

Ngokufanayo, ngaphakathi kumjikelo wobomi be Kristu, kugqame kubugcisa uvuko lwe ULazaro, ngokufanayo nomfanekiso wengubo yakhe yoVuko ngaphakathi kwe-crypt apho wayekho, eyaba ngumqondiso wenkanuko nokufa kwakhe.

Ukwenziwa kumila kumbi kukaKristu

Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, eyona mixholo iye yaveliswa kwimizobo yamaKristu ibiyimihla yokugqibela emhlabeni. Jesucristo, njengokugxothwa kwabarhwebi eTempileni, ekwathi, ukongezelela ekumelaneni kwesi siganeko sibalulekileyo kwimbali yonqulo, isimilo sobuthixo sabonakaliswa ngeemvakalelo zakhe nawuphi na omnye umntu.

Ukuhlanjwa kweenyawo zakhe, kunye neSidlo Sangokuhlwa Sokugqibela, ziyinxalenye yemisebenzi yakudala equka umjikelo wePassion of Kristu, apho kukwakho nentlungu yakhe emyezweni, ukwanga esidleleni awamnika kona uYudas, nemiboniso eyahlukahlukeneyo yoMgwebo wakhe.

Ukulandelelana kwezikhululo ezilishumi elinesithathu apho i-viacrucis yayimelwe ngobugcisa, yabanjwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuba ngezinye izihlandlo, ibonakaliswe ngamanani kwaye ngamanye amaxesha iminqamlezo.

Olu landelelwano luchaza ngemifanekiso ephuma ekukholelweni kwakhe, ngokudibana kwakhe noMama wakhe naxa efumana uncedo eKirenean, ade alele emnqamlezweni kunye namasela amabini.

Yiyo kanye inxalenye yenkanuko kunye nokufa eyenza umjikelo wobomi UYesu, apho imizobo yobuKristu yakha imiboniso engakumbi, ithatha isiganeko ngasinye esifunyenwe kwiintsuku zakhe zokugqibela, ize iyise kwiseyile ukuze ibenze baphile.

Imiboniso ye Kristu eKalvari, xa wabiza amagama asixhenxe adumileyo awaba ngumthandazo, uye wagqama kuzo zonke iindidi zobugcisa: ubugcisa bokwakha, ukupeyinta, uncwadi, phakathi kwezinye. Intshayelelo efanayo ayenzayo UYesu ukusuka kuYohane ukuya kwiNtombi Enyulu uMariyanjengomama kunye nonyana, yenye yezona zinto ziboniswa rhoqo.

Kukho ezinye ezingenalo imiboniso emininzi, nangona kunjalo, yabamba ingqalelo yabaculi abaninzi abangamaKristu, iintsuku apho u-J wahlala efile.nguKristu, njengokuba kwakunjalo ngomboniso kaPietà, owathi kamva wabizwa ngokuba “zilusizi” ziingcali zobugcisa.

Imixholo eyahluka-hlukeneyo evela kumngcwabo ongcwele yayikwanika umdla kumagcisa azinikele ekusebenzeni kubugcisa bobuKristu, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwiintlobo ezintsonkothileyo zabalinganiswa ezifana nomfanekiso we. Kristu ekuphakameni kwakhe iikerubhi ezulwini, a UYesu i-pesive, okanye amanxeba amahlanu.

Ukulandela umjikelo wobomi be UKristu, sinenxalenye emele kakhulu, eyathi ukongezelela ekukhethweni luluntu lobuKristu kwanangabangengawo amakholwa, yasebenza njengesigidimi esinika ithemba. Imalunga noVuko lwe UYesu nokubonakala kwakhe okungummangaliso esidlangalaleni, emva kokuba evusiwe.

Apho ungafaka imifanekiso ebonisa ukungathembeki okudumileyo kukaTomas oNgcwele, okanye ukuNyukela kukaYesu ezulwini, apho ahlala ebekwe engqongwe ngabafundi bakhe, njengenkundla yokuvalelisa eshiya idinga lentlanganiso entsha ebukumkanini bamazulu.

Kukwakho ukuwa UYesu esihogweni nolwamkelo lwaso ezulwini, oluye lwaba yinxalenye yomfuziselo apho i Utatu oNgcwele. Kukho imiboniso yobugcisa bobomi be Kristu ezingaqhutywanga ngokupheleleyo phantsi kwejongo leendaba ezilungileyo, phakathi kwazo ingxoxo ye UPawulos oNgcwele okanye ukufel’ ukholo okwabandezeleka ngako uStefano oNgcwele, ezichazwe zaza zathatyathwa kwincwadi yeZenzo zabaPostile.

Ukumelwa kwemibono emininzi ebhekiselele kwi-Apocalypse kunye nembono yengcamango eyabelwe oko yayiyiSigwebo sokuGqibela, zongezwa kolu hlobo lwemisebenzi, kodwa azibhaliswanga ngokusesikweni kuyo nayiphi na isicatshulwa seBhayibhile.

umjikelo wamarian

Ukuba UYesu Kristu kunye neNtombi Enyulu uMariya, abalinganiswa abangcwele ngokukhethwa okukhulu phakathi kwabathembekileyo abazinikeleyo, kanye njengokuba umjikelo wobomi bukaKristu wawunikiwe kwilizwe lobugcisa, ngendlela efanayo umjikelo waseMarian owawucingwa.

Kwanika indlela yokuvela kwengcamango ethi "Marian Art", eyaba lisebe lobugcisa bobuKristu, umxholo wayo ophambili wezobugcisa wawujikeleze UMariya onyulu Lo mjikelo ubandakanya ukumelwa kwe Intombi enguMariya, ebonisa umfanekiso wakhe ngokupeyinta kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo, eyakha inxalenye ye-iconography yaseMarian eyaziwayo namhlanje.

Ngokubhekiselele kuyilo, ubugcisa baseMarian babonakaliswa kulwakhiwo olwamkelwa ziicawe zaseMarian kunye nezinye iziseko ezinje ngeendawo zoonongendi, iitempile, izindlu zoonongendi kunye nezinye zenkolo, ezakhelwe ukuhlonelwa kokunikezelwa okwahlukileyo kweNtombi Enyulu.

Kulo mjikelo kaMarian, iingoma zoncwadi zigqamile, imeko ethile yemibongo yenkolo okanye imibongo yaseMarian, kunye neziqwenga zomculo, ezazinikezelwe Intombi enguMariya ukuze nimdumise. Umxholo we-Marian wade wasetyenziswa kwiibhodi zemiboniso bhanya-bhanya nakumabonakude wehlabathi.

Ukususela kwiinkulungwane zokuqala, iNtombi Enyulu enguMariya, ebhaptiziweyo njengoMama kaThixo, yayihlonelwa ngokuzinikela okukhulu, okuye kwanda ngokubonakaliswa kwayo kwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyayandisa ingcamango kaMama wendalo iphela. Oku kusasazwa komfanekiso wakhe kwaba negalelo elibonakalayo ekukhuthazeni imfundiso yobuKristu, okwamkhokelela ekubeni afumane impumelelo edumileyo.

Olu dumo lusukela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini, lwenzeka ukusuka eMpuma ukutyhubela imizobo yaseByzantium, ukuya eNtshona, emva koHlaziyo lobuProtestanti. Unqulo lwamaKatolika lwayenza yaqina indlela yokuzinikela kukaMarian, nto leyo eyenza ukuba imifanekiso yeNtombi Enyulu ibe yinxalenye yemithetho eyamiselwa liBhunga laseTrent.

imijikelo yobomi beengcwele

Umjikelo wobomi babangcwele wawubizwa ngokuba kubugcisa bobuKristu “njengehagiographies”, gama elo ngokweetymologically lithetha ingcwele kunye nokubhala, ethi ke iqondwe njengokwakheka kwebhayografi yabangcwele. igama elikwanikezelwa kwabo babhala iBhayibhile nezinye iincwadi eziNgcwele.

Iintlelo zeBhayibhile zamaKatolika zichaza ubomi babalinganiswa abahlukahlukeneyo bobuthixo, abagqalwa njengeengcwele zamaKatolika. Abangcwele abafelweyo ebomini bangumxholo onomdla kakhulu kumagcisa angamaKristu, abamele ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemifanekiso yemifanekiso.

Babhaliswe kwimfundiso yabafeli-nkolo, abathiywe ngohlobo loluhlu olunamagama aba bafeli-nkolo neengcwele zeCawa yamaKatolika, ekhatshwa ngamabali abo, abalaselisa imihla ekhunjulwa ngayo imisitho yabo.

Eli gama linemvelaphi yalo kulwimi lwesiGrike, ingcambu yalo ingu "martyr" elithetha "ingqina", kunye nesimaphambili "logos", esibhekisa kwi "ntetho". Igqalwa njengencwadi enkulu yeengcwele nabafeli-nkolo equlethe imihla yabo yesikhumbuzo, yongezwe kwiziganeko neemfihlelo ezinamabali abo, avunywe yiCawa yamaKatolika.

Indlela eyamiselwa ngayo imihla yolu ludwe ingqamana nemihla yeekhalenda, ekubeni uninzi lwabafel’ ukholo yayiziintshutshiso ezathi amakholwa athembekileyo obuKristu angamaxhoba azo, anikela ngobomi bawo ukuze akhusele unqulo lwawo.

bokwakha bobuKristu

Ngaphakathi kobugcisa bobuKristu, i-architecture yaqala ukuba yindlela ebalulekileyo yokubonakalisa, eyayibonakala kulwakhiwo olukwimigangatho yeecawa zamaKatolika kunye nezinye iitempile zonqulo, eziyilwe ngokusekelwe kwiindlela ezisemthethweni.

Nangona ezi fom zasekwa ukususela kumaxesha eXesha likaLate Antiquity kunye namaXesha Aphakathi, edlula kuzo zonke izigaba zeRenaissance, kunye nesampulu ephawulweyo yobugcisa beBaroque, kumaxesha angoku, yahlala ikwizinto ezintsha eziqhubekayo.

Ukhetho lwayame kuyilo lwe isityalo ngendlela yomnqamlezo wesiLatini, nto leyo eyayizenza ibonakale ikwimo esembindini, iwashiya ecaleni, ngesizathu sokuba ayesetyenziselwa ukunqula izithixo.

Phakathi kolunye uyilo olwathi lwanikezelwa ngelo xesha yayiyimodeli ye isicwangciso se-basilica, ezimilo yazo ifana nezakhiwo ezazinazo iicawa zaseRoma, ezinezinto ezazibalaselisa ubugcisa bePaleo-Christian.

Iimpawu ezibandakanyiweyo yayiyindawo ye-galley ephakathi, enokuthi ibe yodwa okanye kunye nezinye iinqanawa ezibekwe emacaleni kwaye kude nendawo ephakathi ngenxa yolungiselelo lwe-arcade, apho imilo ejikelezayo yenziwe kunye neentsika. , kwaye kwezinye iimeko, inokuba nemilo yepolygonal eyenziwe ngokubekwa kweentsika zayo.

Kuloo ndawo kwakukho apho abathembekileyo babekwe khona, nto leyo eyadala ngaphakathi kwezithuba, imbonakalo yokuba yayiyintloko yetempile okanye ibandla. Isibingelelo esikhulu nendlu yabadala zazikwalapho. "Kwiinyawo" zecawa, iingcango zokufikelela zazifumaneka, zibizwa ngokuba yi-atrium kunye neveranda.

La umzi-mveliso ophakathi, okanye embindini, yayisaziwa ngokuba yi "roundabout". Yayinamazembe amaninzi alinganayo, awayebalasele kakhulu kolu hlobo lwesakhiwo, esekelwe kuyilo olwaluthatha imilo esisangqa okanye enepolygonal, ekugxininiswe kuyo abanquli kwakusembindini wesakhiwo.

Ngexesha leRenaissance, imodeli yesicwangciso esisembindini iba yindlela yokufuna ukukhulisa ubuhle boyilo lobuKristu. Izityalo zetempile nezamamongi zazingumzekelo woku.

Nangona kunjalo, iimodeli zahluke kakhulu ngokumalunga nezo zaseMpuma naseNtshona, zinento efanayo ubukho be-cloister, kodwa ngeemilo ezahlukeneyo. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zonqulo kuye kwandiswa, nangona inkoliso yazo inemilinganiselo eyahlukahlukeneyo yokwakha kwiiplani zayo.

Uyilo lweSilamsi

Ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo zamaSilamsi, izityalo "zee-mosque" zazibalasele kubugcisa bobuKristu, ezaziyicawa apho inkolo yamaSilamsi yayifundiswa khona. Ebudeni benkulungwane yesi-XNUMX neyesi-XNUMX, ubuSilamsi baba nolwando olukhulu kunye nokwakhiwa kweemosque.

Isakhiwo sawo sasingqinelana neemfuno zolu nqulo, ngoko aye aqhelana neemfuneko ezisisiseko zonqulo. Babenophawu oluqulethwe kwizithethe zoyilo lwendawo, kunye neByzantine ecacileyo, iPersi, umkhwa wamaHindu, phakathi kwabanye.Moya

izakhiwo zomkhosi

Ifom eguqulelwe kwinxalenye yezakhiwo zemikhosi yayizizityalo ezinemilo eqhelekileyo, kwaye iziseko zazo zaziyi-quadrangular. Izakhiwo ezikhulu ezazakhiwe ngamaxesha aphakathi, apho iinqaba zazibalasele khona, zazilungelelaniswa nomgangatho wendawo apho zazakhiwe khona, zafumana imigangatho engaqhelekanga.

Ukuba uthanda eli nqaku, unokuphinda uphonononge ngaphakathi kwamaphepha ebhlog yethu, isihloko se Iinkonzo zobuKristu